Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Critical Care 1/2017

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Review

Pearls and pitfalls in comprehensive critical care echocardiography

Authors: Sam Orde, Michel Slama, Andrew Hilton, Konstantin Yastrebov, Anthony McLean

Published in: Critical Care | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Critical care echocardiography is developing rapidly with an increasing number of specialists now performing comprehensive studies using Doppler and other advanced techniques. However, this imaging can be challenging, interpretation is far from simple in the complex critically ill patient and mistakes can be easy to make. We aim to address clinically relevant areas where potential errors may occur and suggest methods to hopefully improve accuracy of imaging and interpretation.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Pulido JN, Afessa B, Masaki M, Yuasa T, Gillespie S, Herasevich V, et al. Clinical spectrum, frequency, and significance of myocardial dysfunction in severe sepsis and septic shock. JMCP. 2012;87:620–8. Pulido JN, Afessa B, Masaki M, Yuasa T, Gillespie S, Herasevich V, et al. Clinical spectrum, frequency, and significance of myocardial dysfunction in severe sepsis and septic shock. JMCP. 2012;87:620–8.
3.
go back to reference Vieillard-Baron A, Schmitt JM, Augarde R, Fellahi JL, Prin S, Page B, et al. Acute cor pulmonale in acute respiratory distress syndrome submitted to protective ventilation: incidence, clinical implications, and prognosis. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:1551–5.CrossRefPubMed Vieillard-Baron A, Schmitt JM, Augarde R, Fellahi JL, Prin S, Page B, et al. Acute cor pulmonale in acute respiratory distress syndrome submitted to protective ventilation: incidence, clinical implications, and prognosis. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:1551–5.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Vieillard-Baron A. Assessment of right ventricular function. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2009;15:254–60.CrossRefPubMed Vieillard-Baron A. Assessment of right ventricular function. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2009;15:254–60.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Quiñones MA, Otto CM, Stoddard M, Waggoner A, Zoghbi WA. Doppler quantification task force of the nomenclature and standards committee of the American society of echocardiography. Recommendations for quantification of Doppler echocardiography: a report from the Doppler quantification task force of the nomenclature and standards committee of the American society of echocardiography. JASE. 2002;15(2):167–84. Quiñones MA, Otto CM, Stoddard M, Waggoner A, Zoghbi WA. Doppler quantification task force of the nomenclature and standards committee of the American society of echocardiography. Recommendations for quantification of Doppler echocardiography: a report from the Doppler quantification task force of the nomenclature and standards committee of the American society of echocardiography. JASE. 2002;15(2):167–84.
6.
go back to reference Maizel J, Airapetian N, Lorne E, Tribouilloy C, Massy Z, Slama M. Diagnosis of central hypovolemia by using passive leg raising. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:1133–8.CrossRefPubMed Maizel J, Airapetian N, Lorne E, Tribouilloy C, Massy Z, Slama M. Diagnosis of central hypovolemia by using passive leg raising. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:1133–8.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Cavallaro F, Sandroni C, Marano C, La Torre G, Mannocci A, De Waure C, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of passive leg raising for prediction of fluid responsiveness in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:1475–83.CrossRefPubMed Cavallaro F, Sandroni C, Marano C, La Torre G, Mannocci A, De Waure C, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of passive leg raising for prediction of fluid responsiveness in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:1475–83.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Cherpanath TGV, Hirsch A, Geerts BF, Lagrand WK, Leeflang MM, Schultz MJ, et al. Predicting fluid responsiveness by passive leg raising: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 23 clinical trials. Crit Care Med. 2016;44:981–91.CrossRefPubMed Cherpanath TGV, Hirsch A, Geerts BF, Lagrand WK, Leeflang MM, Schultz MJ, et al. Predicting fluid responsiveness by passive leg raising: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 23 clinical trials. Crit Care Med. 2016;44:981–91.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Monnet X, Rienzo M, Osman D, Anguel N, Richard C, Pinsky MR, et al. Passive leg raising predicts fluid responsiveness in the critically ill. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:1402–7.CrossRefPubMed Monnet X, Rienzo M, Osman D, Anguel N, Richard C, Pinsky MR, et al. Passive leg raising predicts fluid responsiveness in the critically ill. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:1402–7.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Jabot J, Teboul J-L, Richard C, Monnet X. Passive leg raising for predicting fluid responsiveness: importance of the postural change. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35:85–90.CrossRefPubMed Jabot J, Teboul J-L, Richard C, Monnet X. Passive leg raising for predicting fluid responsiveness: importance of the postural change. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35:85–90.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Monnet X, Teboul J-L. Passive leg raising: five rules, not a drop of fluid! Crit Care. 2015;19:1–3.CrossRef Monnet X, Teboul J-L. Passive leg raising: five rules, not a drop of fluid! Crit Care. 2015;19:1–3.CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Feissel M. Respiratory changes in aortic blood velocity as an indicator of fluid responsiveness in ventilated patients with septic shock. Chest. 2001;119:867–73.CrossRefPubMed Feissel M. Respiratory changes in aortic blood velocity as an indicator of fluid responsiveness in ventilated patients with septic shock. Chest. 2001;119:867–73.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Mahjoub Y, Touzeau J, Airapetian N, Lorne E, Hijazi M, Zogheib E, et al. The passive leg-raising maneuver cannot accurately predict fluid responsiveness in patients with intra-abdominal hypertension. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:1824–9.CrossRefPubMed Mahjoub Y, Touzeau J, Airapetian N, Lorne E, Hijazi M, Zogheib E, et al. The passive leg-raising maneuver cannot accurately predict fluid responsiveness in patients with intra-abdominal hypertension. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:1824–9.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Kim N, Shim JK, Choi HG, Kim MK, Kim JY, Kwak YL. Comparison of positive end-expiratory pressure-induced increase in central venous pressure and passive leg raising to predict fluid responsiveness in patients with atrial fibrillation. Br J Anaesth. 2016;116:350–6.CrossRefPubMed Kim N, Shim JK, Choi HG, Kim MK, Kim JY, Kwak YL. Comparison of positive end-expiratory pressure-induced increase in central venous pressure and passive leg raising to predict fluid responsiveness in patients with atrial fibrillation. Br J Anaesth. 2016;116:350–6.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Yastrebov K, Manganas C, Kapalli T, Pava A. Ejection fraction - A number to be interpreted with caution! Australas J Ultrasound Med. 2016;19:71–4.CrossRef Yastrebov K, Manganas C, Kapalli T, Pava A. Ejection fraction - A number to be interpreted with caution! Australas J Ultrasound Med. 2016;19:71–4.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Lancellotti P, Price S, Edvardsen T, Cosyns B, Neskovic AN, Dulgheru R, Flachskampf FA, Hassager C, Pasquet A, Gargani L, Galderisi M, Cardim N, Haugaa KH, Ancion A, Zamorano JL, Donal E, Bueno H, Habib G. The use of echocardiography in acute cardiovascular care: recommendations of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(2):119–46. Lancellotti P, Price S, Edvardsen T, Cosyns B, Neskovic AN, Dulgheru R, Flachskampf FA, Hassager C, Pasquet A, Gargani L, Galderisi M, Cardim N, Haugaa KH, Ancion A, Zamorano JL, Donal E, Bueno H, Habib G. The use of echocardiography in acute cardiovascular care: recommendations of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(2):119–46.
18.
go back to reference Timmis SB, Kirsh MM, Montgomery DG, Starling MR. Evaluation of left ventricular ejection fraction as a measure of pump performance in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2000;49:290–6.CrossRefPubMed Timmis SB, Kirsh MM, Montgomery DG, Starling MR. Evaluation of left ventricular ejection fraction as a measure of pump performance in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2000;49:290–6.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Magne J, Pibarot P. Left ventricular systolic function in ischemic mitral regurgitation: time to look beyond ejection fraction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26:1130–4.CrossRefPubMed Magne J, Pibarot P. Left ventricular systolic function in ischemic mitral regurgitation: time to look beyond ejection fraction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26:1130–4.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Gardner BI, Bingham SE, Allen MR, Blatter DD, Anderson JL. Cardiac magnetic resonance versus transthoracic echocardiography for the assessment of cardiac volumes and regional function after myocardial infarction: an intrasubject comparison using simultaneous intrasubject recordings. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2009;7:29–7. 5 ed.CrossRef Gardner BI, Bingham SE, Allen MR, Blatter DD, Anderson JL. Cardiac magnetic resonance versus transthoracic echocardiography for the assessment of cardiac volumes and regional function after myocardial infarction: an intrasubject comparison using simultaneous intrasubject recordings. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2009;7:29–7. 5 ed.CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Sengupta PP, Krishnamoorthy VK, Korinek J, Narula J, Vannan MA, Lester SJ, et al. Left ventricular form and function revisited: applied translational science to cardiovascular ultrasound imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007;20:539–51.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sengupta PP, Krishnamoorthy VK, Korinek J, Narula J, Vannan MA, Lester SJ, et al. Left ventricular form and function revisited: applied translational science to cardiovascular ultrasound imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007;20:539–51.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
23.
go back to reference Bloechlinger S, Berger D, Bryner J, Wiegand J, Dünser MW, Takala J. Left ventricular torsion abnormalities in septic shock and corrective effect of volume loading: a pilot study. Can J Cardiol. 2013;29:1665–71.CrossRefPubMed Bloechlinger S, Berger D, Bryner J, Wiegand J, Dünser MW, Takala J. Left ventricular torsion abnormalities in septic shock and corrective effect of volume loading: a pilot study. Can J Cardiol. 2013;29:1665–71.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Sanfilippo F, Corredor C, Fletcher N, Landesberg G, Benedetto U, Foex P, et al. Diastolic dysfunction and mortality in septic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41:1004–13.CrossRefPubMed Sanfilippo F, Corredor C, Fletcher N, Landesberg G, Benedetto U, Foex P, et al. Diastolic dysfunction and mortality in septic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41:1004–13.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29:277–314.CrossRefPubMed Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29:277–314.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Vieillard-Baron A, Caille V, Charron C, Belliard G, Page B, Jardin F. Actual incidence of global left ventricular hypokinesia in adult septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:1701–6.CrossRefPubMed Vieillard-Baron A, Caille V, Charron C, Belliard G, Page B, Jardin F. Actual incidence of global left ventricular hypokinesia in adult septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:1701–6.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Mahjoub Y, Benoit-Fallet H, Airapetian N, Lorne E, Levrard M, Seydi A-A, et al. Improvement of left ventricular relaxation as assessed by tissue Doppler imaging in fluid-responsive critically ill septic patients. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:1461–70.CrossRefPubMed Mahjoub Y, Benoit-Fallet H, Airapetian N, Lorne E, Levrard M, Seydi A-A, et al. Improvement of left ventricular relaxation as assessed by tissue Doppler imaging in fluid-responsive critically ill septic patients. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:1461–70.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Lanspa MJ, Gutsche AR, Wilson EL, Olsen TD, Hirshberg EL, Knox DB, et al. Application of a simplified definition of diastolic function in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care. 2016;20:243.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lanspa MJ, Gutsche AR, Wilson EL, Olsen TD, Hirshberg EL, Knox DB, et al. Application of a simplified definition of diastolic function in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care. 2016;20:243.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
go back to reference de Meirelles Almeida CA, Nedel WL, Morais VD, Boniatti MM, de Almeida-Filho OC. Diastolic dysfunction as a predictor of weaning failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crit Care. 2016;34:135–41.CrossRefPubMed de Meirelles Almeida CA, Nedel WL, Morais VD, Boniatti MM, de Almeida-Filho OC. Diastolic dysfunction as a predictor of weaning failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crit Care. 2016;34:135–41.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Combes A, Arnoult F, Trouillet J-L. Tissue Doppler imaging estimation of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure in ICU patients. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:75–81.CrossRefPubMed Combes A, Arnoult F, Trouillet J-L. Tissue Doppler imaging estimation of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure in ICU patients. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:75–81.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Mekontso Dessap A, Boissier F, Charron C, Bégot E, Repessé X, Legras A, et al. Acute cor pulmonale during protective ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: prevalence, predictors, and clinical impact. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42:862–70.CrossRefPubMed Mekontso Dessap A, Boissier F, Charron C, Bégot E, Repessé X, Legras A, et al. Acute cor pulmonale during protective ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: prevalence, predictors, and clinical impact. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42:862–70.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Boissier F, Katsahian S, Razazi K, Thille AW, Roche-Campo F, Leon R, et al. Prevalence and prognosis of cor pulmonale during protective ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:1725–33.CrossRefPubMed Boissier F, Katsahian S, Razazi K, Thille AW, Roche-Campo F, Leon R, et al. Prevalence and prognosis of cor pulmonale during protective ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:1725–33.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Fichet J, Moreau L, Genée O, Legras A, Mercier E, Garot D, et al. Feasibility of right ventricular longitudinal systolic function evaluation with transthoracic echocardiographic indices derived from tricuspid annular motion: a preliminary study in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Echocardiography. 2012;29:513–21.CrossRefPubMed Fichet J, Moreau L, Genée O, Legras A, Mercier E, Garot D, et al. Feasibility of right ventricular longitudinal systolic function evaluation with transthoracic echocardiographic indices derived from tricuspid annular motion: a preliminary study in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Echocardiography. 2012;29:513–21.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Lamia B, Teboul J-L, Monnet X, Richard C, Chemla D. Relationship between the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and right and left ventricular function in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:2143–9.CrossRefPubMed Lamia B, Teboul J-L, Monnet X, Richard C, Chemla D. Relationship between the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and right and left ventricular function in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:2143–9.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Nanda NC, Gramiak R, Robinson TI, Shah PM. Echocardiographic evaluation of pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 1974;50:575–81.CrossRefPubMed Nanda NC, Gramiak R, Robinson TI, Shah PM. Echocardiographic evaluation of pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 1974;50:575–81.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Ginghină C, Muraru D, Vlădaia A, Jurcut R, Popescu BA, Călin A, et al. Doppler flow patterns in the evaluation of pulmonary hypertension. Rom J Intern Med. 2009;47:109–21.PubMed Ginghină C, Muraru D, Vlădaia A, Jurcut R, Popescu BA, Călin A, et al. Doppler flow patterns in the evaluation of pulmonary hypertension. Rom J Intern Med. 2009;47:109–21.PubMed
37.
go back to reference Kerut EK. The mitral L-wave: a relatively common but ignored useful finding. Echocardiography. 2008;25:548–50.CrossRefPubMed Kerut EK. The mitral L-wave: a relatively common but ignored useful finding. Echocardiography. 2008;25:548–50.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Lam CSP, Han L, Ha J-W, Oh JK, Ling LH. The mitral L wave: A marker of pseudonormal filling and predictor of heart failure in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005;18:336–41.CrossRefPubMed Lam CSP, Han L, Ha J-W, Oh JK, Ling LH. The mitral L wave: A marker of pseudonormal filling and predictor of heart failure in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005;18:336–41.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Braunwald E, Lambrew CT, Rockoff SD, Ross J, Morrow AG. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. I. A description of the disease based upon an analysis of 64 patients. Circulation. 1964;30(suppl4):3–119. Braunwald E, Lambrew CT, Rockoff SD, Ross J, Morrow AG. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. I. A description of the disease based upon an analysis of 64 patients. Circulation. 1964;30(suppl4):3–119.
40.
go back to reference Panza JA, Maris TJ, Maron BJ. Development and determinants of dynamic obstruction to left ventricular outflow in young patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1992;85:1398–405.CrossRefPubMed Panza JA, Maris TJ, Maron BJ. Development and determinants of dynamic obstruction to left ventricular outflow in young patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1992;85:1398–405.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Chauvet J-L, El-Dash S, Delastre O, Bouffandeau B, Jusserand D, Michot J-B, et al. Early dynamic left intraventricular obstruction is associated with hypovolemia and high mortality in septic shock patients. Crit Care. 2015;19:262.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Chauvet J-L, El-Dash S, Delastre O, Bouffandeau B, Jusserand D, Michot J-B, et al. Early dynamic left intraventricular obstruction is associated with hypovolemia and high mortality in septic shock patients. Crit Care. 2015;19:262.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
42.
go back to reference Slama M, Tribouilloy C, Maizel J. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in ICU patients. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2016;22:260–6.CrossRefPubMed Slama M, Tribouilloy C, Maizel J. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in ICU patients. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2016;22:260–6.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Caselli S, Martino A, Genuini I, Santini D, Carbone I, Agati L, et al. Pathophysiology of dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in a critically ill patient. Echocardiography. 2010;27:E122–4.CrossRefPubMed Caselli S, Martino A, Genuini I, Santini D, Carbone I, Agati L, et al. Pathophysiology of dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in a critically ill patient. Echocardiography. 2010;27:E122–4.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Evans JS, Huang SJ, McLean AS, Nalos M. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction-be prepared! Anaesth Intensive Care. 2017;45:12–20.PubMed Evans JS, Huang SJ, McLean AS, Nalos M. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction-be prepared! Anaesth Intensive Care. 2017;45:12–20.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Di Segni E, Preisman S, Ohad DG, Battier A, Boyko V, Kaplinsky E, et al. Echocardiographic left ventricular remodeling and pseudohypertrophy as markers of hypovolemia. An experimental study on bleeding and volume repletion. JASE. 1997;10:926–36. Di Segni E, Preisman S, Ohad DG, Battier A, Boyko V, Kaplinsky E, et al. Echocardiographic left ventricular remodeling and pseudohypertrophy as markers of hypovolemia. An experimental study on bleeding and volume repletion. JASE. 1997;10:926–36.
46.
go back to reference Chockalingam A, Dellsperger KC. Isolated dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction can cause hypotension that rapidly responds to intravenous beta blockade. Am J Ther. 2011;18:e172–6.CrossRefPubMed Chockalingam A, Dellsperger KC. Isolated dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction can cause hypotension that rapidly responds to intravenous beta blockade. Am J Ther. 2011;18:e172–6.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Tribouilloy C, Avinée P, Shen WF, Rey JL, Slama M, Lesbre JP. End diastolic flow velocity just beneath the aortic isthmus assessed by pulsed Doppler echocardiography: a new predictor of the aortic regurgitant fraction. Br Heart J. 1991;65:37–40.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Tribouilloy C, Avinée P, Shen WF, Rey JL, Slama M, Lesbre JP. End diastolic flow velocity just beneath the aortic isthmus assessed by pulsed Doppler echocardiography: a new predictor of the aortic regurgitant fraction. Br Heart J. 1991;65:37–40.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
48.
go back to reference Levy BI, Payen DM, Tedgui A, Xhaard M, McIlroy MB. Non-invasive ultrasonic cardiac output measurement in intensive care unit. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1985;11:841–9.CrossRefPubMed Levy BI, Payen DM, Tedgui A, Xhaard M, McIlroy MB. Non-invasive ultrasonic cardiac output measurement in intensive care unit. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1985;11:841–9.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Alavi-Moghaddam M, Kabir A, Shojaee M, Manouchehrifar M, Moghimi M. Ultrasonography of inferior vena cava to determine central venous pressure: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Acta Radiol 2017;58(5):537–41. Alavi-Moghaddam M, Kabir A, Shojaee M, Manouchehrifar M, Moghimi M. Ultrasonography of inferior vena cava to determine central venous pressure: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Acta Radiol 2017;58(5):537–41.
50.
go back to reference Via G, Tavazzi G, Price S. Ten situations where inferior vena cava ultrasound may fail to accurately predict fluid responsiveness: a physiologically based point of view. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42:1164–67. Via G, Tavazzi G, Price S. Ten situations where inferior vena cava ultrasound may fail to accurately predict fluid responsiveness: a physiologically based point of view. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42:1164–67.
51.
go back to reference Jue J, Chung W, Schiller NB. Does inferior vena cava size predict right atrial pressures in patients receiving mechanical ventilation? J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1992;5:613–9.CrossRefPubMed Jue J, Chung W, Schiller NB. Does inferior vena cava size predict right atrial pressures in patients receiving mechanical ventilation? J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1992;5:613–9.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Beigel R, Cercek B, Luo H, Siegel RJ. Noninvasive evaluation of right atrial pressure. JASE. 2013;26:1033–42. Beigel R, Cercek B, Luo H, Siegel RJ. Noninvasive evaluation of right atrial pressure. JASE. 2013;26:1033–42.
53.
go back to reference Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28:1–39. e14.CrossRefPubMed Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28:1–39. e14.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Pearls and pitfalls in comprehensive critical care echocardiography
Authors
Sam Orde
Michel Slama
Andrew Hilton
Konstantin Yastrebov
Anthony McLean
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Critical Care / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 1364-8535
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-017-1866-z

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

Critical Care 1/2017 Go to the issue