In July 2012, aclidinium bromide 322 µg twice daily (under the brand name Eklira/Bretaris Genuair) was approved in the European Union (EU) for maintenance bronchodilator treatment to relieve symptoms in adult patients with chronic obstructive …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality [ 1 – 3 ]. COPD is independently associated with cardiovascular (CV) diseases, such as ischemic heart disease and heart failure, which contribute …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive airflow obstruction associated with chronic inflammation in the airways and lungs due to noxious particles or gases [ 1 ]. COPD is a leading cause of mortality worldwide …

M3 antagonist activity was assessed in electrically stimulated human bronchial strips; potency, onset and offset of action of aclidinium, tiotropium and ipratropium were determined. M2 antagonist activity was assessed in electrically stimulated …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic and heterogeneous disease where dyspnea is a prevailing clinical presentation, among others, that often responds favorably to bronchodilator therapy [ 1 , 2 ]. In recent years, the benefits …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, preventable and treatable disease characterized by persistent, usually progressive airflow limitation, caused by both small airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal …

In the original publication of this article [ 1 ], the funding section omitted the following information: This work was funded by Momento Medico srl, which has also contributed to the costs for the literature selection and editorial assistance.

Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) are recommended in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease management guidelines [ 1 ] as bronchodilator therapy either alone or in combination with long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) and inhaled …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disorder characterized by the progressive development of airway obstruction, which manifests as an accelerated decline in lung function, with symptoms such as breathlessness on physical exertion …

Respiratory symptoms, including breathlessness, chronic cough, and sputum production, are characteristic features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [ 1 ]. These are generally progressive and become increasingly debilitating as the …

Vagal cholinergic tone is the major reversible contributor to airway narrowing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); therefore, inhaled anticholinergic agents play a key role in the treatment of this disorder [ 1 ]. The Global Initiative …

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experience a range of troublesome symptoms, including breathlessness (dyspnoea), cough and chest tightness [ 1 – 3 ] and from time to time episodes of acute worsening of symptoms, requiring …

In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), combining bronchodilators with complementary mechanisms of action has the potential to increase lung function and improve symptom management compared to treatment with a single agent [ …

Exercise limitation, driven predominantly by activity-related dyspnea, is an important feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that compromises daily living activities, leads to physical deconditioning, and contributes to a reduced …

Inhaled long-acting bronchodilators (long-acting β 2 -agonists [LABAs] and long-acting muscarinic antagonists [LAMAs]) are recommended as the first choice of treatment for patients with symptomatic chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) [ 1 ].