Studying the neuropsychological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: lessons learned from 35 years of neuroHIV research

Adle-Biassette H, Chretien F, Wingertsmann L, Hery C, Ereau T, Scaravilli F, Tardieu M, Gray F (1999) Neuronal apoptosis does not correlate with dementia in HIV infection but is related to microglial activation and axonal damage. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 25(2):123–133PubMedCrossRef

Agarwal S, Jain R, Dogra S, Krieger P, Lewis A, Nguyen V, Melmed K, Galetta S (2020) Cerebral microbleeds and leukoencephalopathy in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Stroke. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030940

Ahles TA, Root JC (2018) Cognitive effects of cancer and cancer treatments. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 14:425–451. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084903PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral

Alvarez-Carbonell D, Ye F, Ramanath N, Garcia-Mesa Y, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, Karn J (2019) Cross-talk between microglia and neurons regulates HIV latency. PLoS Pathog 15(12):e1008249. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008249PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Ancuta P, Moses A, Gabuzda D (2004) Transendothelial migration of CD16+ monocytes in response to fractalkine under constitutive and inflammatory conditions. Immunobiology. 209(1-2):11–20PubMedCrossRef

Andries K, Pensaert MB (1980) Immunofluorescence studies on the pathogenesis of hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus infection in pigs after oronasal inoculation. Am J Vet Res 41(9):1372–1378PubMed

Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT, Brew BJ, Byrd DA, Cherner M, Clifford DB, Cinque P, Epstein LG, Goodkin K, Gisslen M, Grant I, Heaton RK, Joseph J, Marder K, Marra CM, McArthur JC, Nunn M, Price RW, Pulliam L, Robertson KR, Sacktor N, Valcour V, Wojna VE (2007) Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology. 69(18):1789–1799PubMedCrossRef

Arbour N, Ekande S, Cote G, Lachance C, Chagnon F, Tardieu M, Cashman NR, Talbot PJ (1999) Persistent infection of human oligodendrocytic and neuroglial cell lines by human coronavirus 229E. J Virol 73(4):3326–3337PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Arbour N, Day R, Newcombe J, Talbot PJ (2000) Neuroinvasion by human respiratory coronaviruses. J Virol 74(19):8913–8921. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.19.8913-8921.2000PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Argenziano B, Slater, Tiao, Baldwin, Barr, Chang, et al. (2020) Characterization and clinical course of 1000 patients with COVID-19 in New York: retrospective case series. BMJ. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.20.20072116.

Argyris EG, Acheampong E, Wang F, Huang J, Chen K, Mukhtar M, Zhang H et al (2007) Virology 367(2):440–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.010PubMedCrossRef

Arrildt KT, Joseph SB, Swanstrom R (2012) The HIV-1 env protein: a coat of many colors. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 9(1):52–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-011-0107-3PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Ashrafi F, Zali A, Ommi D, Salari M, Fatemi A, Arab-Ahmadi M, Behnam B, Azhideh A, Vahidi M, Yousefi-Asl M, Jalili Khoshnood R, Advani S (2020) COVID-19-related strokes in adults below 55 years of age: a case series. Neurol Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04521-3

Atluri VS, Hidalgo M, Samikkannu T, Kurapati KR, Jayant RD, Sagar V, Nair MP (2015) Effect of human immunodeficiency virus on blood-brain barrier integrity and function: an update. Front Cell Neurosci 9:212. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2015.00212PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Barkan SE, Melnick SL, Preston-Martin S, Weber K, Kalish LA, Miotti P, Young M, Greenblatt R, Sacks H, Feldman J (1998) The Women's Interagency HIV Study. WIHS Collaborative Study Group. Epidemiology 9(2):117–125PubMedCrossRef

Becker JT, Lopez OL, Dew MA, Aizenstein HJ (2004) Prevalence of cognitive disorders differs as a function of age in HIV virus infection. Aids. 18(Suppl 1):S11–S18PubMedCrossRef

Becker JT, Kingsley LA, Molsberry S, Reynolds S, Aronow A, Levine AJ, Martin E, Miller EN, Munro CA, Ragin A, Sacktor N, Selnes OA (2014) Cohort profile: recruitment cohorts in the neuropsychological substudy of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyu092

Bell JE, Brettle RP, Chiswick A, Simmonds P (1998) HIV encephalitis, proviral load and dementia in drug users and homosexuals with AIDS. Effect of neocortical involvement. Brain. 121(Pt 11):2043–2052PubMedCrossRef

Bender SJ, Weiss SR (2010) Pathogenesis of murine coronavirus in the central nervous system. J NeuroImmune Pharmacol 5(3):336–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-010-9202-2PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Bennett SJ, Sauve MJ (2003) Cognitive deficits in patients with heart failure: a review of the literature. J Cardiovasc Nurs 18(3):219–242. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005082-200307000-00007PubMedCrossRef

van den Berg E, Reijmer YD, de Bresser J, Kessels RP, Kappelle LJ, Biessels GJ (2010) Utrecht Diabetic Encephalopathy Study G. A 4 year follow-up study of cognitive functioning in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 53(1):58–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1571-9PubMedCrossRef

Binder LM, Iverson GL, Brooks BL (2009) To err is human: “abnormal” neuropsychological scores and variability are common in healthy adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 24(1):31–46. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acn001PubMedCrossRef

Bonnet F, Amieva H, Marquant F, Bernard C, Bruyand M, Dauchy FA, Mercie P, Greib C, Richert L, Neau D, Catheline G, Dehail P, Dabis F, Morlat P, Dartigues JF, Chene G, Cohort SCA (2013) Cognitive disorders in HIV-infected patients: are they HIV-related? AIDS. 27(3):391–400. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835b1019PubMedCrossRef

Boven LA (2000) Macrophages and HIV-1-associated dementia. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 48(4):273–279

Boven LA, Middel J, Breij EC, Schotte D, Verhoef J, Soderland C, Nottet HS (2000) Interactions between HIV-infected monocyte-derived macrophages and human brain microvascular endothelial cells result in increased expression of CC chemokines. J Neuro-Oncol 6(5):382–389

Brann DH, Tsukahara T, Weinreb C, Lipovsek M, Van den Berge K, Gong B, Chance R, Macaulay IC, Chou HJ, Fletcher RB, Das D, Street K, Roux de Bezieux H, Choi YG, Risso D, Dudoit S, Purdom E, Mill J, Abi Hachem R, Matsunami H, Logan DW, Goldstein BJ, Grubb MS, Ngai J, Datta SR (2020) Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. Sci Adv. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc5801

Burks JS, DeVald BL, Jankovsky LD, Gerdes JC (1980) Two coronaviruses isolated from central nervous system tissue of two multiple sclerosis patients. Science. 209(4459):933–934. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7403860PubMedCrossRef

Chan DC, Fass D, Berger JM, Kim PS (1997) Core structure of gp41 from the HIV envelope glycoprotein. Cell. 89(2):263–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80205-6PubMedCrossRef

Channappanavar R, Zhao J, Perlman S (2014) T cell-mediated immune response to respiratory coronaviruses. Immunol Res 59(1-3):118–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-014-8534-zPubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Choe H, Farzan M, Sun Y, Sullivan N, Rollins B, Ponath PD, Wu L, Mackay CR, LaRosa G, Newman W, Gerard N, Gerard C, Sodroski J (1996) The beta-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 facilitate infection by primary HIV-1 isolates. Cell. 85(7):1135–1148PubMedCrossRef

Clark IA, Vissel B (2017) The meteorology of cytokine storms, and the clinical usefulness of this knowledge. Semin Immunopathol 39(5):505–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-017-0628-yPubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Coakley E, Petropoulos CJ, Whitcomb JM (2005) Assessing chemokine co-receptor usage in HIV. Curr Opin Infect Dis 18(1):9–15. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001432-200502000-00003PubMedCrossRef

Collins AR (2002) In vitro detection of apoptosis in monocytes/macrophages infected with human coronavirus. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9(6):1392–1395. https://doi.org/10.1128/cdli.9.6.1392-1395.2002PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Conant K, Garzino-Demo A, Nath A, McArthur JC, Halliday W, Power C, Gallo RC, Major EO (1998) Induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in HIV-1 Tat-stimulated astrocytes and elevation in AIDS dementia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(6):3117–3121PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Condie LO (2020) Neurotropic mechanisms in COVID-19 and their potential influence on neuropsychological outcomes in children. Child Neuropsychol:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2020.1763938

Crews L, Lentz MR, Gonzalez RG, Fox HS, Masliah E (2008) Neuronal injury in simian immunodeficiency virus and other animal models of neuroAIDS. J Neuro-Oncol 14(4):327–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/13550280802132840CrossRef

Cristallo A, Gambaro F, Biamonti G, Ferrante P, Battaglia M, Cereda PM (1997) Human coronavirus polyadenylated RNA sequences in cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis patients. New Microbiol 20(2):105–114PubMed

Cunningham AL, Donaghy H, Harman AN, Kim M, Turville SG (2010) Manipulation of dendritic cell function by viruses. Curr Opin Microbiol 13(4):524–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2010.06.002PubMedCrossRef

Cysique LA, Brew BJ (2019) Comorbid depression and apathy in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in the era of chronic HIV infection. Handb Clin Neurol 165:71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64012-3.00006-XPubMedCrossRef

Cysique LA, Maruff P, Brew BJ (2004) Prevalence and pattern of neuropsychological impairment in human immunodeficiency virus-infected/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients across pre- and post-highly active antiretroviral therapy eras: a combined study of two cohorts. J Neuro-Oncol 10(6):350–357

Dahm T, Rudolph H, Schwerk C, Schroten H, Tenenbaum T (2016) Neuroinvasion and inflammation in viral central nervous system infections. Mediat Inflamm 2016:8562805. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8562805CrossRef

Desforges M, Miletti TC, Gagnon M, Talbot PJ (2007) Activation of human monocytes after infection by human coronavirus 229E. Virus Res 130(1-2):228–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2007.06.016PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Desforges M, Le Coupanec A, Stodola JK, Meessen-Pinard M, Talbot PJ (2014a) Human coronaviruses: viral and cellular factors involved in neuroinvasiveness and neuropathogenesis. Virus Res 194:145–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2014.09.011PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Desforges M, Le Coupanec A, Brison E, Meessen-Pinard M, Talbot PJ (2014b) Neuroinvasive and neurotropic human respiratory coronaviruses: potential neurovirulent agents in humans. Adv Exp Med Biol 807:75–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1777-0_6PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Desforges M, Le Coupanec A, Dubeau P, Bourgouin A, Lajoie L, Dube M, Talbot PJ (2019) Human coronaviruses and other respiratory viruses: underestimated opportunistic pathogens of the central nervous system? Viruses 12(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/v12010014

Desquilbet L, Jacobson LP, Fried LP, Phair JP, Jamieson BD, Holloway M, Margolick JB (2011) A frailty-related phenotype before HAART initiation as an independent risk factor for AIDS or death after HAART among HIV-infected men. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci 66A(9):1030–1038. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glr097CrossRef

Dijkman R, Jebbink MF, Koekkoek SM, Deijs M, Jonsdottir HR, Molenkamp R, Ieven M, Goossens H, Thiel V, van der Hoek L (2013) Isolation and characterization of current human coronavirus strains in primary human epithelial cell cultures reveal differences in target cell tropism. J Virol 87(11):6081–6090. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03368-12PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Dore GJ, McDonald A, Li Y, Kaldor JM, Brew BJ (2003) Marked improvement in survival following AIDS dementia complex in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Aids. 17(10):1539–1545PubMedCrossRef

Dube M, Le Coupanec A, Wong AHM, Rini JM, Desforges M, Talbot PJ (2018) Axonal transport enables neuron-to-neuron propagation of human coronavirus OC43. J Virol 92(17). https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00404-18

Eliezer M, Hautefort C, Hamel AL, Verillaud B, Herman P, Houdart E, Eloit C (2020) Sudden and complete olfactory loss function as a possible symptom of COVID-19. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2020.0832

Ellery PJ, Tippett E, Chiu YL, Paukovics G, Cameron PU, Solomon A, Lewin SR, Gorry PR, Jaworowski A, Greene WC, Sonza S, Crowe SM (2007) The CD16+ monocyte subset is more permissive to infection and preferentially harbors HIV-1 in vivo. J Immunol 178(10):6581–6589PubMedCrossRef

Erdmann N, Heath SL (2019) Cytokine storm syndrome as a manifestation of primary HIV infection. In: Cron RQ, Behrens EM (eds) Cytokine storm syndrome. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 299–306CrossRef

Eugenin EA, Osiecki K, Lopez L, Goldstein H, Calderon TM, Berman JW (2006) CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mediates enhanced transmigration of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected leukocytes across the blood-brain barrier: a potential mechanism of HIV-CNS invasion and NeuroAIDS. J Neurosci 26(4):1098–1106. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3863-05.2006PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Everall IP, Hansen LA, Masliah E (2005) The shifting patterns of HIV encephalitis neuropathology. Neurotox Res 8(1-2):51–61PubMedCrossRef

Everall I, Vaida F, Khanlou N, Lazzaretto D, Achim C, Letendre S, Moore D, Ellis R, Cherner M, Gelman B, Morgello S, Singer E, Grant I, Masliah E, National Neuro ATC (2009) Cliniconeuropathologic correlates of human immunodeficiency virus in the era of antiretroviral therapy. J Neuro-Oncol 15(5-6):360–370. https://doi.org/10.3109/13550280903131915CrossRef

Fazzini E, Fleming J, Fahn S (1992) Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to coronavirus in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 7(2):153–158. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870070210PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F, Bernacchia D, Siano M, Oreni L, Rusconi S, Gervasoni C, Ridolfo AL, Rizzardini G, Antinori S, Galli M. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a cross-sectional study. Clin Infect Dis 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa330.

Gisslen M, Price RW, Nilsson S (2011) The definition of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: are we overestimating the real prevalence? BMC Infect Dis 11:356. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-11-356PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Glass JD, Fedor H, Wesselingh SL, McArthur JC (1995) Immunocytochemical quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus in the brain: correlations with dementia. Ann Neurol 38(5):755–762. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410380510PubMedCrossRef

Glass WG, Subbarao K, Murphy B, Murphy PM (2004) Mechanisms of host defense following severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pulmonary infection of mice. J Immunol 173(6):4030–4039. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.4030PubMedCrossRef

Gowrisankar YV, Clark MA (2016) Angiotensin II regulation of angiotensin-converting enzymes in spontaneously hypertensive rat primary astrocyte cultures. J Neurochem 138(1):74–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.13641PubMedCrossRef

Gross AM, Jaeger PA, Kreisberg JF, Licon K, Jepsen KL, Khosroheidari M, Morsey BM, Swindells S, Shen H, Ng CT, Flagg K, Chen D, Zhang K, Fox HS, Ideker T (2016) Methylome-wide analysis of chronic HIV infection reveals five-year increase in biological age and epigenetic targeting of HLA. Mol Cell 62(2):157–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2016.03.019PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Gu CTKZWWZPZLPYZGJ (2020) Clinical characteristics of 20,662 patients with COVID-19 in mainland China: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Available from: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.18.20070565v1.

Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, Zheng J, Gao Z, Zhong Y, Zou W, Zhan J, Wang S, Xie Z, Zhuang H, Wu B, Zhong H, Shao H, Fang W, Gao D, Pei F, Li X, He Z, Xu D, Shi X, Anderson VM, Leong AS (2005) Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. J Exp Med 202(3):415–424. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20050828

Guha D, Wagner MCE, Ayyavoo V (2018) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-mediated neuroinflammation dysregulates neurogranin and induces synaptodendritic injury. J Neuroinflammation 15(1):126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-018-1160-2PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Gupta RK, Peppa D, Hill AL, Galvez C, Salgado M, Pace M, McCoy LE, Griffith SA, Thornhill J, Alrubayyi A, Huyveneers LEP, Nastouli E, Grant P, Edwards SG, Innes AJ, Frater J, Nijhuis M, Wensing AMJ, Martinez-Picado J, Olavarria E (2020) Evidence for HIV-1 cure after CCR5Delta32/Delta32 allogeneic haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation 30 months post analytical treatment interruption: a case report. Lancet HIV. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30069-2

Heaton RK, Clifford DB, Franklin DR Jr, Woods SP, Ake C, Vaida F, Ellis RJ, Letendre SL, Marcotte TD, Atkinson JH, Rivera-Mindt M, Vigil OR, Taylor MJ, Collier AC, Marra CM, Gelman BB, JC MA, Morgello S, Simpson DM, JA MC, Abramson I, Gamst A, Fennema-Notestine C, Jernigan TL, Wong J, Grant I, Group C (2010) HIV-Associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: CHARTER Study. Neurology 75(23):2087–2096. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318200d727PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Heaton RK, Franklin DR, Ellis RJ, JA MC, Letendre SL, Leblanc S, Corkran SH, Duarte NA, Clifford DB, Woods SP, Collier AC, Marra CM, Morgello S, Mindt MR, Taylor MJ, Marcotte TD, Atkinson JH, Wolfson T, Gelman BB, JC MA, Simpson DM, Abramson I, Gamst A, Fennema-Notestine C, Jernigan TL, Wong J, Grant I (2011) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders before and during the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: differences in rates, nature, and predictors. J Neuro-Oncol 17(1):3–16

Heaton RK, Franklin DR Jr, Deutsch R, Letendre S, Ellis RJ, Casaletto K, Marquine MJ, Woods SP, Vaida F, Atkinson JH, Marcotte TD, JA MC, Collier AC, Marra CM, Clifford DB, Gelman BB, Sacktor N, Morgello S, Simpson DM, Abramson I, Gamst AC, Fennema-Notestine C, Smith DM, Grant I, Group C (2015) Neurocognitive change in the era of HIV combination antiretroviral therapy: the longitudinal CHARTER study. Clin Infect Dis 60(3):473–480. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu862PubMedCrossRef

Heaton RK, Franklin DR, Ellis RJ, JA MC, Letendre SL, Leblanc S, Corkran SH, Duarte NA, Clifford DB, Woods SP, Collier AC, Marra CM, Morgello S, Mindt MR, Taylor MJ, Marcotte TD, Atkinson JH, Wolfson T, Gelman BB, JC MA, Simpson DM, Abramson I, Gamst A, Fennema-Notestine C, Jernigan TL, Wong J, Grant I, for the C, Groups H HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders before and during the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: differences in rates, nature, and predictors. J Neuro-Oncol 17:3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-010-0006-1

Helms J, Kremer S, Merdji H, Clere-Jehl R, Schenck M, Kummerlen C, Collange O, Boulay C, Fafi-Kremer S, Ohana M, Anheim M, Meziani F (2020) Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. N Engl J Med 382:2268. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2008597PubMedCrossRef

Hoesch RE, Lin E, Young M, Gottesman RF, Altaweel L, Nyquist PA, Stevens RD (2012) Acute lung injury in critical neurological illness. Crit Care Med 40(2):587–593. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182329617PubMedCrossRef

Hong X, Currier GW, Zhao X, Jiang Y, Zhou W, Wei J (2009) Posttraumatic stress disorder in convalescent severe acute respiratory syndrome patients: a 4-year follow-up study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 31(6):546–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.06.008PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Hopkins RO, Gale SD, Weaver LK (2006) Brain atrophy and cognitive impairment in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Brain Inj 20(3):263–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050500488199PubMedCrossRef

Horvath S, Levine AJ (2015) HIV-1 infection accelerates age according to the epigenetic clock. J Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv277

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395(10223):497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Hutter G, Nowak D, Mossner M, Ganepola S, Mussig A, Allers K, Schneider T, Hofmann J, Kucherer C, Blau O, Blau IW, Hofmann WK, Thiel E (2009) Long-term control of HIV by CCR5 Delta32/Delta32 stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med 360(7):692–698. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0802905PubMedCrossRef

Imamura S, Ishihara Y, Hattori T, Kurasawa O, Matsushita Y, Sugihara Y, Kanzaki N, Iizawa Y, Baba M, Hashiguchi S (2004) CCR5 antagonists as anti-HIV-1 agents. 1. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxamide derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 52(1):63–73CrossRef

Itzhaki RF, Dobson CB, Wozniak MA (2004) Herpes simplex virus type 1 and Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol 55(2):299–300; author reply -1. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.10852PubMedCrossRef

Janelsins MC, Heckler CE, Peppone LJ, Ahles TA, Mohile SG, Mustian KM, Palesh O, O'Mara AM, Minasian LM, Williams AM, Magnuson A, Geer J, Dakhil SR, Hopkins JO, Morrow GR (2018) Longitudinal trajectory and characterization of cancer-related cognitive impairment in a nationwide cohort study. J Clin Oncol:JCO2018786624. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2018.78.6624

Jang H, Boltz D, Sturm-Ramirez K, Shepherd KR, Jiao Y, Webster R, Smeyne RJ (2009) Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus can enter the central nervous system and induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(33):14063–14068. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900096106PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Ji W, Wang W, Zhao X, Zai J, Li X (2020) Cross-species transmission of the newly identified coronavirus 2019-nCoV. J Med Virol 92(4):433–440. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25682PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Johnson-Lussenburg CM, Zheng Q (1987) Coronavirus and multiple sclerosis: results of a case/control longitudinal serological study. Adv Exp Med Biol 218:421–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1280-2_51PubMedCrossRef

Kallianpur AR, Levine AJ (2014) Host genetic factors predisposing to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-014-0222-z

Kaslow RA, Ostrow DG, Detels R, Phair JP, Polk BF, Rinaldo CR Jr (1987) The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study: rationale, organization, and selected characteristics of the participants. Am J Epidemiol 126(2):310–318PubMedCrossRef

Kaul M, Lipton SA (2006) Mechanisms of neuronal injury and death in HIV-1 associated dementia. Curr HIV Res 4(3):307–318PubMedCrossRef

Kedzierska K, Crowe SM (2002) The role of monocytes and macrophages in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. Curr Med Chem 9(21):1893–1903PubMedCrossRef

Kim WK, Corey S, Alvarez X, Williams K (2003) Monocyte/macrophage traffic in HIV and SIV encephalitis. J Leukoc Biol 74(5):650–656. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0503207PubMedCrossRef

Kim EY, Liao Q, Yu ES, Kim JH, Yoon SW, Lam WW, Fielding R (2016) Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea during 2015: risk-related perceptions and quarantine attitudes. Am J Infect Control 44(11):1414–1416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2016.03.014PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Kim JE, Heo JH, Kim HO, Song SH, Park SS, Park TH, Ahn JY, Kim MK, Choi JP (2017) Neurological complications during treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome. J Clin Neurol 13(3):227–233. https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2017.13.3.227PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Kirk GD, Mehta SH, Astemborski J, Galai N, Washington J, Higgins Y, Balagopal A, Thomas DL (2013;N/A(N/A):N/A-N/A) HIV, age, and the severity of hepatitis C virus–related liver disease: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-158-9-201305070-00604

Kraft-Terry SD, Buch SJ, Fox HS, Gendelman HE (2009) A coat of many colors: neuroimmune crosstalk in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Neuron 64(1):133–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.042PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Kurella Tamura M, Xie D, Yaffe K, Cohen DL, Teal V, Kasner SE, Messe SR, Sehgal AR, Kusek J, DeSalvo KB, Cornish-Zirker D, Cohan J, Seliger SL, Chertow GM, Go AS et al (2011) Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6(2):248–256. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.02660310PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Lake JE, Popov M, Post WS, Palella FJ, Sacktor N, Miller EN, Brown TT, Becker JT (2017) Visceral fat is associated with brain structure independent of human immunodeficiency virus infection status. J Neuro-Oncol 23(3):385–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-016-0507-7CrossRef

Lam TT, Shum MH, Zhu HC, Tong YG, Ni XB, Liao YS, Wei W, Cheung WY, Li WJ, Li LF, Leung GM, Holmes EC, Hu YL, Guan Y (2020) Identifying SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins. Nature 538:282. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2169-0CrossRef

Leibovitch EC, Jacobson S (2018) Viruses in chronic progressive neurologic disease. Mult Scler 24(1):48–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458517737392PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Letendre S, Marquie-Beck J, Capparelli E, Best B, Clifford D, Collier AC, Gelman BB, McArthur JC, McCutchan JA, Morgello S, Simpson D, Grant I, Ellis RJ (2008) Validation of the CNS penetration-effectiveness rank for quantifying antiretroviral penetration into the central nervous system. Arch Neurol 65(1):65–70PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Letendre SL, Zheng JC, Kaul M, Yiannoutsos CT, Ellis RJ, Taylor MJ, Marquie-Beck J, Navia B (2011) Chemokines in cerebrospinal fluid correlate with cerebral metabolite patterns in HIV-infected individuals. J Neuro-Oncol 17(1):63–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-010-0013-2CrossRef

Levine AJ, Hinkin CH, Miller EN, Becker JT, Selnes OA, Cohen BA (2007) The generalizability of neurocognitive test/retest data derived from a nonclinical sample for detecting change among two HIV+ cohorts. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 29(6):669–678PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Levine AJ, Horvath S, Miller EN, Singer EJ, Shapshak P, Baldwin GC, Martinez-Maza O, Witt MD, Langfelder P (2013) Transcriptome analysis of HIV-infected peripheral blood monocytes: gene transcripts and networks associated with neurocognitive functioning. J Neuroimmunol 265(1-2):96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.09.016PubMedCrossRef

Levine AJ, Soontornniyomkij V, Achim CL, Masliah E, Gelman BB, Sinsheimer JS, Singer EJ, Moore DJ (2015) Multilevel analysis of neuropathogenesis of neurocognitive impairment in HIV. J Neuro-Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-015-0410-7

Li YC, Bai WZ, Hirano N, Hayashida T, Hashikawa T (2012) Coronavirus infection of rat dorsal root ganglia: ultrastructural characterization of viral replication, transfer, and the early response of satellite cells. Virus Res 163(2):628–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2011.12.021PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Li YC, Bai WZ, Hirano N, Hayashida T, Taniguchi T, Sugita Y, Tohyama K, Hashikawa T (2013) Neurotropic virus tracing suggests a membranous-coating-mediated mechanism for transsynaptic communication. J Comp Neurol 521(1):203–212. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.23171PubMedCrossRef

Li K, Wohlford-Lenane C, Perlman S, Zhao J, Jewell AK, Reznikov LR, Gibson-Corley KN, Meyerholz DK, McCray PB Jr (2016a) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus causes multiple organ damage and lethal disease in mice transgenic for human dipeptidyl peptidase 4. J Infect Dis 213(5):712–722. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv499PubMedCrossRef

Li Y, Li H, Fan R, Wen B, Zhang J, Cao X, Wang C, Song Z, Li S, Li X, Lv X, Qu X, Huang R, Liu W (2016b) Coronavirus infections in the central nervous system and respiratory tract show distinct features in hospitalized children. Intervirology. 59(3):163–169. https://doi.org/10.1159/000453066PubMedCrossRef

Li YC, Bai WZ, Hashikawa T (2020) The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25728

Lindl KA, Akay C, Wang Y, White MG, Jordan-Sciutto KL (2007) Expression of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response marker, BiP, in the central nervous system of HIV-positive individuals. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 33(6):658–669. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00866.xPubMedCrossRef

Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L, Wu L, Sun Z, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Liu W (2020) Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res 287:112921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Lochhead JJ, Thorne RG (2012) Intranasal delivery of biologics to the central nervous system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64(7):614–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.002CrossRefPubMed

Lochhead JJ, Kellohen KL, Ronaldson PT, Davis TP (2019) Distribution of insulin in trigeminal nerve and brain after intranasal administration. Sci Rep 9(1):2621. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39191-5PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Lu H, Surkan PJ, Irwin MR, Treisman GJ, Breen EC, Sacktor N, Stall R, Wolinsky SM, Jacobson LP, Abraham AG (2019) Inflammation and risk of depression in HIV: prospective findings from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 188(11):1994–2003. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz190PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, Wang W, Song H, Huang B, Zhu N, Bi Y, Ma X, Zhan F, Wang L, Hu T, Zhou H, Hu Z, Zhou W, Zhao L, Chen J, Meng Y, Wang J, Lin Y, Yuan J, Xie Z, Ma J, Liu WJ, Wang D, Xu W, Holmes EC, Gao GF, Wu G, Chen W, Shi W, Tan W (2020) Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 395(10224):565–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Lucas GM, Mehta SH, Atta MG, Kirk GD, Galai N, Vlahov D, Moore RD (2007) End-stage renal disease and chronic kidney disease in a cohort of African-American HIV-infected and at-risk HIV-seronegative participants followed between 1988 and 2004. AIDS. 21(18):2435–2443. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32827038adPubMedCrossRef

Ludlow M, Kortekaas J, Herden C, Hoffmann B, Tappe D, Trebst C, Griffin DE, Brindle HE, Solomon T, Brown AS, van Riel D, Wolthers KC, Pajkrt D, Wohlsein P, Martina BEE, Baumgartner W, Verjans GM, Osterhaus A (2016) Neurotropic virus infections as the cause of immediate and delayed neuropathology. Acta Neuropathol 131(2):159–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-015-1511-3PubMedCrossRef

Majde JA (2010) Neuroinflammation resulting from covert brain invasion by common viruses - a potential role in local and global neurodegeneration. Med Hypotheses 75(2):204–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2010.02.023PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Maki PM, Cohen MH, Weber K, Little DM, Fornelli D, Rubin LH, Perschler P, Gould F, Martin E (2009) Impairments in memory and hippocampal function in HIV-positive vs HIV-negative women: a preliminary study. Neurology 72(19):1661–1668. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a55f65PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Manzardo C, Guardo AC, Letang E, Plana M, Gatell JM, Miro JM (2015) Opportunistic infections and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-1-infected adults in the combined antiretroviral therapy era: a comprehensive review. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 13(6):751–767. https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2015.1029917PubMedCrossRef

Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, Chang J, Hong C, Zhou Y, Wang D, Miao X, Li Y, Hu B (2020) Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol 77:1. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127PubMedCentralCrossRef

Matsuda K, Park CH, Sunden Y, Kimura T, Ochiai K, Kida H, Umemura T (2004) The vagus nerve is one route of transneural invasion for intranasally inoculated influenza a virus in mice. Vet Pathol 41(2):101–107. https://doi.org/10.1354/vp.41-2-101PubMedCrossRef

Maunder RG, Lancee WJ, Rourke S, Hunter JJ, Goldbloom D, Balderson K, Petryshen P, Steinberg R, Wasylenki D, Koh D, Fones CS (2004) Factors associated with the psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on nurses and other hospital workers in Toronto. Psychosom Med 66(6):938–942. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000145673.84698.18PubMedCrossRef

McArthur JC, Hoover DR, Bacellar H, Miller EN, Cohen BA, Becker JT, Graham NM, McArthur JH, Selnes OA, Jacobson LP et al (1993) Dementia in AIDS patients: incidence and risk factors. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Neurology 43(11):2245–2252PubMedCrossRef

McArthur JC, Brew BJ, Nath A (2005) Neurological complications of HIV infection. Lancet Neurol 4(9):543–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70165-4PubMedCrossRef

Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ (2020) Hlh Across Speciality Collaboration UK. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 395(10229):1033–1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Memish ZA, Mishra N, Olival KJ, Fagbo SF, Kapoor V, Epstein JH, Alhakeem R, Durosinloun A, Al Asmari M, Islam A, Kapoor A, Briese T, Daszak P, Al Rabeeah AA, Lipkin WI (2013) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in bats, Saudi Arabia. Emerg Infect Dis 19(11):1819–1823. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1911.131172PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Meyer AC, Boscardin WJ, Kwasa JK, Price RW (2013) Is it time to rethink how neuropsychological tests are used to diagnose mild forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders? Impact of false-positive rates on prevalence and power. Neuroepidemiology. 41(3-4):208–216. https://doi.org/10.1159/000354629PubMedCrossRef

Meyer VJ, Little DM, Fitzgerald DA, Sundermann EE, Rubin LH, Martin EM, Weber KM, Cohen MH, Maki PM (2014) Crack cocaine use impairs anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex function in women with HIV infection. J Neuro-Oncol 20(4):352–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-014-0250-xCrossRef

Moore DJ, Masliah E, Rippeth JD, Gonzalez R, Carey CL, Cherner M, Ellis RJ, Achim CL, Marcotte TD, Heaton RK, Grant I (2006a) Cortical and subcortical neurodegeneration is associated with HIV neurocognitive impairment. AIDS. 20(6):879–887. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000218552.69834.00PubMedCrossRef

Moore DJ, Masliah E, Rippeth JD, Gonzalez R, Carey CL, Cherner M, Ellis RJ, Achim CL, Marcotte RD, Heaton RK, Grant I (2006b) Cortical and subcortical neurodegeneration is associated with HIV neurocognitive impairment. Aids. 20(6):879–887PubMedCrossRef

Morfopoulou S, Brown JR, Davies EG, Anderson G, Virasami A, Qasim W, Chong WK, Hubank M, Plagnol V, Desforges M, Jacques TS, Talbot PJ, Breuer J (2016) Human coronavirus OC43 associated with fatal encephalitis. N Engl J Med 375(5):497–498. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1509458PubMedCrossRef

Mori I (2015) Transolfactory neuroinvasion by viruses threatens the human brain. Acta Virol 59(4):338–349. https://doi.org/10.4149/av_2015_04_338PubMedCrossRef

Moriguchi T, Harii N, Goto J, Harada D, Sugawara H, Takamino J, Ueno M, Sakata H, Kondo K, Myose N, Nakao A, Takeda M, Haro H, Inoue O, Suzuki-Inoue K, Kubokawa K, Ogihara S, Sasaki T, Kinouchi H, Kojin H, Ito M, Onishi H, Shimizu T, Sasaki Y, Enomoto N, Ishihara H, Furuya S, Yamamoto T, Shimada S (2020) A first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with SARS-coronavirus-2. Int J Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.062

Murray RS, Brown B, Brian D, Cabirac GF (1992) Detection of coronavirus RNA and antigen in multiple sclerosis brain. Ann Neurol 31(5):525–533. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410310511PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Nakasujja N, Musisi S, Robertson K, Wong M, Sacktor N, Ronald A (2005) Human immunodeficiency virus neurological complications: an overview of the Ugandan experience. J Neuro-Oncol 11(Suppl 3):26–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/13550280500511782CrossRef

Nath A (2020) Neurologic complications of coronavirus infections. Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009455

Navia BA, Jordan BD, Price RW (1986) The AIDS dementia complex: I. Clinical features. Ann Neurol 19(6):517–524PubMedCrossRef

Netland J, Meyerholz DK, Moore S, Cassell M, Perlman S (2008) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. J Virol 82(15):7264–7275. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00737-08PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Novak V, Hajjar I (2010) The relationship between blood pressure and cognitive function. Nat Rev Cardiol 7(12):686–698. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2010.161PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Nowacek AS, McMillan J, Miller R, Anderson A, Rabinow B, Gendelman HE (2010) Nanoformulated antiretroviral drug combinations extend drug release and antiretroviral responses in HIV-1-infected macrophages: implications for neuroAIDS therapeutics. J NeuroImmune Pharmacol 5(4):592–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-010-9198-7PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Oxley TJ, Mocco J, Majidi S, Kellner CP, Shoirah H, Singh IP, De Leacy RA, Shigematsu T, Ladner TR, Yaeger KA, Skliut M, Weinberger J, Dangayach NS, Bederson JB, Tuhrim S, Fifi JT (2020) Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of COVID-19 in the young. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2009787

Ozkale Y, Erol I, Ozkale M, Demir S, Alehan F (2012) Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated with influenza A H1N1 infection. Pediatr Neurol 47(1):62–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.03.019PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Palmer BW, Boone KB, Lesser IM, Wohl MA (1998) Base rates of “impaired” neuropsychological test performance among healthy older adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 13(6):503–511PubMed

Park CH, Ishinaka M, Takada A, Kida H, Kimura T, Ochiai K, Umemura T (2002) The invasion routes of neurovirulent A/Hong Kong/483/97 (H5N1) influenza virus into the central nervous system after respiratory infection in mice. Arch Virol 147(7):1425–1436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-001-0750-xPubMedCrossRef

Patel AV, Wade JB, Thacker LR, Sterling RK, Siddiqui MS, Stravitz RT, Sanyal AJ, Luketic V, Puri P, Fuchs M, Matherly S, White MB, Unser A, Heuman DM, Bajaj JS (2015) Cognitive reserve is a determinant of health-related quality of life in patients with cirrhosis, independent of covert hepatic encephalopathy and model for end-stage liver disease score. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 13(5):987–991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2014.09.049PubMedCrossRef

Paterson RW, Brown RL, Benjamin L, Nortley R, Wiethoff S, Bharucha T, Jayaseelan DL, Kumar G, Raftopoulos RE, Zambreanu L, Vivekanandam V, Khoo A, Geraldes R, Chinthapalli K, Boyd E, Tuzlali H, Price G, Christofi G, Morrow J, McNamara P, McLoughlin B, Lim ST, Mehta PR, Levee V, Keddie S, Yong W, Trip SA, AJM F, Hotton G, Miller TD, Everitt AD, Carswell C, NWS D, Yoong M, Attwell D, Sreedharan J, Silber E, Schott JM, Chandratheva A, Perry RJ, Simister R, Checkley A, Longley N, Farmer SF, Carletti F, Houlihan C, Thom M, Lunn MP, Spillane J, Howard R, Vincent A, Werring DJ, Hoskote C, Jager HR, Manji H, Zandi MS, Neurology UCLQSNHf, Neurosurgery C-SG (2020) The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: clinical, radiological and laboratory findings. Brain. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa240

Peluso R, Haase A, Stowring L, Edwards M, Ventura P (1985) A Trojan Horse mechanism for the spread of visna virus in monocytes. Virology. 147(1):231–236PubMedCrossRef

Persidsky Y, Gendelman HE (2003) Mononuclear phagocyte immunity and the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. J Leukoc Biol 74(5):691–701PubMedCrossRef

Pleasure SJ, Green AJ, Josephson SA (2020) The spectrum of neurologic disease in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic infection: neurologists move to the frontlines. JAMA Neurol. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1065

Poyiadji N, Shahin G, Noujaim D, Stone M, Patel S, Griffith B (2020) COVID-19-associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: CT and MRI features. Radiology 201187. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201187

Pulliam L, Gascon R, Stubblebine M, McGuire D, McGrath MS (1997) Unique monocyte subset in patients with AIDS dementia. Lancet. 349(9053):692–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10178-1PubMedCrossRef

Reijmer YD, van den Berg E, de Bresser J, Kessels RP, Kappelle LJ, Algra A, Biessels GJ (2011) Utrecht Diabetic Encephalopathy Study G. Accelerated cognitive decline in patients with type 2 diabetes: MRI correlates and risk factors. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 27(2):195–202. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.1163PubMedCrossRef

Rickabaugh TM, Baxter RM, Sehl M, Sinsheimer JS, Hultin PM, Hultin LE, Quach A, Martinez-Maza O, Horvath S, Vilain E, Jamieson BD (2015) Acceleration of age-associated methylation patterns in HIV-1-infected adults. PLoS One 10(3):e0119201. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119201PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Robertson KR, Smurzynski M, Parsons TD, Wu K, Bosch RJ, Wu J, McArthur JC, Collier AC, Evans SR, Ellis RJ (2007) The prevalence and incidence of neurocognitive impairment in the HAART era. AIDS. 21(14):1915–1921. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32828e4e27PubMedCrossRef

Rose NR (2017) Negative selection, epitope mimicry and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 49:51–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2017.08.014PubMedCrossRef

Rubin LH, Maki PM (2019) HIV, depression, and cognitive impairment in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 16(1):82–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-019-00421-0PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Rubin LH, Maki PM, Springer G, Benning L, Anastos K, Gustafson D, Villacres MC, Jiang X, Adimora AA, Waldrop-Valverde D, Vance DE, Bolivar H, Alden C, Martin EM, Valcour VG, Women's Interagency HIVS (2017) Cognitive trajectories over 4 years among HIV-infected women with optimal viral suppression. Neurology 89(15):1594–1603. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000004491PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Rubin LH, Springer G, Martin EM, Seaberg EC, Sacktor NC, Levine A, Valcour VG, Young MA, Becker JT, Maki PM, Neuropsychology Working Groups of the Women's InterAgency HIVS, the Multicenter ACS (2019) Elevated depressive symptoms are a stronger predictor of executive dysfunction in HIV-infected women than men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000002029

Saad M, Omrani AS, Baig K, Bahloul A, Elzein F, Matin MA, Selim MA, Al Mutairi M, Al Nakhli D, Al Aidaroos AY, Al Sherbeeni N, Al-Khashan HI, Memish ZA, Albarrak AM (2014) Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis 29:301–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.09.003PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Sacktor N, McDermott MP, Marder K, Schifitto G, Selnes OA, McArthur JC, Stern Y, Albert S, Palumbo D, Kieburtz K, De Marcaida JA, Cohen B, Epstein L (2002) HIV-associated cognitive impairment before and after the advent of combination therapy. J Neuro-Oncol 8(2):136–142

Sacktor N, Skolasky RL, Seaberg E, Munro C, Becker JT, Martin E, Ragin A, Levine A, Miller E (2016) Prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Neurology 86(4):334–340. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000002277PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Saylor D, Dickens AM, Sacktor N, Haughey N, Slusher B, Pletnikov M, Mankowski JL, Brown A, Volsky DJ, McArthur JC (2016) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder - pathogenesis and prospects for treatment. Nat Rev Neurol 12(5):309. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2016.53PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Schou L, Ostergaard B, Rasmussen LS, Rydahl-Hansen S, Phanareth K (2012) Cognitive dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease--a systematic review. Respir Med 106(8):1071–1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2012.03.013PubMedCrossRef

Schretlen DJ, Munro CA, Anthony JC, Pearlson GD (2003) Examining the range of normal intraindividual variability in neuropsychological test performance. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 9(6):864–870. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617703960061PubMedCrossRef

Schretlen DJ, Testa SM, Winicki JM, Pearlson GD, Gordon B (2008) Frequency and bases of abnormal performance by healthy adults on neuropsychological testing. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 14(3):436–445. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617708080387PubMedCrossRef

Sepehrinezhad A, Shahbazi A, Negah SS (2020) COVID-19 virus may have neuroinvasive potential and cause neurological complications: a perspective review. J Neuro-Oncol 26(3):324–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-020-00851-2CrossRef

Shang J, Wan Y, Luo C, Ye G, Geng Q, Auerbach A, Li F (2020) Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 117(21):11727–11734. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003138117PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Siliciano RF, Greene WC (2011) HIV latency. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 1(1):a007096. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a007096PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Silverberg M, Chao C, Leyden W, Xu L, Tang B, Horberg M, Klein D, Quesenberry C, Towner W, Abrams D (2009) HIV infection and the risk of cancers with and without a known infectious cause. AIDS 23(17):2337–2345. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283319184PubMedCrossRef

Silverberg MJ, Chao C, Leyden WA, Xu L, Horberg MA, Klein D, Towner WJ, Dubrow R, Quesenberry CP, Neugebauer RS, Abrams DI (2011) HIV infection, immunodeficiency, viral replication, and the risk of cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 20(12):2551–2559. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0777CrossRef

Simioni S, Cavassini M, Annoni JM, Rimbault Abraham A, Bourquin I, Schiffer V, Calmy A, Chave JP, Giacobini E, Hirschel B, Du Pasquier RA (2010) Cognitive dysfunction in HIV patients despite long-standing suppression of viremia. AIDS. 24(9):1243–1250. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283354a7bPubMedCrossRef

Smith AP (2012) Effects of the common cold on mood, psychomotor performance, the encoding of new information, speed of working memory and semantic processing. Brain Behav Immun 26(7):1072–1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.06.012PubMedCrossRef

Smith AP (2013) Twenty-five years of research on the behavioural malaise associated with influenza and the common cold. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38(6):744–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.002PubMedCrossRef

Solomon IH, Normandin E, Bhattacharyya S, Mukerji SS, Keller K, Ali AS, Adams G, Hornick JL, Padera RF Jr, Sabeti P (2020) Neuropathological features of COVID-19. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2019373

South AM, Diz D, Chappell MC (2020) COVID-19, ACE2 and the cardiovascular consequences. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00217.2020

Spies G, Konkiewitz EC, Seedat S (2018) Incidence and persistence of depression among women living with and without HIV in South Africa: a longitudinal study. AIDS Behav 22(10):3155–3165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2072-yPubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral

Stawiski E DD, Suryamohan K, Gupta R, Fellouse FA, Sathirapongsasuti JF, et al. (2020) Human ACE2 receptor polymorphisms predict SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. Available from: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.024752v1.

Stewart JN, Mounir S, Talbot PJ (1992) Human coronavirus gene expression in the brains of multiple sclerosis patients. Virology. 191(1):502–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(92)90220-jPubMedCrossRef

Su T, Schouten J, Geurtsen GJ, Wit FW, Stolte IG, Prins M, Portegies P, Caan MW, Reiss P, Majoie CB, Schmand BA, Group AGCS (2015) Multivariate normative comparison, a novel method for more reliably detecting cognitive impairment in HIV infection. AIDS. 29(5):547–557. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000573PubMedCrossRef

Sun LSZ, Wu L, Zhu Z, Zhang F, Shang Z, Jia Y, Gu J, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Liu N, Liu W (2020) Prevalence and risk factors of acute posttraumatic stress symptoms during the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.06.20032425.

Talbot PJ, Ekande S, Cashman NR, Mounir S, Stewart JN (1993) Neurotropism of human coronavirus 229E. Adv Exp Med Biol 342:339–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2996-5_52PubMedCrossRef

Tam CW, Pang EP, Lam LC, Chiu HF (2004) Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong in 2003: stress and psychological impact among frontline healthcare workers. Psychol Med 34(7):1197–1204. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002247PubMedCrossRef

Toovey S (2008) Influenza-associated central nervous system dysfunction: a literature review. Travel Med Infect Dis 6(3):114–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.03.003PubMedCrossRef

Troyer EA, Kohn JN, Hong S (2020) Are we facing a crashing wave of neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19? Neuropsychiatric symptoms and potential immunologic mechanisms. Brain Behav Immun. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.027

Tsai LK, Hsieh ST, Chang YC (2005) Neurological manifestations in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Acta Neurol Taiwanica 14(3):113–119

Vance DE, Rubin LH, Valcour V, Waldrop-Valverde D, Maki PM (2016) Aging and neurocognitive functioning in HIV-infected women: a review of the literature involving the women's interagency HIV study. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 13(6):399–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-016-0340-xPubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Wallet C, De Rovere M, Van Assche J, Daouad F, De Wit S, Gautier V, Mallon PWG, Marcello A, Van Lint C, Rohr O, Schwartz C (2019) Microglial cells: the main HIV-1 reservoir in the brain. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 9(362). https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00362

Wang H, Sun J, Goldstein H (2008) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection increases the in vivo capacity of peripheral monocytes to cross the blood-brain barrier into the brain and the in vivo sensitivity of the blood-brain barrier to disruption by lipopolysaccharide. J Virol 82(15):7591–7600. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00768-08PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Wang GF, Li W, Li K (2010) Acute encephalopathy and encephalitis caused by influenza virus infection. Curr Opin Neurol 23(3):305–311. https://doi.org/10.1097/wco.0b013e328338f6c9PubMedCrossRef

Wang Z, Molsberry SA, Cheng Y, Kingsley L, Levine AJ, Martin E, Munro CA, Ragin A, Rubin LH, Sacktor N, Seaberg EC, Becker JT (2019a) Neuropsychology Working Group of the Multicenter ACS. Cross-sectional analysis of cognitive function using multivariate normative comparisons in men with HIV disease. AIDS. 33(14):2115–2124. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002312PubMedCrossRef

Wang Z, Molsberry SA, Cheng Y, Kingsley L, Levine AJ, Martin E, Munro CA, Ragin A, Rubin LH, Sacktor N, Seaberg EC, Becker JT, Neuropsychology Working Group of the Multicenter ACS (2019b) Cross-sectional analysis of cognitive function in the MACS with multivariate normative comparisons. AIDS. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002312

Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Qin Q (2020) Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures. J Med Virol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25748

Womack JA, Goulet JL, Gibert C, Brandt C, Chang CC, Gulanski B, Fraenkel L, Mattocks K, Rimland D, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Tate J, Yin MT, Justice AC, for the Veterans Aging Cohort Study Project T (2011) Increased risk of fragility fractures among HIV infected compared to uninfected male veterans. PLoS One 6(2):e17217. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017217PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Wong MH, Robertson K, Nakasujja N, Skolasky R, Musisi S, Katabira E, McArthur JC, Ronald A, Sacktor N (2007) Frequency of and risk factors for HIV dementia in an HIV clinic in sub-Saharan Africa. Neurology. 68(5):350–355PubMedCrossRef

Woods SP, Rippeth JD, Frol AB, Levy JK, Ryan E, Soukup VM, Hinkin CH, Lazzaretto D, Cherner M, Marcotte TD, Gelman BB, Morgello S, Singer EJ, Grant I, Heaton RK (2004) Interrater reliability of clinical ratings and neurocognitive diagnoses in HIV. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 26(6):759–778PubMedCrossRef

World Health Organization: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Pandemic (n.d.) Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.

World Health Organization: Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it (2020). Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it.

Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, Graham BS, McLellan JS (2020) Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science. 367(6483):1260–1263. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb2507PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Wu M, Fatukasi O, Yang S, Alger J, Barker PB, Hetherington H, Kim T, Levine A, Martin E, Munro CA, Parrish T, Ragin A, Sacktor N, Seaberg E, Becker JT (2018) Neuropsychology Working Group of the Multicenter ACS. HIV disease and diabetes interact to affect brain white matter hyperintensities and cognition. AIDS 32(13):1803–1810. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001891PubMedCrossRef

Xia H, Lazartigues E (2010) Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: central regulator for cardiovascular function. Curr Hypertens Rep 12(3):170–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-010-0105-7PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Xu J, Zhong S, Liu J, Li L, Li Y, Wu X, Li Z, Deng P, Zhang J, Zhong N, Ding Y, Jiang Y (2005) Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the brain: potential role of the chemokine mig in pathogenesis. Clin Infect Dis 41(8):1089–1096. https://doi.org/10.1086/444461PubMedCrossRef

Yeh EA, Collins A, Cohen ME, Duffner PK, Faden H (2004) Detection of coronavirus in the central nervous system of a child with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Pediatrics. 113(1 Pt 1):e73–e76. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.1.e73PubMedCrossRef

Zhang Y, Xiao M, Zhang S, Xia P, Cao W, Jiang W, Chen H, Ding X, Zhao H, Zhang H, Wang C, Zhao J, Sun X, Tian R, Wu W, Wu D, Ma J, Chen Y, Zhang D, Xie J, Yan X, Zhou X, Liu Z, Wang J, Du B, Qin Y, Gao P, Qin X, Xu Y, Zhang W, Li T, Zhang F, Zhao Y, Li Y, Zhang S (2020) Coagulopathy and antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2007575

Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si HR, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang CL, Chen HD, Chen J, Luo Y, Guo H, Jiang RD, Liu MQ, Chen Y, Shen XR, Wang X, Zheng XS, Zhao K, Chen QJ, Deng F, Liu LL, Yan B, Zhan FX, Wang YY, Xiao GF, Shi ZL (2020) A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 579(7798):270–273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Studying the neuropsychological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: lessons learned from 35 years of neuroHIV research

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 6/2020

Peripheral facial nerve palsy associated with COVID-19

Autonomic dysfunction heralding acute motor axonal neuropathy in COVID-19

Concurrent tonic pupil and trochlear nerve palsy in COVID-19

Endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders

Listeria rhombencephalitis mimicking acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in a patient without predisposing medical conditions

Acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus infection in a patient with multiple sclerosis: could these conditions positively influence each other’s course?