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BMC Endocrine Disorders
Published in: BMC Endocrine Disorders 1/2021

Open Access 01-12-2021 | Naloxone | Research article

Effects of naloxone and diazepam on blood glucose levels in tramadol overdose using generalized estimating equation (GEE) model; (an experimental study)

Authors: Samaneh Nakhaee, Khadijeh Farrokhfall, Ebrahim Miri-Moghaddam, Masoumeh Askari, Alireza Amirabadizadeh, Mohsen Foadoddini, Omid Mehrpour

Published in: BMC Endocrine Disorders | Issue 1/2021

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Abstract

Background

Tramadol is a synthetic opioid and poisoning is increasing around the world day by day. Various treatments are applied for tramadol poisoning. Due to the unknown effects of tramadol poisoning and some of its treatments on blood glucose levels, this study was conducted to investigate the overdose of tramadol and its common treatments (naloxone, diazepam), and their combination on blood glucose levels in male rats.

Methods

This study was conducted in 45 male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into five groups of 9. They received a 75 mg/kg dose of tramadol alone with naloxone, diazepam, and a combination of both of these two drugs. On the last day, animals’ tail vein blood glucose levels (BGL) were measured using a glucometer at different times, including before the tramadol injection (baseline) and 1 hour, 3 hours, and 6 hours after wards. The rats were anesthetized and sacrificed 24 h after the last injection. Blood samples were then taken, and the serum obtained was used to verify the fasting glucose concentration. Data were analyzed using SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05 using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a generalized estimating equation (GEE).

Results

According to the GEE model results, the diazepam-tramadol and naloxone-diazepam-tramadol groups showed blood glucose levels five units higher than the tramadol group (p < 0.05). The diazepam-tramadol group had significantly higher blood glucose levels than the naloxone-tramadol group (p < 0.05). The mean blood glucose levels before the intervention, 3 hours and 6 hours after the injection of tramadol did not differ between the groups, but the blood glucose levels 1 hour after the injection of tramadol in the group of naloxone-tramadol were significantly lower than in the control group (p < 0.05). Blood glucose levels did not differ between the groups 24 h after injection of tramadol.

Conclusion

The results of the present study showed tramadol overdose does not affect blood glucose levels. The diazepam-tramadol combination and the diazepam-naloxone-tramadol combination caused an increase in blood glucose levels.
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Metadata
Title
Effects of naloxone and diazepam on blood glucose levels in tramadol overdose using generalized estimating equation (GEE) model; (an experimental study)
Authors
Samaneh Nakhaee
Khadijeh Farrokhfall
Ebrahim Miri-Moghaddam
Masoumeh Askari
Alireza Amirabadizadeh
Mohsen Foadoddini
Omid Mehrpour
Publication date
01-12-2021
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Endocrine Disorders / Issue 1/2021
Electronic ISSN: 1472-6823
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-021-00847-x

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