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Open Access 01-12-2020 | Multiple Sclerosis | Research

The glycosyltransferase EXTL2 promotes proteoglycan deposition and injurious neuroinflammation following demyelination

Authors: Annie Pu, Manoj K. Mishra, Yifei Dong, Samira Ghorbanigazar, Erin L. Stephenson, Khalil S. Rawji, Claudia Silva, Hiroshi Kitagawa, Stephen Sawcer, V. Wee Yong

Published in: Journal of Neuroinflammation | Issue 1/2020

Abstract

Background

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are potent inhibitors of axonal regrowth and remyelination. More recently, they have also been highlighted as a modulator of macrophage infiltration into the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an inflammatory model of multiple sclerosis.

Methods

We interrogated results from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) lying in or close to genes regulating CSPG metabolism in the summary results from two publicly available systematic studies of multiple sclerosis (MS) genetics. A demyelinating injury model in the spinal cord of exostosin-like 2 deficient (EXTL2^-/-) mice was used to investigate the effects of dysregulation of EXTL2 on remyelination. Cell cultures of bone marrow-derived macrophages and primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neurons were supplemented with purified CSPGs or conditioned media to assess potential mechanisms of action.

Results

The strongest evidence for genetic association was seen for SNPs mapping to the region containing the glycosyltransferase exostosin-like 2 (EXTL2), an enzyme that normally suppresses CSPG biosynthesis. Six of these SNPs showed genome-wide significant evidence for association in one of the studies with concordant and nominally significant effects in the second study. We then went on to show that a demyelinating injury to the spinal cord of EXTL2^−/− mice resulted in excessive deposition of CSPGs in the lesion area. EXTL2^−/− mice had exacerbated axonal damage and myelin disruption relative to wild-type mice, and increased representation of microglia/macrophages within lesions. In tissue culture, activated bone marrow-derived macrophages from EXTL2^−/− mice overproduce tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Conclusions

These results emphasize CSPGs as a prominent modulator of neuroinflammation and they highlight CSPGs accumulating in lesions in promoting axonal injury.

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Title: The glycosyltransferase EXTL2 promotes proteoglycan deposition and injurious neuroinflammation following demyelination
Authors: Annie Pu
Manoj K. Mishra
Yifei Dong
Samira Ghorbanigazar
Erin L. Stephenson
Khalil S. Rawji
Claudia Silva
Hiroshi Kitagawa
Stephen Sawcer
V. Wee Yong
Publication date: 01-12-2020
Publisher: BioMed Central
Keyword: Multiple Sclerosis
Published in: Journal of Neuroinflammation / Issue 1/2020
Electronic ISSN: 1742-2094
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-020-01895-1

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Springer Medicine

The glycosyltransferase EXTL2 promotes proteoglycan deposition and injurious neuroinflammation following demyelination

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

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