Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Heart Failure Reports 2/2010

Open Access 01-06-2010

Relaxin: Review of Biology and Potential Role in Treating Heart Failure

Authors: Sam L. Teichman, Elaine Unemori, John R. Teerlink, Gad Cotter, Marco Metra

Published in: Current Heart Failure Reports | Issue 2/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Relaxin is a naturally occurring human peptide initially identified as a reproductive hormone. More recently, relaxin has been shown to play a key role in the maternal hemodynamic and renal adjustments that accommodate pregnancy. An understanding of these physiologic effects has led to the evaluation of relaxin as a pharmacologic agent for the treatment of patients with acute heart failure. Preliminary results have been encouraging. In addition, the other known biologic properties of relaxin, including anti-inflammatory effects, extracellular matrix remodeling effects, and angiogenic and anti-ischemic effects, all may play a role in potential benefits of relaxin therapy. Ongoing, large-scale clinical testing will provide additional insights into the potential role of relaxin in the treatment of heart failure.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Cotter G, Metra M, Milo-Cotter O, et al.: Fluid overload in acute heart failure-re-distribution and other mechanisms beyond fluid accumulation. Eur J Heart Fail 2008, 10:165–169.CrossRefPubMed Cotter G, Metra M, Milo-Cotter O, et al.: Fluid overload in acute heart failure-re-distribution and other mechanisms beyond fluid accumulation. Eur J Heart Fail 2008, 10:165–169.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference • Cotter G, Felker GM, Adams KF, et al.: The pathophysiology of acute heart failure-is it all about fluid accumulation? Am Heart J 2008, 155:9–18. This article provides a broader insight into the pathophysiology of AHF.CrossRefPubMed • Cotter G, Felker GM, Adams KF, et al.: The pathophysiology of acute heart failure-is it all about fluid accumulation? Am Heart J 2008, 155:9–18. This article provides a broader insight into the pathophysiology of AHF.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Colombo PC, Onat D, Sabbah HN: Acute heart failure as “acute endothelitis”-interaction of fluid overload and endothelial dysfunction. Eur J Heart Fail 2008, 10:170–175.CrossRefPubMed Colombo PC, Onat D, Sabbah HN: Acute heart failure as “acute endothelitis”-interaction of fluid overload and endothelial dysfunction. Eur J Heart Fail 2008, 10:170–175.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Hisaw FL: Experimental relaxation of the pubic ligament of the guinea pig. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1926, 23:661–663. Hisaw FL: Experimental relaxation of the pubic ligament of the guinea pig. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1926, 23:661–663.
5.
go back to reference Fevold HL, Hisaw FL, Meyer RK: The relaxative hormone of the corpus luteum. Its purification and concentration. J Am Chem Soc 1930, 52:3340–3348.CrossRef Fevold HL, Hisaw FL, Meyer RK: The relaxative hormone of the corpus luteum. Its purification and concentration. J Am Chem Soc 1930, 52:3340–3348.CrossRef
6.
go back to reference •• Jeyabalan A, Shroff SG, Novak J, et al.: The vascular actions of relaxin. Adv Exp Med Biol 2007, 612:65–87. This article is an extensive review of the vascular biology and pharmacology of relaxin.CrossRefPubMed •• Jeyabalan A, Shroff SG, Novak J, et al.: The vascular actions of relaxin. Adv Exp Med Biol 2007, 612:65–87. This article is an extensive review of the vascular biology and pharmacology of relaxin.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Schrier RW, Durr JA. Pregnancy: an overfill or underfill state. Am J Kidney Dis 1987, 9:284–289.PubMed Schrier RW, Durr JA. Pregnancy: an overfill or underfill state. Am J Kidney Dis 1987, 9:284–289.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Baylis C: Relaxin may be the “elusive” renal vasodilatory agent of normal pregnancy. Am J Kidney Dis 1999, 34:1142–1145.CrossRefPubMed Baylis C: Relaxin may be the “elusive” renal vasodilatory agent of normal pregnancy. Am J Kidney Dis 1999, 34:1142–1145.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference •• Dschietzig T, Teichman SL, Unemori E, et al.: Intravenous recombinant human relaxin in compensated heart failure: a safety, tolerability, and pharmacodynamic trial. J Card Fail 2009, 15:182–190. This phase 1 study provided cardiac hemodynamic proof-of-concept data for the vasodilatory properties of relaxin.CrossRefPubMed •• Dschietzig T, Teichman SL, Unemori E, et al.: Intravenous recombinant human relaxin in compensated heart failure: a safety, tolerability, and pharmacodynamic trial. J Card Fail 2009, 15:182–190. This phase 1 study provided cardiac hemodynamic proof-of-concept data for the vasodilatory properties of relaxin.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference •• Teerlink JRT, Metra M, Felker GM, et al.: Relaxin for the treatment of patients with acute heart failure (Pre-RELAX-AHF). Lancet 2009, 373:1429–1439. This phase 2 study provided encouraging data that relaxin could relieve symptoms in patients with AHF and possibly improve prognosis.CrossRefPubMed •• Teerlink JRT, Metra M, Felker GM, et al.: Relaxin for the treatment of patients with acute heart failure (Pre-RELAX-AHF). Lancet 2009, 373:1429–1439. This phase 2 study provided encouraging data that relaxin could relieve symptoms in patients with AHF and possibly improve prognosis.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Conrad KP, Novak J: Emerging role of relaxin in renal and cardiovascular function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004, 287:R250–R261.PubMed Conrad KP, Novak J: Emerging role of relaxin in renal and cardiovascular function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004, 287:R250–R261.PubMed
12.
go back to reference Dschietzig T, Bartsch C, Baumann G, et al.: Relaxin-A pleiotropic hormone and its emerging role for experimental and clinical therapeutics. Pharmacol Therapeutics 2006, 112: 38–56.CrossRef Dschietzig T, Bartsch C, Baumann G, et al.: Relaxin-A pleiotropic hormone and its emerging role for experimental and clinical therapeutics. Pharmacol Therapeutics 2006, 112: 38–56.CrossRef
13.
go back to reference •• Teichman SL, Unemori E, Dschietzig T, et al.: Relaxin, a pleiotropic vasodilator for the treatment of heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2009, 14:321–329. This extensive review discusses the vascular biology, pharmacology, and clinical data of relaxin, with a focus on the potential to treat heart failure.CrossRefPubMed •• Teichman SL, Unemori E, Dschietzig T, et al.: Relaxin, a pleiotropic vasodilator for the treatment of heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2009, 14:321–329. This extensive review discusses the vascular biology, pharmacology, and clinical data of relaxin, with a focus on the potential to treat heart failure.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Samuel CS, Hewitson TD, Unemori EN, Tang MLK: Drugs of the future: the hormone relaxin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2007, 64:1539–1557.CrossRefPubMed Samuel CS, Hewitson TD, Unemori EN, Tang MLK: Drugs of the future: the hormone relaxin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2007, 64:1539–1557.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Haynes WG, Webb DJ: Endothelin as a regulator of cardiovascular function in health and disease. J Hypertens 1998, 16:1081–1098.CrossRefPubMed Haynes WG, Webb DJ: Endothelin as a regulator of cardiovascular function in health and disease. J Hypertens 1998, 16:1081–1098.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Schneider MP, Boesen EI, Pollock DM: Contrasting actions of endothelin ETA and ETB receptors in cardiovascular disease. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2007, 47:731–759.CrossRef Schneider MP, Boesen EI, Pollock DM: Contrasting actions of endothelin ETA and ETB receptors in cardiovascular disease. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2007, 47:731–759.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference McMurray JJ, Ray SG, Abdullah I, et al.: Plasma endothelin in chronic heart failure. Circulation 1992, 85:1374–1379.PubMed McMurray JJ, Ray SG, Abdullah I, et al.: Plasma endothelin in chronic heart failure. Circulation 1992, 85:1374–1379.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Good JM, Nithoyannopoulos P, Ghatei MP, et al.: Elevated plasma endothelin concentrations in heart failure; an effect of angiotensin II? Eur Heart J 1994, 15:1634–1640.PubMed Good JM, Nithoyannopoulos P, Ghatei MP, et al.: Elevated plasma endothelin concentrations in heart failure; an effect of angiotensin II? Eur Heart J 1994, 15:1634–1640.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Masson S, Latini R, Anand IS, et al.: The prognostic value of big endothelin-1 in more than 2,300 patients with heart failure enrolled in the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT). J Card Fail 2006, 12:375–380.CrossRefPubMed Masson S, Latini R, Anand IS, et al.: The prognostic value of big endothelin-1 in more than 2,300 patients with heart failure enrolled in the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT). J Card Fail 2006, 12:375–380.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Asano K, Bohlmeyer TJ, Westcott JY, et al.: Altered expression of endothelin receptors in failing human left ventricles. J Molec Cell Cardiol 2002, 34:833–846.CrossRef Asano K, Bohlmeyer TJ, Westcott JY, et al.: Altered expression of endothelin receptors in failing human left ventricles. J Molec Cell Cardiol 2002, 34:833–846.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Bogzil AH, Ashton N: Relaxin-induced changes in renal function and RXFP1 receptor expression in the female rat. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009, 1160:313–316.CrossRefPubMed Bogzil AH, Ashton N: Relaxin-induced changes in renal function and RXFP1 receptor expression in the female rat. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009, 1160:313–316.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Dschietzig T, Richter C, Bartsch C, et al.: The pregnancy hormone relaxin is a player in human heart failure. Faseb J 2001, 15: 2187–2195.CrossRefPubMed Dschietzig T, Richter C, Bartsch C, et al.: The pregnancy hormone relaxin is a player in human heart failure. Faseb J 2001, 15: 2187–2195.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Dschietzig T, Bartsch C, Richter C, et al.: Relaxin, a pregnancy hormone, is a functional endothelin-1 antagonist: attenuation of endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstriction by stimulation of endothelin type-B receptor expression via ERK-1/2 and nuclear factor-kappaB. Circ Res 2003, 92: 32–40.CrossRefPubMed Dschietzig T, Bartsch C, Richter C, et al.: Relaxin, a pregnancy hormone, is a functional endothelin-1 antagonist: attenuation of endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstriction by stimulation of endothelin type-B receptor expression via ERK-1/2 and nuclear factor-kappaB. Circ Res 2003, 92: 32–40.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Danielson LA, Sherwood OD, Conrad KP: Relaxin is a potent renal vasodilator in conscious rats. J Clin Invest 1999, 103:525–533.CrossRefPubMed Danielson LA, Sherwood OD, Conrad KP: Relaxin is a potent renal vasodilator in conscious rats. J Clin Invest 1999, 103:525–533.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Unemori EN, Amento EP: Relaxin modulates synthesis and secretion of procollagenase and collagen by human dermal fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1990, 265:10681–10685.PubMed Unemori EN, Amento EP: Relaxin modulates synthesis and secretion of procollagenase and collagen by human dermal fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1990, 265:10681–10685.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Danielson LA, Conrad KP: Time course and dose response of relaxin-mediated renal vasodilation, hyperfiltration, and changes in plasma osmolality in conscious rats. J Appl Physiol 2003, 95:1509–1514.PubMed Danielson LA, Conrad KP: Time course and dose response of relaxin-mediated renal vasodilation, hyperfiltration, and changes in plasma osmolality in conscious rats. J Appl Physiol 2003, 95:1509–1514.PubMed
27.
go back to reference Debrah DO, Conrad KP, Jeyabalan A, et al.: Relaxin increases cardiac output and reduces systemic arterial load in hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2005, 46:745–750.CrossRefPubMed Debrah DO, Conrad KP, Jeyabalan A, et al.: Relaxin increases cardiac output and reduces systemic arterial load in hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2005, 46:745–750.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Lucas C, Johnson W, Hamilton MA, et al.: Freedom from congestion predicts good survival despite previous class IV symptoms of heart failure. Amer Heart J 2000, 140:840–847.CrossRefPubMed Lucas C, Johnson W, Hamilton MA, et al.: Freedom from congestion predicts good survival despite previous class IV symptoms of heart failure. Amer Heart J 2000, 140:840–847.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Costanzo MR, Guglin ME, Saltzberg MT, et al.: Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. J Amer Coll Cardiol 2007, 49:675–683.CrossRef Costanzo MR, Guglin ME, Saltzberg MT, et al.: Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. J Amer Coll Cardiol 2007, 49:675–683.CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Milo O, Cotter G, Kaluski E, et al.: Inflammatory and neurohormonal activation in cardiogenic pulmonary edema: implications on the pathogenesis and outcome of acute ischemic versus non-ischemic acute heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2003, 92:222–226.CrossRefPubMed Milo O, Cotter G, Kaluski E, et al.: Inflammatory and neurohormonal activation in cardiogenic pulmonary edema: implications on the pathogenesis and outcome of acute ischemic versus non-ischemic acute heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2003, 92:222–226.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Teerlink JR, Metra M, Felker GM, et al.: Vasodilators in acute heart failure (AHF): does blood pressure matter? Results from Pre-Relax-AHF. J Cardiac Failure 2009, 15:S74. Teerlink JR, Metra M, Felker GM, et al.: Vasodilators in acute heart failure (AHF): does blood pressure matter? Results from Pre-Relax-AHF. J Cardiac Failure 2009, 15:S74.
32.
go back to reference Smith MC, Danielson LA, Conrad KP, et al.: Influence of recombinant human relaxin on renal hemodynamics in healthy volunteers. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006, 17:3192–3197.CrossRefPubMed Smith MC, Danielson LA, Conrad KP, et al.: Influence of recombinant human relaxin on renal hemodynamics in healthy volunteers. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006, 17:3192–3197.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Bogzil AH, Eardley R, Ashton N: Relaxin-induced changes in renal sodium excretion in the anesthetized male rat. Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 2005, 288:R322–R328. Bogzil AH, Eardley R, Ashton N: Relaxin-induced changes in renal sodium excretion in the anesthetized male rat. Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 2005, 288:R322–R328.
34.
go back to reference Erikson MS, Unemori E: Relaxin clinical trials in systemic sclerosis. In Relaxin 2000, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Relaxin and Related Peptides. Edited by Tragear GW, Ivell R, Bathgate RA, Wade JD. Broome, Australia: Kluwe Academic Publishers; 2000:373–381. Erikson MS, Unemori E: Relaxin clinical trials in systemic sclerosis. In Relaxin 2000, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Relaxin and Related Peptides. Edited by Tragear GW, Ivell R, Bathgate RA, Wade JD. Broome, Australia: Kluwe Academic Publishers; 2000:373–381.
35.
go back to reference Hsu SY, Nakabayashi K, Nishi S, et al.: Activation of orphan receptors by the hormone relaxin. Science 2002, 295:671–674.CrossRefPubMed Hsu SY, Nakabayashi K, Nishi S, et al.: Activation of orphan receptors by the hormone relaxin. Science 2002, 295:671–674.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Kompa AR, Samuel CS, Summers RJ: Inotropic responses to human gene 2 (B29) relaxin in a rat model of myocardial infarction (MI): effect of pertussis toxin. Br J Pharmacol 2002, 137:710–718.CrossRefPubMed Kompa AR, Samuel CS, Summers RJ: Inotropic responses to human gene 2 (B29) relaxin in a rat model of myocardial infarction (MI): effect of pertussis toxin. Br J Pharmacol 2002, 137:710–718.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Samuel CS, Unemori EN, Mookerjee I, et al.: Relaxin modulates cardiac fibroblast proliferation, differentiation and collage production and reverses cardiac fibrosis in vivo. Endocrinology 2004, 145:4125–4133.CrossRefPubMed Samuel CS, Unemori EN, Mookerjee I, et al.: Relaxin modulates cardiac fibroblast proliferation, differentiation and collage production and reverses cardiac fibrosis in vivo. Endocrinology 2004, 145:4125–4133.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Bani D, Ballati L, Masini E, et al.: Relaxin counteracts asthma-like reaction induced by inhaled antigen in sensitized guinea pigs. Endocrinology 1997, 138:1909–1915.CrossRefPubMed Bani D, Ballati L, Masini E, et al.: Relaxin counteracts asthma-like reaction induced by inhaled antigen in sensitized guinea pigs. Endocrinology 1997, 138:1909–1915.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Masini E, Nistri S, Vannacci A, et al.: Relaxin inhibits the activation of human neutrophils: involvement of the nitric oxide pathway. Endocrinology 2004, 145:1106–1112.CrossRefPubMed Masini E, Nistri S, Vannacci A, et al.: Relaxin inhibits the activation of human neutrophils: involvement of the nitric oxide pathway. Endocrinology 2004, 145:1106–1112.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Santora K, Rasa C, Visco D, et al.: Antiarthritic effects of relaxin, in combination with estrogen, in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007, 322:887–893.CrossRefPubMed Santora K, Rasa C, Visco D, et al.: Antiarthritic effects of relaxin, in combination with estrogen, in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007, 322:887–893.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Dschietzig T, Bartsch C, Stangl V, et al.: Identification of the pregnancy hormone relaxin as a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. FASEB J 2004, 18:1536–1538.PubMed Dschietzig T, Bartsch C, Stangl V, et al.: Identification of the pregnancy hormone relaxin as a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. FASEB J 2004, 18:1536–1538.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Masini E, Bani D, Bello MG, et al.: Relaxin counteracts myocardial damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion in isolated guinea pig hearts: evidence for an involvement of nitric oxide. Endocrinology 1997, 138:4713–4720.CrossRefPubMed Masini E, Bani D, Bello MG, et al.: Relaxin counteracts myocardial damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion in isolated guinea pig hearts: evidence for an involvement of nitric oxide. Endocrinology 1997, 138:4713–4720.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Bani D, Masini E, Bello MG, et al.: Relaxin protects against myocardial injury caused by ischemia and reperfusion in rat heart. Amer J Pathol 1998, 152:1367–1376. Bani D, Masini E, Bello MG, et al.: Relaxin protects against myocardial injury caused by ischemia and reperfusion in rat heart. Amer J Pathol 1998, 152:1367–1376.
44.
go back to reference Perna AM, Masini E, Nistri S: Human recombinant relaxin reduces heart injury and improves ventricular performance in a swine model of acute myocardial infarction. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005, 1041:431–433.CrossRefPubMed Perna AM, Masini E, Nistri S: Human recombinant relaxin reduces heart injury and improves ventricular performance in a swine model of acute myocardial infarction. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005, 1041:431–433.CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Nistri S, Cinci L, Perna AM, et al.: Mast cell inhibition and reduced ventricular arrhythmias in a swine model of acute myocardial infarction upon therapeutic administration of relaxin. Inflamm Res 2008, 57(Suppl 1):S7–S8.CrossRefPubMed Nistri S, Cinci L, Perna AM, et al.: Mast cell inhibition and reduced ventricular arrhythmias in a swine model of acute myocardial infarction upon therapeutic administration of relaxin. Inflamm Res 2008, 57(Suppl 1):S7–S8.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Conrad KP, Debrah DO, Novak J, et al.: Relaxin modifies systemic arterial resistance and compliance in conscious, nonpregnant rats. Endocrinology 2004, 145:3289–3296.CrossRefPubMed Conrad KP, Debrah DO, Novak J, et al.: Relaxin modifies systemic arterial resistance and compliance in conscious, nonpregnant rats. Endocrinology 2004, 145:3289–3296.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Samuel CS, Du XJ, Bathgate RA, Summers RJ: Relaxin the stiffened heart and arteries: the therapeutic potential for relaxin in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2006, 112:529–552.CrossRefPubMed Samuel CS, Du XJ, Bathgate RA, Summers RJ: Relaxin the stiffened heart and arteries: the therapeutic potential for relaxin in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2006, 112:529–552.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference van der Westhuizen ET, Halls ML, Samuel CS, et al.: Relaxin family peptide receptors-from orphans to therapeutic targets. Drug Discov Today 2008, 13:640–651.CrossRefPubMed van der Westhuizen ET, Halls ML, Samuel CS, et al.: Relaxin family peptide receptors-from orphans to therapeutic targets. Drug Discov Today 2008, 13:640–651.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Lekgabe ED, Kiriazis H, Zhao C, et al.: Relaxin reverses cardiac and renal fibrosis in spontaneous hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2005, 46:412–418.CrossRefPubMed Lekgabe ED, Kiriazis H, Zhao C, et al.: Relaxin reverses cardiac and renal fibrosis in spontaneous hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2005, 46:412–418.CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Lekgabe ED, Su Y, McGuane JT, et al.: Adenovirus-mediated delivery of relaxin reverses cardiac fibrosis in mice with fibrotic cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006, 41:739.CrossRef Lekgabe ED, Su Y, McGuane JT, et al.: Adenovirus-mediated delivery of relaxin reverses cardiac fibrosis in mice with fibrotic cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006, 41:739.CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Danielson LA, Welford A, Harris A: Relaxin improves renal function and histology in aging Munich-Wistar rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006, 17:1325–1333.CrossRefPubMed Danielson LA, Welford A, Harris A: Relaxin improves renal function and histology in aging Munich-Wistar rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006, 17:1325–1333.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Tozzi CA, Poiani GJ, McHugh NA, et al.: Recombinant human relaxin reduces hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in the rat. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2005, 18:346–353.CrossRefPubMed Tozzi CA, Poiani GJ, McHugh NA, et al.: Recombinant human relaxin reduces hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in the rat. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2005, 18:346–353.CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Peacock WF, De Marco T, Fonarow GC, et al.: Cardiac troponin and outcome in acute heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:2117–2126.CrossRefPubMed Peacock WF, De Marco T, Fonarow GC, et al.: Cardiac troponin and outcome in acute heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:2117–2126.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Lewis M, Deshpande U, Guzman L, et al.: Systemic relaxin administration stimulates angiogenic cytokine expression and vessel formation in a rat myocardial infarct model. In Relaxin 2000, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Relaxin and Related Peptides. Edited by Tragear GW, Ivell R, Bathgate RA, Wade JD. Broome, Australia: Kluwe Academic Publishers; 2000:373–381. Lewis M, Deshpande U, Guzman L, et al.: Systemic relaxin administration stimulates angiogenic cytokine expression and vessel formation in a rat myocardial infarct model. In Relaxin 2000, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Relaxin and Related Peptides. Edited by Tragear GW, Ivell R, Bathgate RA, Wade JD. Broome, Australia: Kluwe Academic Publishers; 2000:373–381.
Metadata
Title
Relaxin: Review of Biology and Potential Role in Treating Heart Failure
Authors
Sam L. Teichman
Elaine Unemori
John R. Teerlink
Gad Cotter
Marco Metra
Publication date
01-06-2010
Publisher
Current Science Inc.
Published in
Current Heart Failure Reports / Issue 2/2010
Print ISSN: 1546-9530
Electronic ISSN: 1546-9549
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11897-010-0010-z

Other articles of this Issue 2/2010

Current Heart Failure Reports 2/2010 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.