Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Urology Reports 7/2017

01-07-2017 | Prostate Cancer (S Prasad, Section Editor)

The use of Hormonal Therapy to Augment Radiation Therapy in Prostate Cancer: An Update

Authors: Greg Kauffmann, Stanley L. Liauw

Published in: Current Urology Reports | Issue 7/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is an important adjunctive therapy to external beam radiation therapy (RT) for the definitive management of prostate cancer. The role of ADT is well-established for locally advanced or high-risk disease in conjunction with standard doses of RT, but less defined for intermediate-risk disease or with dose-escalated RT. The goal of this review is to summarize evidence evaluating the combination of ADT/RT, focusing on recent trials and current controversies as they pertain to the practicing clinician.

Recent Findings

The benefit of ADT on biochemical control is maintained with dose-escalated RT according to recently reported phase III studies. Furthermore, there is now prospective, randomized evidence to support the addition of ADT to RT in the post-prostatectomy setting.

Summary

ADT continues to play an important role for prostate cancer patients receiving dose-escalated RT. Future research is needed to identify subgroups most likely to benefit from this combination.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Milosevic M, Chung P, Parker C, Bristow R, Toi A, Panzarella T, et al. Androgen withdrawal in patients reduces prostate cancer hypoxia: implications for disease progression and radiation response. Cancer Res. 2007;67(13):6022–5. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0561.CrossRefPubMed Milosevic M, Chung P, Parker C, Bristow R, Toi A, Panzarella T, et al. Androgen withdrawal in patients reduces prostate cancer hypoxia: implications for disease progression and radiation response. Cancer Res. 2007;67(13):6022–5. doi:10.​1158/​0008-5472.​CAN-07-0561.CrossRefPubMed
3.
5.
go back to reference Witjes WP, Schulman CC, Debruyne FM. Preliminary results of a prospective randomized study comparing radical prostatectomy versus radical prostatectomy associated with neoadjuvant hormonal combination therapy in T2-3 N0 M0 prostatic carcinoma. The European study group on neoadjuvant treatment of prostate cancer. Urology. 1997;49(3A Suppl):65–9.CrossRefPubMed Witjes WP, Schulman CC, Debruyne FM. Preliminary results of a prospective randomized study comparing radical prostatectomy versus radical prostatectomy associated with neoadjuvant hormonal combination therapy in T2-3 N0 M0 prostatic carcinoma. The European study group on neoadjuvant treatment of prostate cancer. Urology. 1997;49(3A Suppl):65–9.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Soloway MS, Sharifi R, Wajsman Z, McLeod D, Wood DP Jr, Puras-Baez A. Randomized prospective study comparing radical prostatectomy alone versus radical prostatectomy preceded by androgen blockade in clinical stage B2 (T2bNxM0) prostate cancer. The Lupron depot neoadjuvant prostate cancer study group. J Urol. 1995;154(2 Pt 1):424–8.CrossRefPubMed Soloway MS, Sharifi R, Wajsman Z, McLeod D, Wood DP Jr, Puras-Baez A. Randomized prospective study comparing radical prostatectomy alone versus radical prostatectomy preceded by androgen blockade in clinical stage B2 (T2bNxM0) prostate cancer. The Lupron depot neoadjuvant prostate cancer study group. J Urol. 1995;154(2 Pt 1):424–8.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Dalkin BL, Ahmann FR, Nagle R, Johnson CS. Randomized study of neoadjuvant testicular androgen ablation therapy before radical prostatectomy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 1996;155(4):1357–60.CrossRefPubMed Dalkin BL, Ahmann FR, Nagle R, Johnson CS. Randomized study of neoadjuvant testicular androgen ablation therapy before radical prostatectomy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 1996;155(4):1357–60.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Goldenberg SL, Klotz LH, Srigley J, Jewett MA, Mador D, Fradet Y, et al. Randomized, prospective, controlled study comparing radical prostatectomy alone and neoadjuvant androgen withdrawal in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Canadian Urologic Oncology Group. J Urol. 1996;156(3):873–7.CrossRefPubMed Goldenberg SL, Klotz LH, Srigley J, Jewett MA, Mador D, Fradet Y, et al. Randomized, prospective, controlled study comparing radical prostatectomy alone and neoadjuvant androgen withdrawal in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Canadian Urologic Oncology Group. J Urol. 1996;156(3):873–7.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Van Poppel H, De Ridder D, Elgamal AA, Van de Voorde W, Werbrouck P, Ackaert K, et al. Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy before radical prostatectomy decreases the number of positive surgical margins in stage T2 prostate cancer: interim results of a prospective randomized trial. The Belgian Uro-Oncological Study Group. J Urol. 1995;154(2 Pt 1):429–34.CrossRefPubMed Van Poppel H, De Ridder D, Elgamal AA, Van de Voorde W, Werbrouck P, Ackaert K, et al. Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy before radical prostatectomy decreases the number of positive surgical margins in stage T2 prostate cancer: interim results of a prospective randomized trial. The Belgian Uro-Oncological Study Group. J Urol. 1995;154(2 Pt 1):429–34.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Kalina JL, Neilson DS, Comber AP, Rauw JM, Alexander AS, Vergidis J, et al. Immune modulation by androgen deprivation and radiation therapy: implications for prostate cancer immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel). 2017;9(2):13. doi:10.3390/cancers9020013.CrossRef Kalina JL, Neilson DS, Comber AP, Rauw JM, Alexander AS, Vergidis J, et al. Immune modulation by androgen deprivation and radiation therapy: implications for prostate cancer immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel). 2017;9(2):13. doi:10.​3390/​cancers9020013.CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Bolla M, Collette L, Blank L, Warde P, Dubois JB, Mirimanoff RO, et al. Long-term results with immediate androgen suppression and external irradiation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (an EORTC study): a phase III randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9327):103–6.CrossRefPubMed Bolla M, Collette L, Blank L, Warde P, Dubois JB, Mirimanoff RO, et al. Long-term results with immediate androgen suppression and external irradiation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (an EORTC study): a phase III randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9327):103–6.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Bolla M, Van Tienhoven G, Warde P, Dubois JB, Mirimanoff RO, Storme G, et al. External irradiation with or without long-term androgen suppression for prostate cancer with high metastatic risk: 10-year results of an EORTC randomised study. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(11):1066–73. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70223-0.CrossRefPubMed Bolla M, Van Tienhoven G, Warde P, Dubois JB, Mirimanoff RO, Storme G, et al. External irradiation with or without long-term androgen suppression for prostate cancer with high metastatic risk: 10-year results of an EORTC randomised study. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(11):1066–73. doi:10.​1016/​S1470-2045(10)70223-0.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Lawton CA, Winter K, Murray K, Machtay M, Mesic JB, Hanks GE, et al. Updated results of the phase III radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) trial 85-31 evaluating the potential benefit of androgen suppression following standard radiation therapy for unfavorable prognosis carcinoma of the prostate. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;49(4):937–46.CrossRefPubMed Lawton CA, Winter K, Murray K, Machtay M, Mesic JB, Hanks GE, et al. Updated results of the phase III radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) trial 85-31 evaluating the potential benefit of androgen suppression following standard radiation therapy for unfavorable prognosis carcinoma of the prostate. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;49(4):937–46.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Pilepich MV, Winter K, Lawton CA, Krisch RE, Wolkov HB, Movsas B, et al. Androgen suppression adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in prostate carcinoma—long-term results of phase III RTOG 85-31. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61(5):1285–90. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.08.047.CrossRefPubMed Pilepich MV, Winter K, Lawton CA, Krisch RE, Wolkov HB, Movsas B, et al. Androgen suppression adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in prostate carcinoma—long-term results of phase III RTOG 85-31. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61(5):1285–90. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ijrobp.​2004.​08.​047.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Pilepich MV, Winter K, John MJ, Mesic JB, Sause W, Rubin P, et al. Phase III radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) trial 86-10 of androgen deprivation adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;50(5):1243–52.CrossRefPubMed Pilepich MV, Winter K, John MJ, Mesic JB, Sause W, Rubin P, et al. Phase III radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) trial 86-10 of androgen deprivation adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;50(5):1243–52.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Roach M 3rd, Bae K, Speight J, Wolkov HB, Rubin P, Lee RJ, et al. Short-term neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy and external-beam radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: long-term results of RTOG 8610. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(4):585–91. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.13.9881.CrossRefPubMed Roach M 3rd, Bae K, Speight J, Wolkov HB, Rubin P, Lee RJ, et al. Short-term neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy and external-beam radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: long-term results of RTOG 8610. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(4):585–91. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2007.​13.​9881.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Denham JW, Steigler A, Lamb DS, Joseph D, Mameghan H, Turner S, et al. Short-term androgen deprivation and radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: results from the trans-Tasman radiation oncology group 96.01 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6(11):841–50. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70348-X.CrossRefPubMed Denham JW, Steigler A, Lamb DS, Joseph D, Mameghan H, Turner S, et al. Short-term androgen deprivation and radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: results from the trans-Tasman radiation oncology group 96.01 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6(11):841–50. doi:10.​1016/​S1470-2045(05)70348-X.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Denham JW, Steigler A, Lamb DS, Joseph D, Turner S, Matthews J, et al. Short-term neoadjuvant androgen deprivation and radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: 10-year data from the TROG 96.01 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(5):451–9. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70063-8.CrossRefPubMed Denham JW, Steigler A, Lamb DS, Joseph D, Turner S, Matthews J, et al. Short-term neoadjuvant androgen deprivation and radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: 10-year data from the TROG 96.01 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(5):451–9. doi:10.​1016/​S1470-2045(11)70063-8.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference D'Amico AV, Manola J, Loffredo M, Renshaw AA, DellaCroce A, Kantoff PW. 6-month androgen suppression plus radiation therapy vs radiation therapy alone for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292(7):821–7. doi:10.1001/jama.292.7.821.CrossRefPubMed D'Amico AV, Manola J, Loffredo M, Renshaw AA, DellaCroce A, Kantoff PW. 6-month androgen suppression plus radiation therapy vs radiation therapy alone for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292(7):821–7. doi:10.​1001/​jama.​292.​7.​821.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference D'Amico AV, Chen MH, Renshaw AA, Loffredo M, Kantoff PW. Androgen suppression and radiation vs radiation alone for prostate cancer: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;299(3):289–95. doi:10.1001/jama.299.3.289.PubMed D'Amico AV, Chen MH, Renshaw AA, Loffredo M, Kantoff PW. Androgen suppression and radiation vs radiation alone for prostate cancer: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;299(3):289–95. doi:10.​1001/​jama.​299.​3.​289.PubMed
21.
go back to reference D'Amico AV, Chen MH, Renshaw A, Loffredo M, Kantoff PW. Long-term follow-up of a randomized trial of radiation with or without androgen deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 2015;314(12):1291–3. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.8577.CrossRefPubMed D'Amico AV, Chen MH, Renshaw A, Loffredo M, Kantoff PW. Long-term follow-up of a randomized trial of radiation with or without androgen deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 2015;314(12):1291–3. doi:10.​1001/​jama.​2015.​8577.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference • Bolla M, Maingon P, Carrie C, Villa S, Kitsios P, Poortmans PM, et al. Short androgen suppression and radiation dose escalation for intermediate- and high-risk localized prostate cancer: results of EORTC trial 22991. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(15):1748–56. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.64.8055. One of the first prospective, randomized trials to demonstrated improved biochemical outcomes with the addition of ADT to dose-escalated RT. CrossRefPubMed • Bolla M, Maingon P, Carrie C, Villa S, Kitsios P, Poortmans PM, et al. Short androgen suppression and radiation dose escalation for intermediate- and high-risk localized prostate cancer: results of EORTC trial 22991. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(15):1748–56. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2015.​64.​8055. One of the first prospective, randomized trials to demonstrated improved biochemical outcomes with the addition of ADT to dose-escalated RT. CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Nabid A, Carrier N, Vigneault E, Souhami L, Lemaire C, Brassard MA, Bahoric B, Archambault R, Vincent F, Nguyen TV. Radiation therapy with or without short-term androgen deprivation therapy in intermediate-risk prostate cancer: results of a phase 3 trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016;94(1):4.CrossRef Nabid A, Carrier N, Vigneault E, Souhami L, Lemaire C, Brassard MA, Bahoric B, Archambault R, Vincent F, Nguyen TV. Radiation therapy with or without short-term androgen deprivation therapy in intermediate-risk prostate cancer: results of a phase 3 trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016;94(1):4.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference BM Dubray, J Salleron, SG Guerif, E Le Prise, A Reynaud-Bougnoux, J-M Hannoun-Levi, TD Nguyen, C Hennequin, J Cretin, M Fayolle-Campana, J-L Lagrange, J-M Bachaud, D Azria, A Grangirard, P Pommier, J-M Simon, M Habibian, P Bey, V Beckendorf. Does short-term androgen depletion add to high dose radiotherapy (80 Gy) in localized intermediate risk prostate cancer? Final analysis of GETUG 14 randomized trial (EU-20503/NCT00104741). J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(suppl; abstr 5021). BM Dubray, J Salleron, SG Guerif, E Le Prise, A Reynaud-Bougnoux, J-M Hannoun-Levi, TD Nguyen, C Hennequin, J Cretin, M Fayolle-Campana, J-L Lagrange, J-M Bachaud, D Azria, A Grangirard, P Pommier, J-M Simon, M Habibian, P Bey, V Beckendorf. Does short-term androgen depletion add to high dose radiotherapy (80 Gy) in localized intermediate risk prostate cancer? Final analysis of GETUG 14 randomized trial (EU-20503/NCT00104741). J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(suppl; abstr 5021).
25.
go back to reference •• Shipley WU, Seiferheld W, Lukka HR, Major PP, Heney NM, Grignon DJ, et al. Radiation with or without antiandrogen therapy in recurrent prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(5):417–28. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1607529. This phase III trial demonstrated improved long-term outcomes with addition of bicalutamide to post-prostatectomy RT. CrossRefPubMed •• Shipley WU, Seiferheld W, Lukka HR, Major PP, Heney NM, Grignon DJ, et al. Radiation with or without antiandrogen therapy in recurrent prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(5):417–28. doi:10.​1056/​NEJMoa1607529. This phase III trial demonstrated improved long-term outcomes with addition of bicalutamide to post-prostatectomy RT. CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference • Carrie C, Hasbini A, de Laroche G, Richaud P, Guerif S, Latorzeff I, et al. Salvage radiotherapy with or without short-term hormone therapy for rising prostate-specific antigen concentration after radical prostatectomy (GETUG-AFU 16): a randomised, multicentre, open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(6):747–56. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)00111-X. One of the first prospective randomized trials to demonstrate improved biochemical outcomes with the addition of ADT to salvage RT. CrossRefPubMed • Carrie C, Hasbini A, de Laroche G, Richaud P, Guerif S, Latorzeff I, et al. Salvage radiotherapy with or without short-term hormone therapy for rising prostate-specific antigen concentration after radical prostatectomy (GETUG-AFU 16): a randomised, multicentre, open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(6):747–56. doi:10.​1016/​S1470-2045(16)00111-X. One of the first prospective randomized trials to demonstrate improved biochemical outcomes with the addition of ADT to salvage RT. CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Laverdiere J, Nabid A, De Bedoya LD, Ebacher A, Fortin A, Wang CS, et al. The efficacy and sequencing of a short course of androgen suppression on freedom from biochemical failure when administered with radiation therapy for T2-T3 prostate cancer. J Urol. 2004;171(3):1137–40. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000112979.97941.7f.CrossRefPubMed Laverdiere J, Nabid A, De Bedoya LD, Ebacher A, Fortin A, Wang CS, et al. The efficacy and sequencing of a short course of androgen suppression on freedom from biochemical failure when administered with radiation therapy for T2-T3 prostate cancer. J Urol. 2004;171(3):1137–40. doi:10.​1097/​01.​ju.​0000112979.​97941.​7f.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference See WA, Tyrrell CJ, Group CEPCT. The addition of bicalutamide 150 mg to radiotherapy significantly improves overall survival in men with locally advanced prostate cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2006;132(Suppl 1):S7–16. doi:10.1007/s00432-006-0132-6.CrossRefPubMed See WA, Tyrrell CJ, Group CEPCT. The addition of bicalutamide 150 mg to radiotherapy significantly improves overall survival in men with locally advanced prostate cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2006;132(Suppl 1):S7–16. doi:10.​1007/​s00432-006-0132-6.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Peeters ST, Heemsbergen WD, Koper PC, van Putten WL, Slot A, Dielwart MF, et al. Dose-response in radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: results of the Dutch multicenter randomized phase III trial comparing 68 Gy of radiotherapy with 78 Gy. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(13):1990–6. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.05.2530.CrossRefPubMed Peeters ST, Heemsbergen WD, Koper PC, van Putten WL, Slot A, Dielwart MF, et al. Dose-response in radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: results of the Dutch multicenter randomized phase III trial comparing 68 Gy of radiotherapy with 78 Gy. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(13):1990–6. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2005.​05.​2530.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Zietman AL, Bae K, Slater JD, Shipley WU, Efstathiou JA, Coen JJ, et al. Randomized trial comparing conventional-dose with high-dose conformal radiation therapy in early-stage adenocarcinoma of the prostate: long-term results from Proton Radiation Oncology Group/American College of Radiology 95-09. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(7):1106–11. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.25.8475.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Zietman AL, Bae K, Slater JD, Shipley WU, Efstathiou JA, Coen JJ, et al. Randomized trial comparing conventional-dose with high-dose conformal radiation therapy in early-stage adenocarcinoma of the prostate: long-term results from Proton Radiation Oncology Group/American College of Radiology 95-09. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(7):1106–11. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2009.​25.​8475.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
32.
go back to reference Dearnaley DP, Sydes MR, Graham JD, Aird EG, Bottomley D, Cowan RA, et al. Escalated-dose versus standard-dose conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer: first results from the MRC RT01 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8(6):475–87. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70143-2.CrossRefPubMed Dearnaley DP, Sydes MR, Graham JD, Aird EG, Bottomley D, Cowan RA, et al. Escalated-dose versus standard-dose conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer: first results from the MRC RT01 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8(6):475–87. doi:10.​1016/​S1470-2045(07)70143-2.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Michalski JM, Moughan J, Purdy JA, et al. Initial results of a phase 3 randomized study of high dose 3DCRT/IMRT versus standard dose 3D-CRT/IMRT in patients treated for localized prostate cancer (RTOG 0126). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014;90(5):1263.CrossRef Michalski JM, Moughan J, Purdy JA, et al. Initial results of a phase 3 randomized study of high dose 3DCRT/IMRT versus standard dose 3D-CRT/IMRT in patients treated for localized prostate cancer (RTOG 0126). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014;90(5):1263.CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Horwitz EM, Bae K, Hanks GE, Porter A, Grignon DJ, Brereton HD, et al. Ten-year follow-up of radiation therapy oncology group protocol 92-02: a phase III trial of the duration of elective androgen deprivation in locally advanced prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(15):2497–504. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.14.9021.CrossRefPubMed Horwitz EM, Bae K, Hanks GE, Porter A, Grignon DJ, Brereton HD, et al. Ten-year follow-up of radiation therapy oncology group protocol 92-02: a phase III trial of the duration of elective androgen deprivation in locally advanced prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(15):2497–504. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2007.​14.​9021.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Bolla M, de Reijke TM, Van Tienhoven G, Van den Bergh AC, Oddens J, Poortmans PM, et al. Duration of androgen suppression in the treatment of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(24):2516–27. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0810095.CrossRefPubMed Bolla M, de Reijke TM, Van Tienhoven G, Van den Bergh AC, Oddens J, Poortmans PM, et al. Duration of androgen suppression in the treatment of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(24):2516–27. doi:10.​1056/​NEJMoa0810095.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Abdenour Nabid NC, André-Guy M, Bahary J-P, Souhami L, Duclos M, Vincent F, Vass S, Bahoric B, Archambault R, Lemaire C. High-risk prostate cancer treated with pelvic radiotherapy and 36 versus 18 months of androgen blockade: results of a phase III randomized study. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(suppl 6; abstr 3). Abdenour Nabid NC, André-Guy M, Bahary J-P, Souhami L, Duclos M, Vincent F, Vass S, Bahoric B, Archambault R, Lemaire C. High-risk prostate cancer treated with pelvic radiotherapy and 36 versus 18 months of androgen blockade: results of a phase III randomized study. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(suppl 6; abstr 3).
39.
go back to reference Crook J, Ludgate C, Malone S, Perry G, Eapen L, Bowen J, et al. Final report of multicenter Canadian phase III randomized trial of 3 versus 8 months of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy before conventional-dose radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;73(2):327–33. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.04.075.CrossRefPubMed Crook J, Ludgate C, Malone S, Perry G, Eapen L, Bowen J, et al. Final report of multicenter Canadian phase III randomized trial of 3 versus 8 months of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy before conventional-dose radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;73(2):327–33. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ijrobp.​2008.​04.​075.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Pisansky TM, Hunt D, Gomella LG, Amin MB, Balogh AG, Chinn DM, et al. Duration of androgen suppression before radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: radiation therapy oncology group randomized clinical trial 9910. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(4):332–9. doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.58.0662.CrossRefPubMed Pisansky TM, Hunt D, Gomella LG, Amin MB, Balogh AG, Chinn DM, et al. Duration of androgen suppression before radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: radiation therapy oncology group randomized clinical trial 9910. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(4):332–9. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2014.​58.​0662.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference • Zapatero A, Guerrero A, Maldonado X, Alvarez A, Gonzalez San Segundo C, Cabeza Rodriguez MA, et al. High-dose radiotherapy with short-term or long-term androgen deprivation in localised prostate cancer (DART01/05 GICOR): a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(3):320–7. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70045-8. This phase III trial demonstrated improved outcomes with longer duration ADT compared to shorter duration ADT with dose-escalated RT. CrossRefPubMed • Zapatero A, Guerrero A, Maldonado X, Alvarez A, Gonzalez San Segundo C, Cabeza Rodriguez MA, et al. High-dose radiotherapy with short-term or long-term androgen deprivation in localised prostate cancer (DART01/05 GICOR): a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(3):320–7. doi:10.​1016/​S1470-2045(15)70045-8. This phase III trial demonstrated improved outcomes with longer duration ADT compared to shorter duration ADT with dose-escalated RT. CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Mirhadi AJ, Zhang Q, Hanks GE, Lepor H, Grignon DJ, Peters CA, et al. Effect of long-term hormonal therapy (vs short-term hormonal therapy): a secondary analysis of intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients treated on NRG oncology RTOG 9202. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017;97(3):511–5. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.11.002.CrossRefPubMed Mirhadi AJ, Zhang Q, Hanks GE, Lepor H, Grignon DJ, Peters CA, et al. Effect of long-term hormonal therapy (vs short-term hormonal therapy): a secondary analysis of intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients treated on NRG oncology RTOG 9202. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017;97(3):511–5. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ijrobp.​2016.​11.​002.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Muralidhar V, Regan MM, Werner L, Nakabayashi M, Evan CP, Bellmunt J, et al. Duration of androgen deprivation therapy for high-risk prostate cancer: application of randomized trial data in a tertiary referral cancer center. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2016;14(4):e299–305. doi:10.1016/j.clgc.2015.12.008.CrossRefPubMed Muralidhar V, Regan MM, Werner L, Nakabayashi M, Evan CP, Bellmunt J, et al. Duration of androgen deprivation therapy for high-risk prostate cancer: application of randomized trial data in a tertiary referral cancer center. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2016;14(4):e299–305. doi:10.​1016/​j.​clgc.​2015.​12.​008.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Son CH, Hamstra DA, Feng FY, Liauw SL. High-risk prostate cancer treated with dose-escalated RT: an analysis of hormonal therapy use and duration, and prognostic implications of PSA nadir </=0.2 to select men for short-term hormonal therapy. Am J Clin Oncol. 2014; doi:10.1097/COC.0000000000000161.PubMed Son CH, Hamstra DA, Feng FY, Liauw SL. High-risk prostate cancer treated with dose-escalated RT: an analysis of hormonal therapy use and duration, and prognostic implications of PSA nadir </=0.2 to select men for short-term hormonal therapy. Am J Clin Oncol. 2014; doi:10.​1097/​COC.​0000000000000161​.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Williams S, Buyyounouski M, Kestin L, Duchesne G, Pickles T. Predictors of androgen deprivation therapy efficacy combined with prostatic irradiation: the central role of tumor stage and radiation dose. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;79(3):724–31. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.11.044.CrossRefPubMed Williams S, Buyyounouski M, Kestin L, Duchesne G, Pickles T. Predictors of androgen deprivation therapy efficacy combined with prostatic irradiation: the central role of tumor stage and radiation dose. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;79(3):724–31. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ijrobp.​2009.​11.​044.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Crook J, Malone S, Perry G, Bahadur Y, Robertson S, Abdolell M. Postradiotherapy prostate biopsies: what do they really mean? Results for 498 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;48(2):355–67.CrossRefPubMed Crook J, Malone S, Perry G, Bahadur Y, Robertson S, Abdolell M. Postradiotherapy prostate biopsies: what do they really mean? Results for 498 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;48(2):355–67.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Stock RG, Stone NN, Kao J, Iannuzzi C, Unger P. The effect of disease and treatment-related factors on biopsy results after prostate brachytherapy: implications for treatment optimization. Cancer. 2000;89(8):1829–34.CrossRefPubMed Stock RG, Stone NN, Kao J, Iannuzzi C, Unger P. The effect of disease and treatment-related factors on biopsy results after prostate brachytherapy: implications for treatment optimization. Cancer. 2000;89(8):1829–34.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Liauw SL, Fricano J, Correa D, Weichselbaum RR, Jani AB. Dose-escalated radiation therapy for intermediate-risk prostate cancer: patient selection for androgen deprivation therapy using percentage of positive cores. Cancer. 2009;115(8):1784–90. doi:10.1002/cncr.24176.CrossRefPubMed Liauw SL, Fricano J, Correa D, Weichselbaum RR, Jani AB. Dose-escalated radiation therapy for intermediate-risk prostate cancer: patient selection for androgen deprivation therapy using percentage of positive cores. Cancer. 2009;115(8):1784–90. doi:10.​1002/​cncr.​24176.CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Zumsteg ZS, Spratt DE, Pei I, Zhang Z, Yamada Y, Kollmeier M, et al. A new risk classification system for therapeutic decision making with intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients undergoing dose-escalated external-beam radiation therapy. Eur Urol. 2013;64(6):895–902. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2013.03.033.CrossRefPubMed Zumsteg ZS, Spratt DE, Pei I, Zhang Z, Yamada Y, Kollmeier M, et al. A new risk classification system for therapeutic decision making with intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients undergoing dose-escalated external-beam radiation therapy. Eur Urol. 2013;64(6):895–902. doi:10.​1016/​j.​eururo.​2013.​03.​033.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Tran PT, Hales RK, Zeng J, Aziz K, Salih T, Gajula RP, et al. Tissue biomarkers for prostate cancer radiation therapy. Curr Mol Med. 2012;12(6):772–87.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Tran PT, Hales RK, Zeng J, Aziz K, Salih T, Gajula RP, et al. Tissue biomarkers for prostate cancer radiation therapy. Curr Mol Med. 2012;12(6):772–87.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
54.
go back to reference Nguyen PL, Martin NE, Choeurng V, Palmer-Aronsten B, Kolisnik T, Beard CJ, et al. Utilization of biopsy-based genomic classifier to predict distant metastasis after definitive radiation and short-course ADT for intermediate and high-risk prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2017; doi:10.1038/pcan.2016.58.PubMedCentral Nguyen PL, Martin NE, Choeurng V, Palmer-Aronsten B, Kolisnik T, Beard CJ, et al. Utilization of biopsy-based genomic classifier to predict distant metastasis after definitive radiation and short-course ADT for intermediate and high-risk prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2017; doi:10.​1038/​pcan.​2016.​58.PubMedCentral
56.
go back to reference Valicenti RK, Bae K, Michalski J, Sandler H, Shipley W, Lin A, et al. Does hormone therapy reduce disease recurrence in prostate cancer patients receiving dose-escalated radiation therapy? An analysis of radiation therapy oncology group 94-06. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;79(5):1323–9. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.01.009.CrossRefPubMed Valicenti RK, Bae K, Michalski J, Sandler H, Shipley W, Lin A, et al. Does hormone therapy reduce disease recurrence in prostate cancer patients receiving dose-escalated radiation therapy? An analysis of radiation therapy oncology group 94-06. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;79(5):1323–9. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ijrobp.​2010.​01.​009.CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Zumsteg ZS, Spratt DE, Pei X, Yamada Y, Kalikstein A, Kuk D, et al. Short-term androgen-deprivation therapy improves prostate cancer-specific mortality in intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients undergoing dose-escalated external beam radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;85(4):1012–7. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.07.2374.CrossRefPubMed Zumsteg ZS, Spratt DE, Pei X, Yamada Y, Kalikstein A, Kuk D, et al. Short-term androgen-deprivation therapy improves prostate cancer-specific mortality in intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients undergoing dose-escalated external beam radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;85(4):1012–7. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ijrobp.​2012.​07.​2374.CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Feng FY, Blas K, Olson K, Stenmark M, Sandler H, Hamstra DA. Retrospective evaluation reveals that long-term androgen deprivation therapy improves cause-specific and overall survival in the setting of dose-escalated radiation for high-risk prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;86(1):64–71. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.11.024.CrossRefPubMed Feng FY, Blas K, Olson K, Stenmark M, Sandler H, Hamstra DA. Retrospective evaluation reveals that long-term androgen deprivation therapy improves cause-specific and overall survival in the setting of dose-escalated radiation for high-risk prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;86(1):64–71. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ijrobp.​2012.​11.​024.CrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference D'Amico AV, Chen MH, de Castro M, Loffredo M, Lamb DS, Steigler A, et al. Surrogate endpoints for prostate cancer-specific mortality after radiotherapy and androgen suppression therapy in men with localised or locally advanced prostate cancer: an analysis of two randomised trials. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(2):189–95. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70295-9.CrossRefPubMed D'Amico AV, Chen MH, de Castro M, Loffredo M, Lamb DS, Steigler A, et al. Surrogate endpoints for prostate cancer-specific mortality after radiotherapy and androgen suppression therapy in men with localised or locally advanced prostate cancer: an analysis of two randomised trials. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(2):189–95. doi:10.​1016/​S1470-2045(11)70295-9.CrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Zelefsky MJ, Chou JF, Pei X, Yamada Y, Kollmeier M, Cox B, et al. Predicting biochemical tumor control after brachytherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience. Brachytherapy. 2012;11(4):245–9. doi:10.1016/j.brachy.2011.08.003.CrossRefPubMed Zelefsky MJ, Chou JF, Pei X, Yamada Y, Kollmeier M, Cox B, et al. Predicting biochemical tumor control after brachytherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience. Brachytherapy. 2012;11(4):245–9. doi:10.​1016/​j.​brachy.​2011.​08.​003.CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference • Morris WJ, Tyldesley S, Rodda S, Halperin R, Pai H, McKenzie M, et al. Androgen suppression combined with elective nodal and dose escalated radiation therapy (the ASCENDE-RT trial): an analysis of survival endpoints for a randomized trial comparing a low-dose-rate brachytherapy boost to a dose-escalated external beam boost for high- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016; doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.11.026. This randomized trial demonstrated improved biochemical outcomes with brachtherapy boost compared to external beam RT in intermediate and high-risk patients receiving combined ADT/RT. • Morris WJ, Tyldesley S, Rodda S, Halperin R, Pai H, McKenzie M, et al. Androgen suppression combined with elective nodal and dose escalated radiation therapy (the ASCENDE-RT trial): an analysis of survival endpoints for a randomized trial comparing a low-dose-rate brachytherapy boost to a dose-escalated external beam boost for high- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016; doi:10.​1016/​j.​ijrobp.​2016.​11.​026. This randomized trial demonstrated improved biochemical outcomes with brachtherapy boost compared to external beam RT in intermediate and high-risk patients receiving combined ADT/RT.
62.
go back to reference Kishan AU, Shaikh T, Wang PC, Reiter RE, Said J, Raghavan G, et al. Clinical outcomes for patients with Gleason score 9-10 prostate adenocarcinoma treated with radiotherapy or radical prostatectomy: a multi-institutional comparative analysis. Eur Urol. 2016; doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.06.046.PubMed Kishan AU, Shaikh T, Wang PC, Reiter RE, Said J, Raghavan G, et al. Clinical outcomes for patients with Gleason score 9-10 prostate adenocarcinoma treated with radiotherapy or radical prostatectomy: a multi-institutional comparative analysis. Eur Urol. 2016; doi:10.​1016/​j.​eururo.​2016.​06.​046.PubMed
63.
go back to reference Keyes M, Merrick G, Frank SJ, Grimm P, Zelefsky MJ. American Brachytherapy Society task group report: use of androgen deprivation therapy with prostate brachytherapy-a systematic literature review. Brachytherapy. 2017; doi:10.1016/j.brachy.2016.11.017.PubMed Keyes M, Merrick G, Frank SJ, Grimm P, Zelefsky MJ. American Brachytherapy Society task group report: use of androgen deprivation therapy with prostate brachytherapy-a systematic literature review. Brachytherapy. 2017; doi:10.​1016/​j.​brachy.​2016.​11.​017.PubMed
64.
go back to reference Savdie R, Horvath LG, Benito RP, Rasiah KK, Haynes AM, Chatfield M, et al. High Gleason grade carcinoma at a positive surgical margin predicts biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy and may guide adjuvant radiotherapy. BJU Int. 2012;109(12):1794–800. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10572.x.CrossRefPubMed Savdie R, Horvath LG, Benito RP, Rasiah KK, Haynes AM, Chatfield M, et al. High Gleason grade carcinoma at a positive surgical margin predicts biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy and may guide adjuvant radiotherapy. BJU Int. 2012;109(12):1794–800. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1464-410X.​2011.​10572.​x.CrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Swanson GP, Hussey MA, Tangen CM, Chin J, Messing E, Canby-Hagino E, et al. Predominant treatment failure in postprostatectomy patients is local: analysis of patterns of treatment failure in SWOG 8794. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(16):2225–9. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.09.6495.CrossRefPubMed Swanson GP, Hussey MA, Tangen CM, Chin J, Messing E, Canby-Hagino E, et al. Predominant treatment failure in postprostatectomy patients is local: analysis of patterns of treatment failure in SWOG 8794. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(16):2225–9. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2006.​09.​6495.CrossRefPubMed
66.
go back to reference Hurwitz MD, Harris J, Sartor O, Xiao Y, Shayegan B, Sperduto PW, et al. Adjuvant radiation therapy, androgen deprivation, and docetaxel for high-risk prostate cancer postprostatectomy: results of NRG oncology/RTOG study 0621. Cancer. 2017; doi:10.1002/cncr.30620.PubMed Hurwitz MD, Harris J, Sartor O, Xiao Y, Shayegan B, Sperduto PW, et al. Adjuvant radiation therapy, androgen deprivation, and docetaxel for high-risk prostate cancer postprostatectomy: results of NRG oncology/RTOG study 0621. Cancer. 2017; doi:10.​1002/​cncr.​30620.PubMed
67.
go back to reference Tendulkar RD, Agrawal S, Gao T, Efstathiou JA, Pisansky TM, Michalski JM, et al. Contemporary update of a multi-institutional predictive nomogram for salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol. 2016; doi:10.1200/JCO.2016.67.9647.PubMed Tendulkar RD, Agrawal S, Gao T, Efstathiou JA, Pisansky TM, Michalski JM, et al. Contemporary update of a multi-institutional predictive nomogram for salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol. 2016; doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2016.​67.​9647.PubMed
69.
go back to reference Nguyen PL, Je Y, Schutz FA, Hoffman KE, Hu JC, Parekh A, et al. Association of androgen deprivation therapy with cardiovascular death in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2011;306(21):2359–66. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1745.CrossRefPubMed Nguyen PL, Je Y, Schutz FA, Hoffman KE, Hu JC, Parekh A, et al. Association of androgen deprivation therapy with cardiovascular death in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2011;306(21):2359–66. doi:10.​1001/​jama.​2011.​1745.CrossRefPubMed
71.
go back to reference Tsai HT, Keating NL, Van Den Eeden SK, Haque R, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Ulcickas Yood M, et al. Risk of diabetes among patients receiving primary androgen deprivation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 2015;193(6):1956–62. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2014.12.027.CrossRefPubMed Tsai HT, Keating NL, Van Den Eeden SK, Haque R, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Ulcickas Yood M, et al. Risk of diabetes among patients receiving primary androgen deprivation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 2015;193(6):1956–62. doi:10.​1016/​j.​juro.​2014.​12.​027.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Metadata
Title
The use of Hormonal Therapy to Augment Radiation Therapy in Prostate Cancer: An Update
Authors
Greg Kauffmann
Stanley L. Liauw
Publication date
01-07-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Urology Reports / Issue 7/2017
Print ISSN: 1527-2737
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6285
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-017-0698-3

Other articles of this Issue 7/2017

Current Urology Reports 7/2017 Go to the issue