Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Arthritis Research & Therapy 1/2009

01-02-2009 | Review

Randomized controlled trial design in rheumatoid arthritis: the past decade

Authors: Vibeke Strand, Jeremy Sokolove

Published in: Arthritis Research & Therapy | Issue 1/2009

Login to get access

Abstract

Much progress has occurred over the past decade in rheumatoid arthritis trial design. Recognized challenges have led to the establishment of a clear regulatory pathway to demonstrate efficacy of a new therapeutic. The use of pure placebo beyond 12 to 16 weeks has been demonstrated to be unethical and thus background therapy and/or early rescue has become regular practice. Goals of remission and 'treating to targets' may prove more relevant to identify real-world use of new and existing therapeutics. Identification of rare adverse events associated with new therapies has resulted in intensive safety evaluation during randomized controlled trials and emphasis on postmarketing surveillance and use of registries.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Williams HJ, Willkens RF, Samuelson CO, Alarcón GS, Guttadauria M, Yarboro C, Polisson RP, Weiner SR, Luggen ME, Billingsley LM, Dahl SL, Egger MJ, Reading JC, Ward JR: Comparison of low-dose oral pulse methotrexate and placebo in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 1985, 28: 721-730. 10.1002/art.1780280702.CrossRefPubMed Williams HJ, Willkens RF, Samuelson CO, Alarcón GS, Guttadauria M, Yarboro C, Polisson RP, Weiner SR, Luggen ME, Billingsley LM, Dahl SL, Egger MJ, Reading JC, Ward JR: Comparison of low-dose oral pulse methotrexate and placebo in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 1985, 28: 721-730. 10.1002/art.1780280702.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Weinblatt ME, Coblyn JS, Fox DA, Fraser PA, Holdsworth DE, Glass DN, Trentham DE: Efficacy of low-dose methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1985, 312: 818-822.CrossRefPubMed Weinblatt ME, Coblyn JS, Fox DA, Fraser PA, Holdsworth DE, Glass DN, Trentham DE: Efficacy of low-dose methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1985, 312: 818-822.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Weinblatt ME, Kremer JM, Bankhurst AD, Bulpitt KJ, Fleischmann RM, Fox RI, Jackson CG, Lange M, Burge DJ: A trial of etanercept, a recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. N Engl J Med. 1999, 340: 253-259. 10.1056/NEJM199901283400401.CrossRefPubMed Weinblatt ME, Kremer JM, Bankhurst AD, Bulpitt KJ, Fleischmann RM, Fox RI, Jackson CG, Lange M, Burge DJ: A trial of etanercept, a recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. N Engl J Med. 1999, 340: 253-259. 10.1056/NEJM199901283400401.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Moreland LW, Schiff MH, Baumgartner SW, Tindall EA, Fleischmann RM, Bulpitt KJ, Weaver AL, Keystone EC, Furst DE, Mease PJ, Ruderman EM, Horwitz DA, Arkfeld DG, Garrison L, Burge DJ, Blosch CM, Lange ML, McDonnell ND, Weinblatt ME: Etanercept therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1999, 130: 478-486.CrossRefPubMed Moreland LW, Schiff MH, Baumgartner SW, Tindall EA, Fleischmann RM, Bulpitt KJ, Weaver AL, Keystone EC, Furst DE, Mease PJ, Ruderman EM, Horwitz DA, Arkfeld DG, Garrison L, Burge DJ, Blosch CM, Lange ML, McDonnell ND, Weinblatt ME: Etanercept therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1999, 130: 478-486.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Strand V, Cohen S, Schiff M, Weaver A, Fleischmann R, Cannon G, Fox R, Moreland L, Olsen N, Furst D, Caldwell J, Kaine J, Sharp J, Hurley F, Loew-Friedrich I: Treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis with leflunomide compared with placebo and methotrexate. Leflunomide Rheumatoid Arthritis Investigators Group. Arch Intern Med. 1999, 159: 2542-2550. 10.1001/archinte.159.21.2542.CrossRefPubMed Strand V, Cohen S, Schiff M, Weaver A, Fleischmann R, Cannon G, Fox R, Moreland L, Olsen N, Furst D, Caldwell J, Kaine J, Sharp J, Hurley F, Loew-Friedrich I: Treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis with leflunomide compared with placebo and methotrexate. Leflunomide Rheumatoid Arthritis Investigators Group. Arch Intern Med. 1999, 159: 2542-2550. 10.1001/archinte.159.21.2542.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Lipsky PE, Heijde van der DM, St Clair EW, Furst DE, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Smolen JS, Weisman M, Emery P, Feldmann M, Harriman GR, Maini RN, Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy Study Group: Infliximab and methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2000, 343: 1594-1602. 10.1056/NEJM200011303432202.CrossRefPubMed Lipsky PE, Heijde van der DM, St Clair EW, Furst DE, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Smolen JS, Weisman M, Emery P, Feldmann M, Harriman GR, Maini RN, Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy Study Group: Infliximab and methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2000, 343: 1594-1602. 10.1056/NEJM200011303432202.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Khanna D, Park GS, Paulus HE, Simpson KM, Elashoff D, Cohen SB, Emery P, Dorrier C, Furst DE: Reduction of the efficacy of methotrexate by the use of folic acid: post hoc analysis from two randomized controlled studies. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 3030-3038. 10.1002/art.21295.CrossRefPubMed Khanna D, Park GS, Paulus HE, Simpson KM, Elashoff D, Cohen SB, Emery P, Dorrier C, Furst DE: Reduction of the efficacy of methotrexate by the use of folic acid: post hoc analysis from two randomized controlled studies. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 3030-3038. 10.1002/art.21295.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference St Clair EW, Heijde van der DM, Smolen JS, Maini RN, Bathon JM, Emery P, Keystone E, Schiff M, Kalden JR, Wang B, Dewoody K, Weiss R, Baker D, Active-Controlled Study of Patients Receiving Infliximab for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis of Early Onset Study Group: Combination of infliximab and methotrexate therapy for early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 3432-3443. 10.1002/art.20568.CrossRefPubMed St Clair EW, Heijde van der DM, Smolen JS, Maini RN, Bathon JM, Emery P, Keystone E, Schiff M, Kalden JR, Wang B, Dewoody K, Weiss R, Baker D, Active-Controlled Study of Patients Receiving Infliximab for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis of Early Onset Study Group: Combination of infliximab and methotrexate therapy for early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 3432-3443. 10.1002/art.20568.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Breedveld FC, Weisman MH, Kavanaugh AF, Cohen SB, Pavelka K, van Vollenhoven R, Sharp J, Perez JL, Spencer-Green GT: The PREMIER study: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial of combination therapy with adalimumab plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone or adalimumab alone in patients with early, aggressive rheumatoid arthritis who had not had previous methotrexate treatment. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 26-37. 10.1002/art.21519.CrossRefPubMed Breedveld FC, Weisman MH, Kavanaugh AF, Cohen SB, Pavelka K, van Vollenhoven R, Sharp J, Perez JL, Spencer-Green GT: The PREMIER study: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial of combination therapy with adalimumab plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone or adalimumab alone in patients with early, aggressive rheumatoid arthritis who had not had previous methotrexate treatment. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 26-37. 10.1002/art.21519.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Bathon JM, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, Tesser JR, Schiff MH, Keystone EC, Genovese MC, Wasko MC, Moreland LW, Weaver AL, Markenson J, Finck BK: A comparison of etanercept and methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2000, 343: 1586-1593. 10.1056/NEJM200011303432201.CrossRefPubMed Bathon JM, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, Tesser JR, Schiff MH, Keystone EC, Genovese MC, Wasko MC, Moreland LW, Weaver AL, Markenson J, Finck BK: A comparison of etanercept and methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2000, 343: 1586-1593. 10.1056/NEJM200011303432201.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Klareskog L, Heijde van der D, de Jager JP, Gough A, Kalden J, Malaise M, Martín Mola E, Pavelka K, Sany J, Settas L, Wajdula J, Pedersen R, Fatenejad S, Sanda M, TEMPO (Trial of Etanercept and Methotrexate with Radiographic Patient Outcomes) study investigators: Therapeutic effect of the combination of etanercept and methotrexate compared with each treatment alone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004, 363: 675-681. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15640-7.CrossRefPubMed Klareskog L, Heijde van der D, de Jager JP, Gough A, Kalden J, Malaise M, Martín Mola E, Pavelka K, Sany J, Settas L, Wajdula J, Pedersen R, Fatenejad S, Sanda M, TEMPO (Trial of Etanercept and Methotrexate with Radiographic Patient Outcomes) study investigators: Therapeutic effect of the combination of etanercept and methotrexate compared with each treatment alone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004, 363: 675-681. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15640-7.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Jones G, Gu JR, Lowenstein M, Calvo A, Gomez-Reino JJ, Siri D, Tomsic M, Blackburn R, Woodworth T, Sebba A: Tocilizumab monotherapy is superior to methotrexate monotherapy in reducing disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the AMBITION study [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67 (Suppl II): 89- Jones G, Gu JR, Lowenstein M, Calvo A, Gomez-Reino JJ, Siri D, Tomsic M, Blackburn R, Woodworth T, Sebba A: Tocilizumab monotherapy is superior to methotrexate monotherapy in reducing disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the AMBITION study [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67 (Suppl II): 89-
15.
go back to reference Emery P, Breedveld FC, Lemmel EM, Kaltwasser JP, Dawes PT, Gömör B, Bosch Van Den F, Nordström D, Bjorneboe O, Dahl R, Horslev-Petersen K, Rodriguez De La Serna A, Molloy M, Tikly M, Oed C, Rosenburg R, Loew-Friedrich I: A comparison of the efficacy and safety of leflunomide and methotrexate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2000, 39: 655-665. 10.1093/rheumatology/39.6.655.CrossRefPubMed Emery P, Breedveld FC, Lemmel EM, Kaltwasser JP, Dawes PT, Gömör B, Bosch Van Den F, Nordström D, Bjorneboe O, Dahl R, Horslev-Petersen K, Rodriguez De La Serna A, Molloy M, Tikly M, Oed C, Rosenburg R, Loew-Friedrich I: A comparison of the efficacy and safety of leflunomide and methotrexate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2000, 39: 655-665. 10.1093/rheumatology/39.6.655.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Smolen JS, Kalden JR, Scott DL, Rozman B, Kvien TK, Larsen A, Loew-Friedrich I, Oed C, Rosenburg R: The European Leflunomide Study Group. Efficacy and safety of leflunomide compared with placebo and sulfasalazine in active rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet. 1999, 353: 259-266. 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09403-3.CrossRefPubMed Smolen JS, Kalden JR, Scott DL, Rozman B, Kvien TK, Larsen A, Loew-Friedrich I, Oed C, Rosenburg R: The European Leflunomide Study Group. Efficacy and safety of leflunomide compared with placebo and sulfasalazine in active rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet. 1999, 353: 259-266. 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09403-3.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Putte van de LB, Atkins C, Malaise M, Sany J, Russell AS, van Riel PL, Settas L, Bijlsma JW, Todesco S, Dougados M, Nash P, Emery P, Walter N, Kaul M, Fischkoff S, Kupper H: Efficacy and safety of adalimumab as monotherapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis for whom previous disease modifying antirheumatic drug treatment has failed. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004, 63: 508-516. 10.1136/ard.2003.013052.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Putte van de LB, Atkins C, Malaise M, Sany J, Russell AS, van Riel PL, Settas L, Bijlsma JW, Todesco S, Dougados M, Nash P, Emery P, Walter N, Kaul M, Fischkoff S, Kupper H: Efficacy and safety of adalimumab as monotherapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis for whom previous disease modifying antirheumatic drug treatment has failed. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004, 63: 508-516. 10.1136/ard.2003.013052.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Keystone EC, Kavanaugh AF, Sharp JT, Tannenbaum H, Hua Y, Teoh LS, Fischkoff SA, Chartash EK: Radiographic, clinical, and functional outcomes of treatment with adalimumab (a human anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis receiving concomitant methotrexate therapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, 52-week trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 1400-1411. 10.1002/art.20217.CrossRefPubMed Keystone EC, Kavanaugh AF, Sharp JT, Tannenbaum H, Hua Y, Teoh LS, Fischkoff SA, Chartash EK: Radiographic, clinical, and functional outcomes of treatment with adalimumab (a human anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis receiving concomitant methotrexate therapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, 52-week trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 1400-1411. 10.1002/art.20217.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Kremer JM, Genant HK, Moreland LW, Russell AS, Emery P, Abud-Mendoza C, Szechinski J, Li T, Ge Z, Becker JC, Westhovens R: Effects of abatacept in patients with methotrexate-resistant active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006, 144: 865-876.CrossRefPubMed Kremer JM, Genant HK, Moreland LW, Russell AS, Emery P, Abud-Mendoza C, Szechinski J, Li T, Ge Z, Becker JC, Westhovens R: Effects of abatacept in patients with methotrexate-resistant active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006, 144: 865-876.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Genovese MC, Becker JC, Schiff M, Luggen M, Sherrer Y, Kremer J, Birbara C, Box J, Natarajan K, Nuamah I, Li T, Aranda R, Hagerty DT, Dougados M: Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition. N Engl J Med. 2005, 353: 1114-1123. 10.1056/NEJMoa050524.CrossRefPubMed Genovese MC, Becker JC, Schiff M, Luggen M, Sherrer Y, Kremer J, Birbara C, Box J, Natarajan K, Nuamah I, Li T, Aranda R, Hagerty DT, Dougados M: Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition. N Engl J Med. 2005, 353: 1114-1123. 10.1056/NEJMoa050524.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Cohen SB, Emery P, Greenwald MW, Dougados M, Furie RA, Genovese MC, Keystone EC, Loveless JE, Burmester GR, Cravets MW, Hessey EW, Shaw T, Totoritis MC, REFLEX Trial Group: Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 2793-2806. 10.1002/art.22025.CrossRefPubMed Cohen SB, Emery P, Greenwald MW, Dougados M, Furie RA, Genovese MC, Keystone EC, Loveless JE, Burmester GR, Cravets MW, Hessey EW, Shaw T, Totoritis MC, REFLEX Trial Group: Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 2793-2806. 10.1002/art.22025.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Emery P, Fleischmann R, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, Schechtman J, Szczepanski L, Kavanaugh A, Racewicz AJ, van Vollenhoven RF, Li NF, Agarwal S, Hessey EW, Shaw TM, DANCER Study Group: The efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate treatment: results of a phase IIB randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 1390-1400. 10.1002/art.21778.CrossRefPubMed Emery P, Fleischmann R, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, Schechtman J, Szczepanski L, Kavanaugh A, Racewicz AJ, van Vollenhoven RF, Li NF, Agarwal S, Hessey EW, Shaw TM, DANCER Study Group: The efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate treatment: results of a phase IIB randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 1390-1400. 10.1002/art.21778.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Smolen JS, Beaulieu A, Rubbert-Roth A, Ramos-Remus C, Rovensky J, Alecock E, Woodworth T, Alten R, OPTION Investigators: Effect of interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (OPTION study): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet. 2008, 371: 987-997. 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60453-5.CrossRefPubMed Smolen JS, Beaulieu A, Rubbert-Roth A, Ramos-Remus C, Rovensky J, Alecock E, Woodworth T, Alten R, OPTION Investigators: Effect of interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (OPTION study): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet. 2008, 371: 987-997. 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60453-5.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Keystone E, Heijde DV, Mason D, Landewé R, Vollenhoven RV, Combe B, Emery P, Strand V, Mease P, Desai C, Pavelka K: Certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate is significantly more effective than placebo plus methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis: Findings of a fifty-two-week, phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 3319-3329. 10.1002/art.23964.CrossRefPubMed Keystone E, Heijde DV, Mason D, Landewé R, Vollenhoven RV, Combe B, Emery P, Strand V, Mease P, Desai C, Pavelka K: Certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate is significantly more effective than placebo plus methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis: Findings of a fifty-two-week, phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 3319-3329. 10.1002/art.23964.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Smolen JS, Landewé RB, Mease PJ, Brzezicki J, Mason D, Luijtens K, van Vollenhoven RF, Kavanaugh A, Schiff MH, Burmester GR, Strand V, Vencovsky J, Heijde van der DM: Efficacy and Safety of Certolizumab Pegol Plus Methotrexate in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: The RAPID 2 Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Smolen JS, Landewé RB, Mease PJ, Brzezicki J, Mason D, Luijtens K, van Vollenhoven RF, Kavanaugh A, Schiff MH, Burmester GR, Strand V, Vencovsky J, Heijde van der DM: Efficacy and Safety of Certolizumab Pegol Plus Methotrexate in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: The RAPID 2 Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008
26.
go back to reference Boers M: Add-on or step-up trials for new drug development in rheumatoid arthritis: a new standard?. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 1481-1483. 10.1002/art.11141.CrossRefPubMed Boers M: Add-on or step-up trials for new drug development in rheumatoid arthritis: a new standard?. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 1481-1483. 10.1002/art.11141.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Strand V: Counterpoint from the trenches: a pragmatic approach to therapeutic trials in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 1344-1347. 10.1002/art.20153.CrossRefPubMed Strand V: Counterpoint from the trenches: a pragmatic approach to therapeutic trials in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 1344-1347. 10.1002/art.20153.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Pavelka K, Kuba V, Rasmussen JM, Mikkelsen K, Tamasi L, Vitek P, Rozman B: Clinical effects of pralnacasan (PRAL), an orally-active interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) inhibitor, in a 285 patient PhII trial in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 44: S241- Pavelka K, Kuba V, Rasmussen JM, Mikkelsen K, Tamasi L, Vitek P, Rozman B: Clinical effects of pralnacasan (PRAL), an orally-active interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) inhibitor, in a 285 patient PhII trial in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 44: S241-
30.
go back to reference Tugwell P, Pincus T, Yocum D, Stein M, Gluck O, Kraag G, McKendry R, Tesser J, Baker P, Wells G: Combination therapy with cyclosporine and methotrexate in severe RA. N Engl J Med. 1995, 333: 137-141. 10.1056/NEJM199507203330301.CrossRefPubMed Tugwell P, Pincus T, Yocum D, Stein M, Gluck O, Kraag G, McKendry R, Tesser J, Baker P, Wells G: Combination therapy with cyclosporine and methotrexate in severe RA. N Engl J Med. 1995, 333: 137-141. 10.1056/NEJM199507203330301.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Stein CM, Pincus T, Yocum D, Tugwell P, Wells G, Gluck O, Kraag G, Torley H, Tesser J, McKendry R, Brooks RH: Combination treatment of severe rheumatoid arthritis with cyclosporine and methotrexate for 48 weeks. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 1843-1851. 10.1002/art.1780401018.CrossRefPubMed Stein CM, Pincus T, Yocum D, Tugwell P, Wells G, Gluck O, Kraag G, Torley H, Tesser J, McKendry R, Brooks RH: Combination treatment of severe rheumatoid arthritis with cyclosporine and methotrexate for 48 weeks. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 1843-1851. 10.1002/art.1780401018.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Furst DE, Schiff MH, Fleischmann RM, Strand V, Birbara CA, Compagnone D, Fischkoff SA, Chartash EK: Adalimumab, a fully human anti tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody, and concomitant standard antirheumatic therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: results of STAR (Safety Trial of Adalimumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis). J Rheumatol. 2003, 30: 2563-2571.PubMed Furst DE, Schiff MH, Fleischmann RM, Strand V, Birbara CA, Compagnone D, Fischkoff SA, Chartash EK: Adalimumab, a fully human anti tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody, and concomitant standard antirheumatic therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: results of STAR (Safety Trial of Adalimumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis). J Rheumatol. 2003, 30: 2563-2571.PubMed
33.
go back to reference Weinblatt M, Combe B, Covucci A, Aranda R, Becker JC, Keystone E: Safety of the selective costimulation modulator abatacept in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving background biologic and nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a one-year randomized, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 2807-2816. 10.1002/art.22070.CrossRefPubMed Weinblatt M, Combe B, Covucci A, Aranda R, Becker JC, Keystone E: Safety of the selective costimulation modulator abatacept in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving background biologic and nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a one-year randomized, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 2807-2816. 10.1002/art.22070.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Genovese MC, McKay JD, Nasonov EL, Mysler EF, da Silva NA, Alecock E, Woodworth T, Gomez-Reino JJ: Interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab reduces disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: the tocilizumab in combination with traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 2968-2980. 10.1002/art.23940.CrossRefPubMed Genovese MC, McKay JD, Nasonov EL, Mysler EF, da Silva NA, Alecock E, Woodworth T, Gomez-Reino JJ: Interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab reduces disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: the tocilizumab in combination with traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 2968-2980. 10.1002/art.23940.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Putte van de LB, Rau R, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Malaise MG, van Riel PL, Schattenkirchner M, Emery P, Burmester GR, Zeidler H, Moutsopoulos HM, Beck K, Kupper H: Efficacy and safety of the fully human anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody adalimumab (D2E7) in DMARD refractory patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a 12 week, phase II study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003, 62: 1168-1177. 10.1136/ard.2003.009563.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Putte van de LB, Rau R, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Malaise MG, van Riel PL, Schattenkirchner M, Emery P, Burmester GR, Zeidler H, Moutsopoulos HM, Beck K, Kupper H: Efficacy and safety of the fully human anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody adalimumab (D2E7) in DMARD refractory patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a 12 week, phase II study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003, 62: 1168-1177. 10.1136/ard.2003.009563.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Emery P, Keystone E, Tony HP, Cantagrel A, van Vollenhoven R, Sanchez A, Alecock E, Lee J, Kremer J: IL-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab improves treatment outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-TNF biologics: results from a 24-week multicentre randomised placebo controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 1516-1523. 10.1136/ard.2008.092932.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Emery P, Keystone E, Tony HP, Cantagrel A, van Vollenhoven R, Sanchez A, Alecock E, Lee J, Kremer J: IL-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab improves treatment outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-TNF biologics: results from a 24-week multicentre randomised placebo controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 1516-1523. 10.1136/ard.2008.092932.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Smolen J, Kay J, Doyle MK, et al: Golimumab, a new human anti-tnf-alpha monoclonal antibody, subcutaneously administered every 4 weeks in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis who were previously treated with anti-tnf-alpha agent(s): results of the randomized, double-blind, placebo [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67 (Suppl II): 50- Smolen J, Kay J, Doyle MK, et al: Golimumab, a new human anti-tnf-alpha monoclonal antibody, subcutaneously administered every 4 weeks in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis who were previously treated with anti-tnf-alpha agent(s): results of the randomized, double-blind, placebo [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67 (Suppl II): 50-
38.
go back to reference Damjanov N, Kauffman R, Spencer-Green GT: Safety and efficacy of VX-702. a p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitor in rheumatoid arthritis [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67 (Suppl II): 125- Damjanov N, Kauffman R, Spencer-Green GT: Safety and efficacy of VX-702. a p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitor in rheumatoid arthritis [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67 (Suppl II): 125-
39.
go back to reference Fleischman R, Genovese M, Keystone M, Pavelka L, Durez M, Pavlik-Gaylord S: Lack of efficacy with 3 oral dose levels of TMI-005(Apratastat), in subjects with active rheumatoid arthritis on a background of methotrexate: A phase 2 double blind, placebo controlled, parallel, randomized study [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006, 65 (Suppl II): 339- Fleischman R, Genovese M, Keystone M, Pavelka L, Durez M, Pavlik-Gaylord S: Lack of efficacy with 3 oral dose levels of TMI-005(Apratastat), in subjects with active rheumatoid arthritis on a background of methotrexate: A phase 2 double blind, placebo controlled, parallel, randomized study [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006, 65 (Suppl II): 339-
40.
go back to reference Emery P, Zeidler H, Kvien TK, Guslandi M, Naudin R, Stead H, Verburg KM, Isakson PC, Hubbard RC, Geis GS: Celecoxib versus diclofenac in long-term management of rheumatoid arthritis: randomised double-blind comparison. Lancet. 1999, 354: 2106-2111. 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)02332-6.CrossRefPubMed Emery P, Zeidler H, Kvien TK, Guslandi M, Naudin R, Stead H, Verburg KM, Isakson PC, Hubbard RC, Geis GS: Celecoxib versus diclofenac in long-term management of rheumatoid arthritis: randomised double-blind comparison. Lancet. 1999, 354: 2106-2111. 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)02332-6.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Strand V, Kimberly R, Isaacs JD: Biologic therapies in rheumatology: lessons learned, future directions. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007, 6: 75-92. 10.1038/nrd2196.CrossRefPubMed Strand V, Kimberly R, Isaacs JD: Biologic therapies in rheumatology: lessons learned, future directions. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007, 6: 75-92. 10.1038/nrd2196.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Olsen N, Schiff M, Strand V: Alternate therapy with leflunomide (LEF) or methotrexate (MTX) after switch from initial treatment in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: S241- Olsen N, Schiff M, Strand V: Alternate therapy with leflunomide (LEF) or methotrexate (MTX) after switch from initial treatment in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: S241-
43.
go back to reference Kremer JM, Genovese MC, Cannon GW, Caldwell JR, Cush JJ, Furst DE, Luggen ME, Keystone E, Weisman MH, Bensen WM, Kaine JL, Ruderman EM, Coleman P, Curtis DL, Kopp EJ, Kantor SM, Waltuck J, Lindsley HB, Markenson JA, Strand V, Crawford B, Fernando I, Simpson K, Bathon JM: Concomitant leflunomide therapy in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite stable doses of methotrexate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2002, 137: 726-733.CrossRefPubMed Kremer JM, Genovese MC, Cannon GW, Caldwell JR, Cush JJ, Furst DE, Luggen ME, Keystone E, Weisman MH, Bensen WM, Kaine JL, Ruderman EM, Coleman P, Curtis DL, Kopp EJ, Kantor SM, Waltuck J, Lindsley HB, Markenson JA, Strand V, Crawford B, Fernando I, Simpson K, Bathon JM: Concomitant leflunomide therapy in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite stable doses of methotrexate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2002, 137: 726-733.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Kremer J, Genovese M, Cannon GW, Caldwell J, Cush J, Furst DE, Luggen M, Keystone E, Bathon J, Kavanaugh A, Ruderman E, Coleman P, Curtis D, Kopp E, Kantor S, Weisman M, Waltuck J, Lindsley HB, Markenson J, Crawford B, Fernando I, Simpson K, Strand V: Combination leflunomide and methotrexate (MTX) therapy for patients with active rheumatoid arthritis failing MTX monotherapy: open-label extension of a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 2004, 31: 1521-1531.PubMed Kremer J, Genovese M, Cannon GW, Caldwell J, Cush J, Furst DE, Luggen M, Keystone E, Bathon J, Kavanaugh A, Ruderman E, Coleman P, Curtis D, Kopp E, Kantor S, Weisman M, Waltuck J, Lindsley HB, Markenson J, Crawford B, Fernando I, Simpson K, Strand V: Combination leflunomide and methotrexate (MTX) therapy for patients with active rheumatoid arthritis failing MTX monotherapy: open-label extension of a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 2004, 31: 1521-1531.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Strand V, Cohen S, Crawford B, Smolen JS, Scott DL, Leflunomide Investigators Groups: Patient-reported outcomes better discriminate active treatment from placebo in randomized controlled trials in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2004, 43: 640-647. 10.1093/rheumatology/keh140.CrossRefPubMed Strand V, Cohen S, Crawford B, Smolen JS, Scott DL, Leflunomide Investigators Groups: Patient-reported outcomes better discriminate active treatment from placebo in randomized controlled trials in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2004, 43: 640-647. 10.1093/rheumatology/keh140.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Genovese MC, Cohen S, Moreland L, Lium D, Robbins S, Newmark R, Bekker P, 20000223 Study Group: Combination therapy with etanercept and anakinra in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have been treated unsuccessfully with methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 1412-1419. 10.1002/art.20221.CrossRefPubMed Genovese MC, Cohen S, Moreland L, Lium D, Robbins S, Newmark R, Bekker P, 20000223 Study Group: Combination therapy with etanercept and anakinra in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have been treated unsuccessfully with methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 1412-1419. 10.1002/art.20221.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Antoni CE, Kavanaugh A, Manger B, Keenan G, Schaible T, Harriman G: Responses to infliximab therapy in the ATTRACT trial assessed with the DAS score [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001, 60 (SII): 171- Antoni CE, Kavanaugh A, Manger B, Keenan G, Schaible T, Harriman G: Responses to infliximab therapy in the ATTRACT trial assessed with the DAS score [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001, 60 (SII): 171-
48.
go back to reference Van Holten J, Pavelka K, Vencovsky J, Stahl H, Rozman B, Genovese M, Kivitz AJ, Alvaro J, Nuki G, Furst DE, Herrero-Beaumont G, McInnes IB, Musikic P, Tak PP: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled phase II study of subcutaneously administered interferon beta 1a in the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: 64-69. 10.1136/ard.2003.020347.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Van Holten J, Pavelka K, Vencovsky J, Stahl H, Rozman B, Genovese M, Kivitz AJ, Alvaro J, Nuki G, Furst DE, Herrero-Beaumont G, McInnes IB, Musikic P, Tak PP: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled phase II study of subcutaneously administered interferon beta 1a in the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: 64-69. 10.1136/ard.2003.020347.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Paulus HE, Egger MJ, Ward JR, Williams HJ: Analysis of improvement in individual rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, based on the findings in patients treated with placebo. The Cooperative Systematic Studies of Rheumatic Diseases Group. Arthritis Rheum. 1990, 33: 477-484. 10.1002/art.1780330403.CrossRefPubMed Paulus HE, Egger MJ, Ward JR, Williams HJ: Analysis of improvement in individual rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, based on the findings in patients treated with placebo. The Cooperative Systematic Studies of Rheumatic Diseases Group. Arthritis Rheum. 1990, 33: 477-484. 10.1002/art.1780330403.CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Quartier P, Taupin P, Bourdeaut F, Lemelle I, Pillet P, Bost M, Sibilia J, Koné-Paut I, Gandon-Laloum S, LeBideau M, Bader-Meunier B, Mouy R, Debré M, Landais P, Prieur AM: Efficacy of etanercept for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis according to the onset type. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 1093-1101. 10.1002/art.10885.CrossRefPubMed Quartier P, Taupin P, Bourdeaut F, Lemelle I, Pillet P, Bost M, Sibilia J, Koné-Paut I, Gandon-Laloum S, LeBideau M, Bader-Meunier B, Mouy R, Debré M, Landais P, Prieur AM: Efficacy of etanercept for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis according to the onset type. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48: 1093-1101. 10.1002/art.10885.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Lovell DJ, Ruperto N, Goodman S, Reiff A, Jung L, Jarosova K, Nemcova D, Mouy R, Sandborg C, Bohnsack J, Elewaut D, Foeldvari I, Gerloni V, Rovensky J, Minden K, Vehe RK, Weiner LW, Horneff G, Huppertz HI, Olson NY, Medich JR, Carcereri-De-Prati R, McIlraith MJ, Giannini EH, Martini A, Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group; Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation: Adalimumab with or without methotrexate in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2008, 359: 810-820. 10.1056/NEJMoa0706290.CrossRefPubMed Lovell DJ, Ruperto N, Goodman S, Reiff A, Jung L, Jarosova K, Nemcova D, Mouy R, Sandborg C, Bohnsack J, Elewaut D, Foeldvari I, Gerloni V, Rovensky J, Minden K, Vehe RK, Weiner LW, Horneff G, Huppertz HI, Olson NY, Medich JR, Carcereri-De-Prati R, McIlraith MJ, Giannini EH, Martini A, Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group; Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation: Adalimumab with or without methotrexate in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2008, 359: 810-820. 10.1056/NEJMoa0706290.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Ruperto N, Lovell DJ, Quartier P, Paz E, Rubio-Pérez N, Silva CA: Abatacept in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled withdrawal trial. Lancet. 2008, 372: 383-391. 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60998-8.CrossRefPubMed Ruperto N, Lovell DJ, Quartier P, Paz E, Rubio-Pérez N, Silva CA: Abatacept in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled withdrawal trial. Lancet. 2008, 372: 383-391. 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60998-8.CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Sokka T, Pincus T: Most patients receiving routine care for rheumatoid arthritis in 2001 did not meet inclusion criteria for most recent clinical trials or American College of Rheumatology criteria for remission. J Rheumatol. 2003, 30: 1138-1146.PubMed Sokka T, Pincus T: Most patients receiving routine care for rheumatoid arthritis in 2001 did not meet inclusion criteria for most recent clinical trials or American College of Rheumatology criteria for remission. J Rheumatol. 2003, 30: 1138-1146.PubMed
54.
go back to reference Greenberg JD, Kishimoto M, Strand V, Cohen SB, Olenginski TP, Harrington T, Kafka SP, Reed G, Kremer JM, Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America Investigators: Tumor necrosis factor antagonist responsiveness in a United States rheumatoid arthritis cohort. Am J Med. 2008, 121: 532-538. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.02.018.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Greenberg JD, Kishimoto M, Strand V, Cohen SB, Olenginski TP, Harrington T, Kafka SP, Reed G, Kremer JM, Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America Investigators: Tumor necrosis factor antagonist responsiveness in a United States rheumatoid arthritis cohort. Am J Med. 2008, 121: 532-538. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.02.018.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Emery P, Breedveld FC, Hall S, Durez P, Chang DJ, Robertson D: Comparison of methotrexate monotherapy with a combination of methotrexate and etanercept in active, early, moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (COMET): a randomised, double-blind, parallel treatment trial. Lancet. 2008, 372: 375-382. 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61000-4.CrossRefPubMed Emery P, Breedveld FC, Hall S, Durez P, Chang DJ, Robertson D: Comparison of methotrexate monotherapy with a combination of methotrexate and etanercept in active, early, moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (COMET): a randomised, double-blind, parallel treatment trial. Lancet. 2008, 372: 375-382. 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61000-4.CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Boers M, Verhoeven AC, Markusse HM, Laar van de MA, Westhovens R, van Denderen JC, van Zeben D, Dijkmans BA, Peeters AJ, Jacobs P, Brink van den HR, Schouten HJ, Heijde van der DM, Boonen A, Linden van der S: Randomised comparison of combined step-down prednisolone, methotrexate and sulphasalazine with sulphasalazine alone in early rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 1997, 350: 309-318. 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)01300-7.CrossRefPubMed Boers M, Verhoeven AC, Markusse HM, Laar van de MA, Westhovens R, van Denderen JC, van Zeben D, Dijkmans BA, Peeters AJ, Jacobs P, Brink van den HR, Schouten HJ, Heijde van der DM, Boonen A, Linden van der S: Randomised comparison of combined step-down prednisolone, methotrexate and sulphasalazine with sulphasalazine alone in early rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 1997, 350: 309-318. 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)01300-7.CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Möttönen T, Hannonen P, Leirisalo-Repo M, Nissilä M, Kautiainen H, Korpela M, Laasonen L, Julkunen H, Luukkainen R, Vuori K, Paimela L, Blåfield H, Hakala M, Ilva K, Yli-Kerttula U, Puolakka K, Järvinen P, Hakola M, Piirainen H, Ahonen J, Pälvimäki I, Forsberg S, Koota K, Friman C: Comparison of combination therapy with single-drug therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised trial. FIN-RACo trial group. Lancet. 1999, 353: 1568-1573. 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)08513-4.CrossRefPubMed Möttönen T, Hannonen P, Leirisalo-Repo M, Nissilä M, Kautiainen H, Korpela M, Laasonen L, Julkunen H, Luukkainen R, Vuori K, Paimela L, Blåfield H, Hakala M, Ilva K, Yli-Kerttula U, Puolakka K, Järvinen P, Hakola M, Piirainen H, Ahonen J, Pälvimäki I, Forsberg S, Koota K, Friman C: Comparison of combination therapy with single-drug therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised trial. FIN-RACo trial group. Lancet. 1999, 353: 1568-1573. 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)08513-4.CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference O'Dell JR, Haire CE, Erikson N, Drymalski W, Palmer W, Eckhoff PJ, Garwood V, Maloley P, Klassen LW, Wees S, Klein H, Moore GF: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate alone, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine, or a combination of all three medications. N Engl J Med. 1996, 334: 1287-1291. 10.1056/NEJM199605163342002.CrossRefPubMed O'Dell JR, Haire CE, Erikson N, Drymalski W, Palmer W, Eckhoff PJ, Garwood V, Maloley P, Klassen LW, Wees S, Klein H, Moore GF: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate alone, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine, or a combination of all three medications. N Engl J Med. 1996, 334: 1287-1291. 10.1056/NEJM199605163342002.CrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Grigor C, Capell H, Stirling A, McMahon AD, Lock P, Vallance R, Kincaid W, Porter D: Effect of a treatment strategy of tight control for rheumatoid arthritis (the TICORA study): a single-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004, 364: 264-269. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16676-2.CrossRef Grigor C, Capell H, Stirling A, McMahon AD, Lock P, Vallance R, Kincaid W, Porter D: Effect of a treatment strategy of tight control for rheumatoid arthritis (the TICORA study): a single-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004, 364: 264-269. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16676-2.CrossRef
60.
go back to reference Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, van Zeben D, Kerstens PJ, Hazes JM, Zwinderman AH, Ronday HK, Han KH, Westedt ML, Gerards AH, van Groenendael JH, Lems WF, van Krugten MV, Breedveld FC, Dijkmans BA: Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study): a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 3381-3390. 10.1002/art.21405.CrossRefPubMed Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, van Zeben D, Kerstens PJ, Hazes JM, Zwinderman AH, Ronday HK, Han KH, Westedt ML, Gerards AH, van Groenendael JH, Lems WF, van Krugten MV, Breedveld FC, Dijkmans BA: Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study): a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 3381-3390. 10.1002/art.21405.CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Strand V: Are COX-2 inhibitors preferable to non-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with risk of cardiovascular events taking low-dose aspirin?. Lancet. 2007, 370: 2138-21351. 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61909-6.CrossRefPubMed Strand V: Are COX-2 inhibitors preferable to non-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with risk of cardiovascular events taking low-dose aspirin?. Lancet. 2007, 370: 2138-21351. 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61909-6.CrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference Goldkind L, Laine L: A systematic review of NSAIDs withdrawn from the market due to hepatotoxicity: lessons learned from the bromfenac experience. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2006, 15: 213-220. 10.1002/pds.1207.CrossRefPubMed Goldkind L, Laine L: A systematic review of NSAIDs withdrawn from the market due to hepatotoxicity: lessons learned from the bromfenac experience. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2006, 15: 213-220. 10.1002/pds.1207.CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Setoguchi S, Schneeweiss S, Avorn J, Katz JN, Weinblatt ME, Levin R, Solomon DH: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist use and heart failure in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Am Heart J. 2008, 156: 336-341. 10.1016/j.ahj.2008.02.025.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Setoguchi S, Schneeweiss S, Avorn J, Katz JN, Weinblatt ME, Levin R, Solomon DH: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist use and heart failure in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Am Heart J. 2008, 156: 336-341. 10.1016/j.ahj.2008.02.025.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Mohan N, Edwards ET, Cupps TR, Oliverio PJ, Sandberg G, Crayton H: Demyelination occurring during anti TNF therapy for inflammatory arthritides. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44: 2862-2869. 10.1002/1529-0131(200112)44:12<2862::AID-ART474>3.0.CO;2-W.CrossRefPubMed Mohan N, Edwards ET, Cupps TR, Oliverio PJ, Sandberg G, Crayton H: Demyelination occurring during anti TNF therapy for inflammatory arthritides. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44: 2862-2869. 10.1002/1529-0131(200112)44:12<2862::AID-ART474>3.0.CO;2-W.CrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Robinson WH, Genovese MC, Moreland LW: Demyelinating and neurological events reported in association with TNFa antagonism. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44: 1977-1983. 10.1002/1529-0131(200109)44:9<1977::AID-ART345>3.0.CO;2-6.CrossRefPubMed Robinson WH, Genovese MC, Moreland LW: Demyelinating and neurological events reported in association with TNFa antagonism. Arthritis Rheum. 2001, 44: 1977-1983. 10.1002/1529-0131(200109)44:9<1977::AID-ART345>3.0.CO;2-6.CrossRefPubMed
67.
go back to reference Wolfe F, Michaud K: Heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis: rates, predictors, and the effect of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Am J Med. 2004, 116: 305-311. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.09.039.CrossRefPubMed Wolfe F, Michaud K: Heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis: rates, predictors, and the effect of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Am J Med. 2004, 116: 305-311. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.09.039.CrossRefPubMed
68.
go back to reference Stone JH, Holbrook JT, Marriott MA, Tibbs AK, Sejismundo LP, Min YI, Specks U, Merkel PA, Spiera R, Davis JC, St Clair EW, McCune WJ, Ytterberg SR, Allen NB, Hoffman GS, Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial Research Group: Solid malignancies among patients in the Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 1608-1618. 10.1002/art.21869.CrossRefPubMed Stone JH, Holbrook JT, Marriott MA, Tibbs AK, Sejismundo LP, Min YI, Specks U, Merkel PA, Spiera R, Davis JC, St Clair EW, McCune WJ, Ytterberg SR, Allen NB, Hoffman GS, Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial Research Group: Solid malignancies among patients in the Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 1608-1618. 10.1002/art.21869.CrossRefPubMed
69.
go back to reference Bongartz T, Sutton AJ, Sweeting MJ, Buchan I, Matteson EL, Montori V: Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2006, 295: 2275-2285. 10.1001/jama.295.19.2275.CrossRefPubMed Bongartz T, Sutton AJ, Sweeting MJ, Buchan I, Matteson EL, Montori V: Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2006, 295: 2275-2285. 10.1001/jama.295.19.2275.CrossRefPubMed
70.
go back to reference Wolfe F, Michaud K: Biologic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of malignancy: analyses from a large US observational study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 2886-2895. 10.1002/art.22864.CrossRefPubMed Wolfe F, Michaud K: Biologic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of malignancy: analyses from a large US observational study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 2886-2895. 10.1002/art.22864.CrossRefPubMed
71.
go back to reference Van Assche G, Van Ranst M, Sciot R, Dubois B, Vermeire S, Noman M, Verbeeck J, Geboes K, Robberecht W, Rutgeerts P: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 2005, 353: 362-368. 10.1056/NEJMoa051586.CrossRefPubMed Van Assche G, Van Ranst M, Sciot R, Dubois B, Vermeire S, Noman M, Verbeeck J, Geboes K, Robberecht W, Rutgeerts P: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 2005, 353: 362-368. 10.1056/NEJMoa051586.CrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Kappos L, Bates D, Hartung HP, Havrdova E, Miller D, Polman CH: Natalizumab treatment for multiple sclerosis: recommendations for patient selection and monitoring. Lancet Neurol. 2007, 6: 431-441. 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70078-9.CrossRefPubMed Kappos L, Bates D, Hartung HP, Havrdova E, Miller D, Polman CH: Natalizumab treatment for multiple sclerosis: recommendations for patient selection and monitoring. Lancet Neurol. 2007, 6: 431-441. 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70078-9.CrossRefPubMed
74.
go back to reference Haagsma CJ, van Riel PL, de Jong AJ, Putte van de LB: Combination of sulphasalazine and methotrexate versus the single components in early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, controlled, double-blind, 52 week clinical trial. Br J Rheumatol. 1997, 36: 1082-1088. 10.1093/rheumatology/36.10.1082.CrossRefPubMed Haagsma CJ, van Riel PL, de Jong AJ, Putte van de LB: Combination of sulphasalazine and methotrexate versus the single components in early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, controlled, double-blind, 52 week clinical trial. Br J Rheumatol. 1997, 36: 1082-1088. 10.1093/rheumatology/36.10.1082.CrossRefPubMed
75.
go back to reference Genovese MC, Bathon JM, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, Tesser JR, Schiff MH, Keystone EC, Wasko MC, Moreland LW, Weaver AL, Markenson J, Cannon GW, Spencer-Green G, Finck BK: Etanercept versus methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: two-year radiographic and clinical outcomes. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 1443-1450. 10.1002/art.10308.CrossRefPubMed Genovese MC, Bathon JM, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, Tesser JR, Schiff MH, Keystone EC, Wasko MC, Moreland LW, Weaver AL, Markenson J, Cannon GW, Spencer-Green G, Finck BK: Etanercept versus methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: two-year radiographic and clinical outcomes. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46: 1443-1450. 10.1002/art.10308.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Randomized controlled trial design in rheumatoid arthritis: the past decade
Authors
Vibeke Strand
Jeremy Sokolove
Publication date
01-02-2009
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Arthritis Research & Therapy / Issue 1/2009
Electronic ISSN: 1478-6362
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/ar2555

Other articles of this Issue 1/2009

Arthritis Research & Therapy 1/2009 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.