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BMC Neurology
Published in: BMC Neurology 1/2024

Open Access 01-12-2024 | Research

The prevalence and risk factors for phantom limb pain: a cross-sectional survey

Authors: Katleho Limakatso, F. Ndhlovu, A. Usenbo, S. Rayamajhi, C. Kloppers, R. Parker

Published in: BMC Neurology | Issue 1/2024

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Abstract

Background

We previously performed a systematic review and meta-analysis which revealed a Phantom Limb Pain (PLP) prevalence estimate of 64% [95% CI: 60.01–68.1]. The prevalence estimates varied significantly between developed and developing countries. Remarkably, there is limited evidence on the prevalence of PLP and associated risk factors in African populations.

Methods

Adults who had undergone limb amputations between January 2018 and October 2022 were recruited from healthcare facilities in the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces. We excluded individuals with auditory or speech impairments that hindered clear communication via telephone. Data on the prevalence and risk factors for PLP were collected telephonically from consenting and eligible participants. The prevalence of PLP was expressed as a percentage with a 95% confidence interval. The associations between PLP and risk factors for PLP were tested using univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. The strength of association was calculated using the Odds Ratio where association was confirmed.

Results

The overall PLP prevalence was 71.73% [95% CI: 65.45–77.46]. Persistent pre-operative pain, residual limb pain, and non-painful phantom limb sensations were identified as risk factors for PLP.

Conclusion

This study revealed a high prevalence of PLP. The use of effective treatments targeting pre-amputation pain may yield more effective and targeted pre-amputation care, leading to improved quality of life after amputation.
Appendix
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Metadata
Title
The prevalence and risk factors for phantom limb pain: a cross-sectional survey
Authors
Katleho Limakatso
F. Ndhlovu
A. Usenbo
S. Rayamajhi
C. Kloppers
R. Parker
Publication date
01-12-2024
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Neurology / Issue 1/2024
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2377
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-024-03547-w

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