Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews
Published in: Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 4/2015

01-12-2015 | NON-THEMATIC REVIEW

The origin of prostate metastases: emerging insights

Authors: Matteo Santoni, Francesco Piva, Marina Scarpelli, Liang Cheng, Antonio Lopez-Beltran, Francesco Massari, Roberto Iacovelli, Rossana Berardi, Daniele Santini, Rodolfo Montironi

Published in: Cancer and Metastasis Reviews | Issue 4/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

The outcome of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) is mainly dependent on the presence or absence of distant metastases. Although several advances have been made in understanding the biological basis of this tumor, the mechanisms underlying PCa metastatic spread are not fully clear. The lack of a clear origin for PCa metastasis may be partially due to the evidence of PCa heterogeneity between primary tumor and metastases and among different metastatic sites. Cross-metastatic seeding and the de novo monoclonal seeding of daughter metastases have been proposed as crucial events during metastasis. This process requires the contribution of tumor environment, which modulates cancer cell homing and growth, and involves several components including cancer stem cells (CSCs), tumor secreted microvesicles, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and immune cells. In this review, we have focused on the recent findings on the origin of prostate metastasis, showing the contribution of tumor microenvironment to this evolutionary process.
Literature
1.
Aus, G., Robinson, D., Rosell, J., Sandblom, G., & Varenhorst, E. (2005). Survival in prostate carcinoma—outcomes from a prospective, population-based cohort of 8887 men with up to 15 years of follow-up. Cancer, 103(5), 943–951.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Wyatt, A. W., Mo, F., Wang, Y., & Collins, C. C. (2013). The diverse heterogeneity of molecular alterations in prostate cancer identified through next-generation sequencing. Asian Journal of Andrology, 15(3), 301–308.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
3.
Berger, M. F., Lawrence, M. S., Demichelis, F., Drier, Y., Cibulskis, K., Sivachenko, A. Y., et al. (2011). The genomic complexity of primary human prostate cancer. Nature, 470(7333), 214–220.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
4.
Baca, S. C., Prandi, D., Lawrence, M. S., Mosquera, J. M., Romanel, A., Drier, Y., et al. (2013). Punctuated evolution of prostate cancer genomes. Cell, 153(3), 666–677.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
5.
Tomlins, S. A., Laxman, B., Varambally, S., Cao, X., Yu, J., & Helgeson, B. E. (2008). Role of the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion in prostate cancer. Neoplasia, 10(2), 177–188.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
6.
Wang, L., Williamson, S. R., Zhang, S., Huang, J., Montironi, R., & Davison, D. D. (2014). Increased androgen receptor gene copy number is associated with TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement in prostatic small cell carcinoma. Molecular Carcinogenesis. doi:10.​1002/​mc.​22162.
7.
Attard, G., Jameson, C., Moreira, J., Flohr, P., Parker, C., & Dearnaley, D. (2009). Hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: a case of ETS gene fusion heterogeneity. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 62(4), 373–376.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Lindberg, J., Kristiansen, A., Wiklund, P., Grönberg, H., & Egevad, L. (2015). Tracking the origin of metastatic prostate cancer. European Urology, 67(5), 819–822.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Trudel, D., Downes, M. R., Sykes, J., Kron, K. J., Trachtenberg, J., & van der Kwast, T. H. (2014). Prognostic impact of intraductal carcinoma and large cribriform carcinoma architecture after prostatectomy in a contemporary cohort. European Journal of Cancer, 50(9), 1610–1616.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Gundem, G., Van Loo, P., Kremeyer, B., Alexandrov, L. B., Tubio, J. M., Papaemmanuil, E., et al. (2015). The evolutionary history of lethal metastatic prostate cancer. Nature, 520(7547), 353–357.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
11.
Hong, M. K., Macintyre, G., Wedge, D. C., Van Loo, P., Patel, K., & Lunke, S. (2015). Tracking the origins and drivers of subclonal metastatic expansion in prostate cancer. Nature Communications, 6, 6605.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
12.
Piva, F., Santoni, M., Scarpelli, M., Briganti, A., Montorsi, F., & Montironi, R. (2015). Re: Johan Lindberg, Anna Kristiansen, Peter Wiklund, Henrik Grönberg, Lars Egevad. Tracking the origin of metastatic prostate cancer. European Urology. doi:10.​1016/​j.​eururo.​2015.​07.​011.
13.
Geem, Z. W., Kim, J. H., & Loganathan, G. V. (2001). A new heuristic optimization algorithm: harmony search. SIMULATION, 76(2), 60–68.CrossRef
14.
Chen, X. S., Ong, Y. S., & Lim, M. H. (2010). Research frontier: memetic computation—past, present & future. IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, 5(2), 24–36.CrossRef
15.
Casás-Selves, M., & Degregori, J. (2011). How cancer shapes evolution, and how evolution shapes cancer. Evolution (NY), 4(4), 624–634.
16.
Jordan, C. T., Guzman, M. L., & Noble, M. (2006). Cancer stem cells. The New England Journal of Medicine, 355(12), 1253–1261.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Dean, M., Fojo, T., & Bates, S. (2005). Tumour stem cells and drug resistance. Nature Reviews Cancer, 5(4), 275–284.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Rybak, A. P., Bristow, R. G., & Kapoor, A. (2015). Prostate cancer stem cells: deciphering the origins and pathways involved in prostate tumorigenesis and aggression. Oncotarget, 6(4), 1900–1919.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
19.
Hermann, P. C., Huber, S. L., Herrler, T., Aicher, A., Ellwart, J. W., Guba, M., et al. (2007). Distinct populations of cancer stem cells determine tumor growth and metastatic activity in human pancreatic cancer. Cell Stem Cell, 1(3), 313–323.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Bonnet, D., & Dick, J. E. (1997). Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nature Medicine, 3(7), 730–737.PubMedCrossRef
21.
van der Pluijm, G. (2011). Epithelial plasticity, cancer stem cells and bone metastasis formation. Bone, 48(1), 37–43.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Wen, S., Niu, Y., Yeh, S., & Chang, C. (2015). BM-MSCs promote prostate cancer progression via the conversion of normal fibroblasts to cancer-associated fibroblasts. International Journal of Oncolology. doi:10.​3892/​ijo.​2015.​3060.
23.
Tang, K.D., Holzapfel, B.M., Liu, J., Lee, T.K., Ma, S., Jovanovic, L. (2015). Tie-2 regulates the stemness and metastatic properties of prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget, in press.
24.
Marian, L., Katarina, K., & Vladimir, B. (2013). Essentials of circulating tumor cells for clinical research and practice. Critival Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 88(2), 338–356.CrossRef
25.
Danila, D. C., Heller, G., Gignac, G. A., Gonzalez-Espinoza, R., Anand, A., & Tanaka, E. (2007). Circulating tumor cell number and prognosis in progressive castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 13(23), 7053–7058.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Okegawa, T., Nutahara, K., & Higashihara, E. (2009). Prognostic significance of circulating tumor cells in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer. The Journal of Urology, 181(3), 1091–1097.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Moreno, J. G., Miller, M. C., Gross, S., Allard, W. J., Gomella, L. G., & Terstappen, L. W. (2005). Circulating tumor cells predict survival in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Urology, 65(4), 713–718.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Scher, H. I., Jia, X., de Bono, J. S., Fleisher, M., Pienta, K. J., Raghavan, D., et al. (2009). Circulating tumour cells as prognostic markers in progressive, castration-resistant prostate cancer: a reanalysis of IMMC38 trial data. The Lancet Oncology, 10(3), 233–239.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
29.
Abe, Y., Matsumoto, S., Kito, K., & Ueda, N. (2000). Cloning and expression of a novel MAPKK-like protein kinase, lymphokine-activated killer T-cell-originated protein kinase, specifically expressed in the testis and activated lymphoid cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275(28), 21525–21531.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Sun, H., Zhang, L., Shi, C., Hu, P., Yan, W., & Wang, Z. (2015). TOPK is highly expressed in circulating tumor cells, enabling metastasis of prostate cancer. Oncotarget, 6(14), 12392–12404.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
31.
Luga, V., Zhang, L., Viloria-Petit, A. M., Ogunjimi, A. A., Inanlou, M. R., & Chiu, E. (2012). Exosomes mediate stromal mobilization of autocrine Wnt-PCP signaling in breast cancer cell migration. Cell, 151(7), 1542–1556.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Peinado, H., Aleckovic, M., Lavotshkin, S., Matei, I., Costa-Silva, B., & Moreno-Bueno, G. (2012). Melanoma exosomes educate bone marrow progenitor cells toward a pro-metastatic phenotype through MET. Nature Medicine, 18(6), 883–891.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
33.
Chowdhury, R., Webber, J. P., Gurney, M., Mason, M. D., Tabi, Z., & Clayton, A. (2015). Cancer exosomes trigger mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into pro-angiogenic and pro-invasive myofibroblasts. Oncotarget, 6(2), 715–731.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
34.
Lundholm, M., Schröder, M., Nagaeva, O., Baranov, V., Widmark, A., Mincheva-Nilsson, L., et al. (2014). Prostate tumor-derived exosomes down-regulate NKG2D expression on natural killer cells and CD8+ T cells: mechanism of immune evasion. PLoS One, 9(9), e108925.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
35.
Kawakami, K., Fujita, Y., Kato, T., Mizutani, K., Kameyama, K., Tsumoto, H., et al. (2015). Integrin β4 and vinculin contained in exosomes are potential markers for progression of prostate cancer associated with taxane-resistance. International Journal of Oncology, 47(1), 384–390.PubMed
36.
Trerotola, M., Ganguly, K. K., Fazli, L., Fedele, C., Lu, H., Dutta, A., et al. (2015). Trop-2 is up-regulated in invasive prostate cancer and displaces FAK from focal contacts. Oncotarget, 6(16), 14318–14328.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
37.
Sandvig, K., & Llorente, A. (2012). Proteomic analysis of microvesicles released by the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Molelucar & Cellular Proteomics, 11(7), M111.012914.CrossRef
38.
Deryugina, E. I., Conn, E. M., Wortmann, A., Partridge, J. J., Kupriyanova, T. A., Ardi, V. C., et al. (2009). Functional role of cell surface CUB domain-containing protein 1 in tumor cell dissemination. Molecular Cancer Research, 7(8), 1197–1211.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
39.
Zöller, M. (2009). Tetraspanins: push and pull in suppressing and promoting metastasis. Nature Reviews Cancer, 9(1), 40–55.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Tang, Y., Kesavan, P., Nakada, M. T., & Yan, L. (2004). Tumor-stroma interaction: positive feedback regulation of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) expression and matrix metalloproteinase-dependent generation of soluble EMMPRIN. Molecular Cancer Research, 2(2), 73–80.PubMed
41.
Zhong, W. D., Liang, Y. X., Lin, S. X., Li, L., He, H. C., Bi, X. C., et al. (2012). Expression of CD147 is associated with prostate cancer progression. International Journal of Cancer, 130(2), 300–308.CrossRef
42.
Gnanasekar, M., Thirugnanam, S., Zheng, G., Chen, A., & Ramaswamy, K. (2009). Gene silencing of translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) by siRNA inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells. International Journal of Oncology, 34(5), 1241–1246.PubMed
43.
Miao, H. Q., Lee, P., Lin, H., Soker, S., & Klagsbrun, M. (2000). Neuropilin-1 expression by tumor cells promotes tumor angiogenesis and progression. The FASEB Journal, 14(15), 2532–2539.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Jia, H., Cheng, L., Tickner, M., Bagherzadeh, A., Selwood, D., & Zachary, I. (2010). Neuropilin-1 antagonism in human carcinoma cells inhibits migration and enhances chemosensitivity. British Journal of Cancer, 102(3), 541–552.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
45.
Øverbye, A., Skotland, T., Koehler, C.J., Thiede, B., Seierstad, T., Berge, V. (2015). Identification of prostate cancer biomarkers in urinary exosomes. Oncotarget, in press.
46.
Bar-Peled, L., Schweitzer, L.D., Zoncu, R., Sabatini, D.M. Ragulator is a GEF for the rag GTPases that signal amino acid levels to mTORC1. Cell, 150(6), 1196–1208.
47.
Gu, T. L., Cherry, J., Tucker, M., Wu, J., Reeves, C., & Polakiewicz, R. D. (2010). Identification of activated Tnk1 kinase in Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Leukemia, 24(4), 861–865.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Llorente, A., Skotland, T., Sylvänne, T., Kauhanen, D., Róg, T., Orlowski, A., et al. (2013). Molecular lipidomics of exosomes released by PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Biochima et Biophysica Acta, 1831(7), 1302–1309.CrossRef
49.
Hessvik, N. P., Phuyal, S., Brech, A., Sandvig, K., & Llorente, A. (2012). Profiling of microRNAs in exosomes released from PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1819, 1154–1163.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Fedele, C., Singh, A., Zerlanko, B. J., Iozzo, R. V., & Languino, L. R. (2015). The αvβ6 integrin is transferred intercellularly via exosomes. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 290(8), 4545–4551.PubMedCrossRef
51.
De Marzo, A. M., Platz, E. A., Sutcliffe, S., Xu, J., Grönberg, H., Drake, C. G., et al. (2007). Inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis. Nature Reviews Cancer, 7(4), 256–269.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
52.
Vignozzi, L., & Maggi, M. (2004). Prostate cancer: intriguing data on inflammation and prostate cancer. Nature Reviews. Urology, 11(7), 369–370.CrossRef
53.
Sfanos, K. S., Hempe, H. A., & De Marzo, A. M. (2014). The role of inflammation in prostate cancer. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 816, 153–181.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Wang, W., Bergh, A., & Damber, J. E. (2009). Morphological transition of proliferative inflammatory atrophy to high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer in human prostate. Prostate, 69(13), 1378–1386.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Nguyen, D. P., Li, J., Yadav, S. S., & Tewari, A. K. (2014). Recent insights into NF-κB signalling pathways and the link between inflammation and prostate cancer. BJU International, 114(2), 168–176.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Vidal, A. C., Howard, L. E., Moreira, D. M., Castro-Santamaria, R., Andriole, G. L., & Freedland, S. J. (2015). Aspirin, NSAIDs, and risk of prostate cancer: results from the REDUCE study. Clinical Cancer Research, 21(4), 756–762.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zarif, J. C., Taichman, R. S., & Pienta, K. J. (2014). TAM macrophages promote growth and metastasis within the cancer ecosystem. Oncoimmunology, 3;3(7), e941734.CrossRef
58.
Soki, F. N., Koh, A. J., Jones, J. D., Kim, Y. W., Dai, J., Keller, E. T., Pienta, K. J., et al. (2014). Polarization of prostate cancer-associated macrophages is induced by milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (MFG-E8)-mediated efferocytosis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 289, 24560–24572.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
59.
Ding, X., Yang, D. R., Xia, L., Chen, B., Yu, S., Niu, Y., et al. (2015). Targeting TR4 nuclear receptor suppresses prostate cancer invasion via reduction of infiltrating macrophages with alteration of the TIMP-1/MMP2/MMP9 signals. Molecular Cancer, 14, 16.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
60.
Roca, H., Varsos, Z. S., Sud, S., Craig, M. J., Ying, C., & Pienta, K. J. (2009). CCL2 and interleukin-6 promote survival of human CD11b + peripheral blood mononuclear cells and induce M2-type macrophage polarization. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284(49), 34342–34354.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
61.
62.
Luo, Y., Jiang, Q.W., Wu, J.Y., Qiu, J.G., Zhang, W.J., Mei, X.L., et al. (2015). Regulation of migration and invasion by Toll-like receptor-9 signaling network in prostate cancer. Oncotarget, in press.
63.
Santoni, M., Bracarda, S., Nabissi, M., Massari, F., Conti, A., Bria, E., et al. (2014). CXC and CC chemokines as angiogenic modulators in non-haematological tumors. Biomed Research International, 768758.
64.
Izumi, K., Fang, L. Y., Mizokami, A., Namiki, M., Li, L., Lin, W. J., et al. (2013). Targeting the androgen receptor with siRNA promotes prostate cancer metastasis through enhanced macrophage recruitment via CCL2/CCR2-induced STAT3 activation. EMBO Molecular Medicine, 5(9), 1383–1401.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
65.
Santoni, M., Conti, A., Piva, F., Massari, F., Ciccarese, C., Burattini, L., et al. (2015). Role of STAT3 pathway in genitourinary tumors. Future Science, in press.
66.
Zhang, K., Zhao, H., Ji, Z., Zhang, C., Zhou, P., Wang, L., et al. (2015). Shp2 promotes metastasis of prostate cancer by attenuating the PAR3/PAR6/aPKC polarity protein complex and enhancing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Oncogene. doi:10.​1038/​onc.​2015.​184.
67.
Kolijn, K., Verhoef, E.I., van Leenders, G.J. (2015) Morphological and immunohistochemical identification of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in clinical prostate cancer. Oncotarget, in press.
68.
Lin, T. H., Izumi, K., Lee, S. O., Lin, W. J., Yeh, S., & Chang, C. (2013). Anti-androgen receptor ASC-J9 versus anti-androgens MDV3100 (Enzalutamide) or Casodex (Bicalutamide) leads to opposite effects on prostate cancer metastasis via differential modulation of macrophage infiltration and STAT3-CCL2 signaling. Cell Death & Disease. doi:10.​1038/​cddis.​2013.​270.
69.
Chen, Y., Tian, Y., Ji, Z., Liu, Z., & Shang, D. (2015). CC-chemokine receptor 7 is overexpressed and correlates with growth and metastasis in prostate cancer. Tumour Biology, 36(7), 5537–5541.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zalucha, J. L., Jung, Y., Joseph, J., Wang, J., Berry, J. E., Shiozawa, Y., et al. (2015). The role of osteoclasts in early dissemination of prostate cancer tumor cells. Journal of Cancer Stem Cell Research, 3, e1005.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
71.
Arnold, R. S., Fedewa, S. A., Goodman, M., Osunkoya, A. O., Kissick, H. T., Morrissey, C., et al. (2015). Bone metastasis in prostate cancer: recurring mitochondrial DNA mutation reveals selective pressure exerted by the bone microenvironment. Bone, 78, 81–86.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Vicente-Dueñas, C., Gutiérrez de Diego, J., Rodríguez, F. D., Jiménez, R., & Cobaleda, C. (2009). The role of cellular plasticity in cancer development. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 16(28), 3676–3685.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Bishop, J. L., Davies, A., Ketola, K., & Zoubeidi, A. (2015). Regulation of tumor cell plasticity by the androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Endocrine Related Cancer, 22(3), R165–182.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Santoni, M., Conti, A., Burattini, L., Berardi, R., Scarpelli, M., Cheng, L., et al. (2014). Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer: novel morphological insights and future therapeutic perspectives. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Reviews of Cancer, 1846(2), 630–637.CrossRef
75.
76.
Xu, J., Wang, R., Xie, Z. H., Odero-Marah, V., Pathak, S., Multani, A., et al. (2006). Prostate cancer metastasis: role of the host microenvironment in promoting epithelial to mesenchymal transition and increased bone and adrenal gland metastasis. Prostate, 66(15), 1664–1673.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Josson, S., Sharp, S., Sung, S. Y., Johnstone, P. A., Aneja, R., Wang, R., et al. (2010). Tumor-stromal interactions influence radiation sensitivity in epithelial- versus mesenchymal-like prostate cancer cells. Journal of Oncology. doi:10.​1155/​2010/​232831.PubMedCentralPubMed
78.
D'Amico, L., Patanè, S., Grange, C., Bussolati, B., Isella, C., Fontani, L., et al. (2013). Primary breast cancer stem-like cells metastasise to bone, switch phenotype and acquire a bone tropism signature. British Journal of Cancer, 108(12), 2525–2536.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
79.
Shiozawa, Y., Pedersen, E. A., Havens, A. M., Jung, Y., Mishra, A., Joseph, J., et al. (2011). Human prostate cancer metastases target the hematopoietic stem cell niche to establish footholds in mouse bone marrow. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 121(4), 1298–1312.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
80.
Eaton, C. L., Colombel, M., van der Pluijm, G., Cecchini, M., Wetterwald, A., Lippitt, J., et al. (2010). Evaluation of the frequency of putative prostate cancer stem cells in primary and metastatic prostate cancer. Prostate, 70(8), 875–882.PubMed
81.
Fournier, P. G., Juárez, P., Jiang, G., Clines, G. A., Niewolna, M., Kim, H. S., et al. (2015). The TGF-β signaling regulator PMEPA1 suppresses prostate cancer metastases to bone. Cancer Cell, 27(6), 809–821.PubMedCrossRef
82.
83.
Chang, Y. S., Chen, W. Y., Yin, J. J., Sheppard-Tillman, H., Huang, J., & Liu, Y. N. (2015). EGF receptor promotes prostate cancer bone metastasis by downregulating miR-1 and activating TWIST1. Cancer Research, 75(15), 3077–3086.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Li, X., Liu, Y., Wu, B., Dong, Z., Wang, Y., Lu, J., et al. (2014). Potential role of the OPG/RANK/RANKL axis in prostate cancer invasion and bone metastasis. Oncology Report, 32(6), 2605–2611.
85.
Hall, C. L., Kang, S., MacDougald, O. A., & Keller, E. T. (2006). Role of Wnts in prostate cancer bone metastases. Journal of Cellular Biochemestry, 97(4), 661–672.CrossRef
86.
Iuliani, M., Pantano, F., Buttigliero, C., Fioramonti, M., Bertaglia, V., Vincenzi, B., et al. (2015). Biological and clinical effects of abiraterone on anti-resorptive and anabolic activity in bone microenvironment. Oncotarget, 6(14), 12520–12528.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
87.
88.
Santoni, M., Scarpelli, M., Mazzucchelli, R., Lopez-Beltran, A., Cheng, L., Epstein, J. I., et al. (2015). Current histopathologic and molecular characterizations of prostate cancer: towards individualized prognosis and therapies. European Urology. doi:10.​1016/​j.​eururo.​2015.​05.​041.
Metadata
Title
The origin of prostate metastases: emerging insights
Authors
Matteo Santoni
Francesco Piva
Marina Scarpelli
Liang Cheng
Antonio Lopez-Beltran
Francesco Massari
Roberto Iacovelli
Rossana Berardi
Daniele Santini
Rodolfo Montironi
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews / Issue 4/2015
Print ISSN: 0167-7659
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7233
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-015-9597-6

Other articles of this Issue 4/2015

Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 4/2015 Go to the issue

NON-THEMATIC REVIEW

Urothelial cancer stem cells and epithelial plasticity: current concepts and therapeutic implications in bladder cancer

NON-THEMATIC REVIEW

How to be good at being bad: centrosome amplification and mitotic propensity drive intratumoral heterogeneity

NON-THEMATIC REVIEW

Protease-activated receptors (PARs)—biology and role in cancer invasion and metastasis

NON-THEMATIC REVIEW

EPLIN: a fundamental actin regulator in cancer metastasis?

Non-Thematic Review

Retinoblastoma: might photodynamic therapy be an option?

NON-THEMATIC REVIEW

Integrin αvβ6 sets the stage for colorectal cancer metastasis
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits