Top

Current Urology Reports

Published in:

01-07-2017 | Prostate Cancer (S Prasad, Section Editor)

Radical Prostatectomy for High-risk Localized or Node-Positive Prostate Cancer: Removing the Primary

Authors: Justin T. Matulay, G. Joel DeCastro

Published in: Current Urology Reports | Issue 7/2017

Abstract

Purpose of Review

We reviewed the literature to determine what role, if any, radical prostatectomy should play in the treatment of high-risk and/or node-positive prostate cancer.

Recent Findings

The AUA, NCCN, and EAU all include radical prostatectomy as a treatment option for high-risk prostate cancer based on evidence that has shown improvements in biochemical-free and disease-specific survival. Lymph node-positive patients may also derive benefit from radical prostatectomy with lymph node dissection, however, only retrospective studies with high risk of selection bias have been published to date.

Summary

High-risk prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease representing a wide range of disease characteristics. Radical surgery, historically avoided in such patients, may now be considered a valid treatment option for select cases. The adverse effects of surgery using modern techniques lead to similar quality of life outcomes as radiation therapy, and treatment of the primary tumor is likely beneficial when compared to ADT alone.

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(1):7–30. doi:10.3322/caac.21387.CrossRefPubMed

Brawley OW. Prostate cancer epidemiology in the United States. World J Urol. 2012;30(2):195–200. doi:10.1007/s00345-012-0824-2.CrossRefPubMed

Epstein MM, Edgren G, Rider JR, Mucci LA, Adami HO. Temporal trends in cause of death among Swedish and US men with prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104(17):1335–42. doi:10.1093/jnci/djs299.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Moyer VA. Force USPST. Screening for prostate cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(2):120–34. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-2-201207170-00459.CrossRefPubMed

Yossepowitch O, Eastham JA. Radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer. World J Urol. 2008;26(3):219–24. doi:10.1007/s00345-008-0247-2.CrossRefPubMed

Cooperberg MR, Lubeck DP, Mehta SS, Carroll PR. CaPSURE. Time trends in clinical risk stratification for prostate cancer: implications for outcomes (data from CaPSURE). J Urol. 2003;170(6 Pt 2):S21–S25; discussion S6-7. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000095025.03331.c6.CrossRefPubMed

Cooperberg MR, Carroll PR. Trends in management for patients with localized prostate cancer, 1990–2013. JAMA. 2015;314(1):80–2. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.6036.CrossRefPubMed

Gakis G, Boorjian SA, Briganti A, Joniau S, Karazanashvili G, Karnes RJ, et al. The role of radical prostatectomy and lymph node dissection in lymph node-positive prostate cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Urol. 2014;66(2):191–9. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2013.05.033.CrossRefPubMed

Gerber GS, Thisted RA, Chodak GW, Schroder FH, Frohmuller HG, Scardino PT, et al. Results of radical prostatectomy in men with locally advanced prostate cancer: multi-institutional pooled analysis. Eur Urol. 1997;32(4):385–90.PubMed

10.

Boorjian SA, Thompson RH, Siddiqui S, Bagniewski S, Bergstralh EJ, Karnes RJ, et al. Long-term outcome after radical prostatectomy for patients with lymph node positive prostate cancer in the prostate specific antigen era. J Urol. 2007;178(3 Pt 1):864–870; discussion 70-1. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.05.048.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Engel J, Bastian PJ, Baur H, Beer V, Chaussy C, Gschwend JE, et al. Survival benefit of radical prostatectomy in lymph node-positive patients with prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2010;57(5):754–61. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2009.12.034.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Gratzke C, Engel J, Stief CG. Role of radical prostatectomy in clinically non-organ-confined prostate cancer. Curr Urol Rep. 2014;15(11):455. doi:10.1007/s11934-014-0455-9.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Moris L, Van den Broeck T, Tosco L, Van Baelen A, Gontero P, Karnes RJ, et al. Impact of lymph node burden on survival of high-risk prostate cancer patients following radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. Front Surg. 2016;3:65. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2016.00065.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Steuber T, Budaus L, Walz J, Zorn KC, Schlomm T, Chun F, et al. Radical prostatectomy improves progression-free and cancer-specific survival in men with lymph node positive prostate cancer in the prostate-specific antigen era: a confirmatory study. BJU Int. 2011;107(11):1755–61. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09730.x.CrossRefPubMed

15.

• Jo JK, Kook HR, Byun SS, Lee SE, Hong SK. Stratification of contemporary patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(6):2088–93. doi:10.1245/s10434-014-4183-7. High-risk prostate cancer definitions are heterogenous and cancer outcomes vary widely within the NCCN classification system. Favorable high-risk disease exhibited significantly better biochemical recurrence than unfavorable disease. CrossRefPubMed

16.

Yossepowitch O, Eggener SE, Bianco FJ Jr, Carver BS, Serio A, Scardino PT, et al. Radical prostatectomy for clinically localized, high risk prostate cancer: critical analysis of risk assessment methods. J Urol. 2007;178(2):493–499; discussion 9. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.105.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Grossfeld GD, Chang JJ, Broering JM, Li YP, Lubeck DP, Flanders SC, et al. Under staging and under grading in a contemporary series of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy: results from the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor database. J Urol. 2001;165(3):851–6.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Emiliozzi P, Maymone S, Paterno A, Scarpone P, Amini M, Proietti G, et al. Increased accuracy of biopsy Gleason score obtained by extended needle biopsy. J Urol. 2004;172(6 Pt 1):2224–6.CrossRefPubMed

19.

San Francisco IF, DeWolf WC, Rosen S, Upton M, Olumi AF. Extended prostate needle biopsy improves concordance of Gleason grading between prostate needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2003;169(1):136–40. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000042811.83736.04.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Ward JF, Slezak JM, Blute ML, Bergstralh EJ, Zincke H. Radical prostatectomy for clinically advanced (cT3) prostate cancer since the advent of prostate-specific antigen testing: 15-year outcome. BJU Int. 2005;95(6):751–6. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05394.x.CrossRefPubMed

21.

D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, Schultz D, Blank K, Broderick GA, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 1998;280(11):969–74.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Thompson I, Thrasher JB, Aus G, Burnett AL, Canby-Hagino ED, Cookson MS, et al. Guideline for the management of clinically localized prostate cancer: 2007 update. J Urol. 2007;177(6):2106–31. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.003.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Philip J, Dutta Roy S, Ballal M, Foster CS, Javle P. Is a digital rectal examination necessary in the diagnosis and clinical staging of early prostate cancer? BJU Int. 2005;95(7):969–71. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05449.x.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Gupta RT, Brown AF, Silverman RK, Tay KJ, Madden JF, George DJ, et al. Can radiologic staging with multiparametric MRI enhance the accuracy of the Partin tables in predicting organ-confined prostate cancer? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2016;207(1):87–95. doi:10.2214/AJR.15.15878.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Baker LH, Hanks G, Gershenson D, Kantoff P, Lange P, Logothetis C, et al. NCCN prostate cancer practice guidelines. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Oncology (Williston Park). 1996;10(11 Suppl):265–88.

26.

Mohler JL, Armstrong AJ, Bahnson RR, D’Amico AV, Davis BJ, Eastham JA, et al. Prostate cancer, version 1.2016. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2016;14(1):19–30.CrossRef

27.

Weinreb JC, Barentsz JO, Choyke PL, Cornud F, Haider MA, Macura KJ, et al. PI-RADS prostate imaging—reporting and data system: 2015, version 2. Eur Urol. 2016;69(1):16–40. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.08.052.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Liauw SL, Kropp LM, Dess RT, Oto A. Endorectal MRI for risk classification of localized prostate cancer: radiographic findings and influence on treatment decisions. Urol Oncol. 2016;34(9):416 e15–21. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.04.014.CrossRef

29.

Hamdy FC, Donovan JL, Lane JA, Mason M, Metcalfe C, Holding P, et al. 10-year outcomes after monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(15):1415–24. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1606220.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Lane JA, Mason M, Metcalfe C, Walsh E, et al. Patient-reported outcomes after monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(15):1425–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1606221.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Jarosek SL, Virnig BA, Chu H, Elliott SP. Propensity-weighted long-term risk of urinary adverse events after prostate cancer surgery, radiation, or both. Eur Urol. 2015;67(2):273–80. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.08.061.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Potosky AL, Davis WW, Hoffman RM, Stanford JL, Stephenson RA, Penson DF, et al. Five-year outcomes after prostatectomy or radiotherapy for prostate cancer: the prostate cancer outcomes study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96(18):1358–67. doi:10.1093/jnci/djh259.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Mottet N, Bellmunt J, Bolla M, Briers E, Cumberbatch MG, De Santis M, et al. EAU-ESTRO-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent. Eur Urol. 2016; doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.08.003.

34.

Bastian PJ, Boorjian SA, Bossi A, Briganti A, Heidenreich A, Freedland SJ, et al. High-risk prostate cancer: from definition to contemporary management. Eur Urol. 2012;61(6):1096–106. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.02.031.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Bastian PJ, Gonzalgo ML, Aronson WJ, Terris MK, Kane CJ, Amling CL, et al. Clinical and pathologic outcome after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer patients with a preoperative Gleason sum of 8 to 10. Cancer. 2006;107(6):1265–72. doi:10.1002/cncr.22116.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Stephenson AJ, Kattan MW, Eastham JA, Bianco FJ Jr, Yossepowitch O, Vickers AJ, et al. Prostate cancer-specific mortality after radical prostatectomy for patients treated in the prostate-specific antigen era. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(26):4300–5. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.18.2501.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Schreiber D, Wong AT, Rineer J, Weedon J, Schwartz D. Prostate biopsy concordance in a large population-based sample: a Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results study. J Clin Pathol. 2015;68(6):453–7. doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202767.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Pal SK, Ruel N, Vogelzang N, Chang M, Wilson TG, Jones JO, et al. Preoperative androgen deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer: delayed biochemical recurrence in high-risk disease. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2014;12(3):149–54. doi:10.1016/j.clgc.2013.11.009.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Bergstrom CP, Ruffell B, Ho CM, Higano CS, Ellis WJ, Garzotto M, et al. Docetaxel and mitoxantrone before radical prostatectomy in men with high-risk prostate cancer: 10-year follow-up and immune correlates. Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2017;28(1):120–6. doi:10.1097/CAD.0000000000000438.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Cha EK, Eastham JA. Chemotherapy and novel therapeutics before radical prostatectomy for high-risk clinically localized prostate cancer. Urol Oncol. 2015;33(5):217–25. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.11.020.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Febbo PG, Richie JP, George DJ, Loda M, Manola J, Shankar S, et al. Neoadjuvant docetaxel before radical prostatectomy in patients with high-risk localized prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(14):5233–40. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0299.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Fizazi K, Faivre L, Lesaunier F, Delva R, Gravis G, Rolland F, et al. Androgen deprivation therapy plus docetaxel and estramustine versus androgen deprivation therapy alone for high-risk localised prostate cancer (GETUG 12): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(7):787–94. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00011-X.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Garzotto M, Higano CS, O'Brien C, Rademacher BL, Janeba N, Fazli L, et al. Phase 1/2 study of preoperative docetaxel and mitoxantrone for high-risk prostate cancer. Cancer. 2010;116(7):1699–708. doi:10.1002/cncr.24960.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Kim WY, Whang YE, Pruthi RS, Baggstrom MQ, Rathmell WK, Rosenman JG, et al. Neoadjuvant docetaxel/estramustine prior to radical prostatectomy or external beam radiotherapy in high risk localized prostate cancer: a phase II trial. Urol Oncol. 2011;29(6):608–13. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.09.012.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Konety BR, Eastham JA, Reuter VE, Scardino PT, Donat SM, Dalbagni G, et al. Feasibility of radical prostatectomy after neoadjuvant chemohormonal therapy for patients with high risk or locally advanced prostate cancer: results of a phase I/II study. J Urol. 2004;171(2 Pt 1):709–13. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000108122.36893.5a.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Prayer-Galetti T, Sacco E, Pagano F, Gardiman M, Cisternino A, Betto G, et al. Long-term follow-up of a neoadjuvant chemohormonal taxane-based phase II trial before radical prostatectomy in patients with non-metastatic high-risk prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2007;100(2):274–80. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06760.x.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Ross RW, Galsky MD, Febbo P, Barry M, Richie JP, Xie W, et al. Phase 2 study of neoadjuvant docetaxel plus bevacizumab in patients with high-risk localized prostate cancer: a Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium trial. Cancer. 2012;118(19):4777–84. doi:10.1002/cncr.27416.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Shepard DR, Dreicer R, Garcia J, Elson P, Magi-Galluzzi C, Raghavan D, et al. Phase II trial of neoadjuvant nab-paclitaxel in high risk patients with prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2009;181(4):1672–1677; discussion 7. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.11.121.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Thalgott M, Horn T, Heck MM, Maurer T, Eiber M, Retz M, et al. Long-term results of a phase II study with neoadjuvant docetaxel chemotherapy and complete androgen blockade in locally advanced and high-risk prostate cancer. J Hematol Oncol. 2014;7:20. doi:10.1186/1756-8722-7-20.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

50.

Vuky J, Porter C, Isacson C, Vaughan M, Kozlowski P, Picozzi V, et al. Phase II trial of neoadjuvant docetaxel and gefitinib followed by radical prostatectomy in patients with high-risk, locally advanced prostate cancer. Cancer. 2009;115(4):784–91. doi:10.1002/cncr.24092.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Womble PR, VanVeldhuizen PJ, Nisbet AA, Reed GA, Thrasher JB, Holzbeierlein JM. A phase II clinical trial of neoadjuvant ketoconazole and docetaxel chemotherapy before radical prostatectomy in high risk patients. J Urol. 2011;186(3):882–7. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2011.04.087.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Eastham JA, Kelly WK, Grossfeld GD, Small EJ. Cancer, Leukemia Group B. Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 90203: a randomized phase 3 study of radical prostatectomy alone versus estramustine and docetaxel before radical prostatectomy for patients with high-risk localized disease. Urology. 2003;1(62 Suppl):55–62.CrossRef

53.

Briganti A, Larcher A, Abdollah F, Capitanio U, Gallina A, Suardi N, et al. Updated nomogram predicting lymph node invasion in patients with prostate cancer undergoing extended pelvic lymph node dissection: the essential importance of percentage of positive cores. Eur Urol. 2012;61(3):480–7. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2011.10.044.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Mattei A, Fuechsel FG, Bhatta Dhar N, Warncke SH, Thalmann GN, Krause T, et al. The template of the primary lymphatic landing sites of the prostate should be revisited: results of a multimodality mapping study. Eur Urol. 2008;53(1):118–25. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2007.07.035.CrossRefPubMed

55.

• Gakis G, Efstathiou J, Lerner SP, Cookson MS, Keegan KA, Guru KA, et al. ICUD-EAU International Consultation on Bladder Cancer 2012: radical cystectomy and bladder preservation for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol. 2013;63(1):45–57. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.08.009. In-depth systematic literature review of radical prostatectomy for LN-positive prostate cancer. The authors highlight the utility of a multimodal therapeutic approach to improve outcomes. CrossRefPubMed

56.

Gao L, Yang L, Lv X, Bu S, Wan F, Qian S, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies on the efficacy of extended pelvic lymph node dissection in patients with clinically localized prostatic carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2014;140(2):243–56. doi:10.1007/s00432-013-1574-2.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Kim KH, Lim SK, Kim HY, Shin TY, Lee JY, Choi YD, et al. Extended vs standard lymph node dissection in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy for intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer: a propensity-score-matching analysis. BJU Int. 2013;112(2):216–23. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11765.x.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Kluth LA, Xylinas E, Rieken M, Chun FK, Fajkovic H, Becker A, et al. Does increasing the nodal yield improve outcomes in contemporary patients without nodal metastasis undergoing radical prostatectomy? Urol Oncol. 2014;32(1):47 e1–8. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.06.013.CrossRef

59.

Masterson TA, Bianco FJ Jr, Vickers AJ, DiBlasio CJ, Fearn PA, Rabbani F, et al. The association between total and positive lymph node counts, and disease progression in clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 2006;175(4):1320–1324; discussion 4–5. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00685-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

60.

Baker CB, McDonald AM, Yang ES, Jacob R, Rais-Bahrami S, Nix JW, et al. Pelvic radiotherapy versus radical prostatectomy with limited lymph node sampling for high-grade prostate adenocarcinoma. Prostate Cancer. 2016;2016:2674954. doi:10.1155/2016/2674954.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

61.

Boorjian SA, Karnes RJ, Viterbo R, Rangel LJ, Bergstralh EJ, Horwitz EM, et al. Long-term survival after radical prostatectomy versus external-beam radiotherapy for patients with high-risk prostate cancer. Cancer. 2011;117(13):2883–91. doi:10.1002/cncr.25900.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

62.

Cooperberg MR, Vickers AJ, Broering JM, Carroll PR. Comparative risk-adjusted mortality outcomes after primary surgery, radiotherapy, or androgen-deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer. Cancer. 2010;116(22):5226–34. doi:10.1002/cncr.25456.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

63.

Kishan AU, Shaikh T, Wang PC, Reiter RE, Said J, Raghavan G, et al. Clinical outcomes for patients with Gleason score 9–10 prostate adenocarcinoma treated with radiotherapy or radical prostatectomy: a multi-institutional comparative analysis. Eur Urol. 2016; doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.06.046.PubMed

64.

• Lee BH, Kibel AS, Ciezki JP, Klein EA, Reddy CA, Yu C, et al. Are biochemical recurrence outcomes similar after radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy? Analysis of prostate cancer-specific mortality by nomogram-predicted risks of biochemical recurrence. Eur Urol. 2015;67(2):204–9. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.09.017. Retrospective series comparing prostate cancer outcomes for patients treated with RP, XRT, or brachytherapy. The authors found that different definitions of “biochemical recurrence” for each modality were associated with significant differences in cancer specific mortality. They conclude that comparisons of BCR between treatments may not be valid. CrossRefPubMed

65.

Perez BA, Koontz BF. Radiotherapy before and after radical prostatectomy for high-risk and locally advanced prostate cancer. Urol Oncol. 2015;33(5):226–34. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.09.018.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Wallis CJ, Saskin R, Choo R, Herschorn S, Kodama RT, Satkunasivam R, et al. Surgery versus radiotherapy for clinically-localized prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2016;70(1):21–30. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.11.010.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Westover K, Chen MH, Moul J, Robertson C, Polascik T, Dosoretz D, et al. Radical prostatectomy vs radiation therapy and androgen-suppression therapy in high-risk prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2012;110(8):1116–21. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11012.x.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Zelefsky MJ, Eastham JA, Cronin AM, Fuks Z, Zhang Z, Yamada Y, et al. Metastasis after radical prostatectomy or external beam radiotherapy for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: a comparison of clinical cohorts adjusted for case mix. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(9):1508–13. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.22.2265.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

69.

Petrelli F, Vavassori I, Coinu A, Borgonovo K, Sarti E, Barni S. Radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy in high-risk prostate cancer: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2014;12(4):215–24. doi:10.1016/j.clgc.2014.01.010.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Flanigan RC, Salmon SE, Blumenstein BA, Bearman SI, Roy V, McGrath PC, et al. Nephrectomy followed by interferon alfa-2b compared with interferon alfa-2b alone for metastatic renal-cell cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(23):1655–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa003013.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Moghanaki D, Turkbey B, Vapiwala N, Ehdaie B, Frank SJ, McLaughlin PW, et al. Advances in prostate cancer magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography-computed tomography for staging and radiotherapy treatment planning. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2017;27(1):21–33. doi:10.1016/j.semradonc.2016.08.008.CrossRefPubMed

72.

von Below C, Daouacher G, Wassberg C, Grzegorek R, Gestblom C, Sorensen J, et al. Validation of 3 T MRI including diffusion-weighted imaging for nodal staging of newly diagnosed intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer. Clin Radiol. 2016;71(4):328–34. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2015.12.001.CrossRef

73.

Harisinghani MG, Barentsz J, Hahn PF, Deserno WM, Tabatabaei S, van de Kaa CH, et al. Noninvasive detection of clinically occult lymph-node metastases in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(25):2491–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022749.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Afshar-Oromieh A, Haberkorn U, Schlemmer HP, Fenchel M, Eder M, Eisenhut M, et al. Comparison of PET/CT and PET/MRI hybrid systems using a 68Ga-labelled PSMA ligand for the diagnosis of recurrent prostate cancer: initial experience. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;41(5):887–97. doi:10.1007/s00259-013-2660-z.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Sweat SD, Pacelli A, Murphy GP, Bostwick DG. Prostate-specific membrane antigen expression is greatest in prostate adenocarcinoma and lymph node metastases. Urology. 1998;52(4):637–40.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Budaus L, Leyh-Bannurah SR, Salomon G, Michl U, Heinzer H, Huland H, et al. Initial experience of (68)Ga-PSMA PET/CT imaging in high-risk prostate cancer patients prior to radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2016;69(3):393–6. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.010.CrossRefPubMed

77.

Frohmuller HG, Theiss M, Manseck A, Wirth MP. Survival and quality of life of patients with stage D1 (T1-3 pN1-2 M0) prostate cancer. Radical prostatectomy plus androgen deprivation versus androgen deprivation alone. Eur Urol. 1995;27(3):202–6.PubMed

78.

Schmeller N, Lubos W. Early endocrine therapy versus radical prostatectomy combined with early endocrine therapy for stage D1 prostate cancer. Br J Urol. 1997;79(2):226–34.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Mathieu R, Korn SM, Bensalah K, Kramer G, Shariat SF. Cytoreductive radical prostatectomy in metastatic prostate cancer: does it really make sense? World J Urol. 2016; doi:10.1007/s00345-016-1906-3.

80.

Tzelepi V, Efstathiou E, Wen S, Troncoso P, Karlou M, Pettaway CA, et al. Persistent, biologically meaningful prostate cancer after 1 year of androgen ablation and docetaxel treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(18):2574–81. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.33.2999.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Title: Radical Prostatectomy for High-risk Localized or Node-Positive Prostate Cancer: Removing the Primary
Authors: Justin T. Matulay
G. Joel DeCastro
Publication date: 01-07-2017
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Current Urology Reports / Issue 7/2017
Print ISSN: 1527-2737
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6285
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-017-0703-x

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Radical Prostatectomy for High-risk Localized or Node-Positive Prostate Cancer: Removing the Primary

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 7/2017

Prostate Biopsy in Active Surveillance Protocols: Immediate Re-biopsy and Timing of Subsequent Biopsies

Tissue Preservation Techniques at the Time of Urethroplasty for Urethral Stricture Disease

The Contemporary Role of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer

Adjuvant Versus Early Salvage Radiation Therapy Following Radical Prostatectomy for Men with Localized Prostate Cancer

The use of Hormonal Therapy to Augment Radiation Therapy in Prostate Cancer: An Update

The Preoperative Assessment and Optimization of Patients Undergoing Major Urological Surgery