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Open Access 10-05-2022 | Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | Review

The intestinal and biliary microbiome in autoimmune liver disease—current evidence and concepts

Authors: Timur Liwinski, Melina Heinemann, Christoph Schramm

Published in: Seminars in Immunopathology | Issue 4/2022

Abstract

Autoimmune liver diseases are a group of immune-mediated liver diseases with three distinct entities, including autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. The interplay of genetic and environmental factors leads to the breakdown of self-tolerance, resulting in hyper-responsiveness, and auto-aggressive immune activation. Emerging evidence links autoimmune liver diseases with alterations of the commensal microbiome configuration and aberrant immune system activation by microbial signals, mainly via the gut-liver axis. Thus, the microbiome is a new frontier to deepen the pathogenetic understanding, uncover biomarkers, and inspire innovative treatments. Herein, we review the current evidence on the role of the microbiome in autoimmune liver diseases from both clinical and basic research. We highlight recent achievements and also bottlenecks and limitations. Moreover, we give an outlook on future developments and potential for clinical applications.

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Title: The intestinal and biliary microbiome in autoimmune liver disease—current evidence and concepts
Authors: Timur Liwinski
Melina Heinemann
Christoph Schramm
Publication date: 10-05-2022
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Keywords: Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Clostridium
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Respiratory Microbiota
Primary Biliary Cholangitis
Published in: Seminars in Immunopathology / Issue 4/2022
Print ISSN: 1863-2297
Electronic ISSN: 1863-2300
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-022-00936-6

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