Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 12/2016

01-12-2016 | Food Allergy (T Green, Section Editor)

Lupin and Other Potentially Cross-Reactive Allergens in Peanut Allergy

Authors: Maurizio Mennini, Lamia Dahdah, Oscar Mazzina, Alessandro Fiocchi

Published in: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports | Issue 12/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The presence of IgE cross-reactivity between peanut allergens and allergens from other legumes and tree nuts has been demonstrated, but the identification of the involved individual allergens is still limited. The aim of this review is to describe new allergenic findings, of potential relevance for cross-reactivity among peanut and lupin.

Recent Findings

Seventeen allergens of peanut have been included in the official allergen nomenclature database to date. Lupin sensitization has been observed in 15–20% of individuals with known peanut allergy, The majority of lupin seed proteins are comprised of α-conglutins (legumin-like) and β-conglutins (vicilin-like), and to a lesser extent γ-conglutins (vicilin-like) and δ-conglutins (2S albumins).

Summary

Several molecules may fuel peanut-lupin cross-reactivity. Awareness among physicians and general public could avoid unexpected allergic reactions. However, these do not appear frequent and no data suggest a precautionary labelling of lupin in foods.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Muraro A, Werfel T, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Roberts G, Beyer K, EAACI Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Guidelines Group, et al. EAACI food allergy and anaphylaxis guidelines: diagnosis and management of food allergy. Allergy. 2014;69:1008–25.CrossRefPubMed Muraro A, Werfel T, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Roberts G, Beyer K, EAACI Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Guidelines Group, et al. EAACI food allergy and anaphylaxis guidelines: diagnosis and management of food allergy. Allergy. 2014;69:1008–25.CrossRefPubMed
2.
3.
go back to reference Branum AM, Lukacs SL. Food allergy among U.S. children: trends in prevalence and hospitalizations. NCHS Data Brief; 2008. p. 1–8. Branum AM, Lukacs SL. Food allergy among U.S. children: trends in prevalence and hospitalizations. NCHS Data Brief; 2008. p. 1–8.
4.
go back to reference Osborne NJ, Koplin JJ, Martin PE, Gurrin LC, Lowe AJ, Matheson MC, et al. Prevalence of challenge-proven IgE-mediated food allergy using population-based sampling and predetermined challenge criteria in infants. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:668–76.CrossRefPubMed Osborne NJ, Koplin JJ, Martin PE, Gurrin LC, Lowe AJ, Matheson MC, et al. Prevalence of challenge-proven IgE-mediated food allergy using population-based sampling and predetermined challenge criteria in infants. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:668–76.CrossRefPubMed
5.
6.
go back to reference Prescott S, Allen KJ. Food allergy: riding the second wave of the allergy epidemic. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011;22:155–60.CrossRefPubMed Prescott S, Allen KJ. Food allergy: riding the second wave of the allergy epidemic. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011;22:155–60.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Perkin MR, Logan K, Tseng A, Raji B, Ayis S, Peacock J, et al. Randomized trial of introduction of allergenic foods in breast-fed infants. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:1733–43.CrossRefPubMed Perkin MR, Logan K, Tseng A, Raji B, Ayis S, Peacock J, et al. Randomized trial of introduction of allergenic foods in breast-fed infants. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:1733–43.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Xepapadaki P, Fiocchi A, Grabenhenrich L, Roberts G, Grimshaw KE, Fiandor A, et al. Incidence and natural history of hen’s egg allergy in the first 2 years of life—the EuroPrevall birth cohort study. Allergy. 2016;71:350–7.CrossRefPubMed Xepapadaki P, Fiocchi A, Grabenhenrich L, Roberts G, Grimshaw KE, Fiandor A, et al. Incidence and natural history of hen’s egg allergy in the first 2 years of life—the EuroPrevall birth cohort study. Allergy. 2016;71:350–7.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Ferreira F, Hawranek T, Gruber P, Wopfner N, Mari A. Allergic cross-reactivity: from gene to the clinic. Allergy. 2004;59:243–67.CrossRefPubMed Ferreira F, Hawranek T, Gruber P, Wopfner N, Mari A. Allergic cross-reactivity: from gene to the clinic. Allergy. 2004;59:243–67.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference • Canonica GW, Ansotegui IJ, Pawankar R, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, van Hage M, Baena-Cagnani CE, et al. A WAO-ARIA-GA2LEN consensus document on molecular-based allergy diagnostics. World Allergy Organ J. 2013;6:17. The official consensus of the World Allergy Organization emphasizes the role of molecular diagnostics in allergy food and its complex effects on the expression of clinical allergy.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral • Canonica GW, Ansotegui IJ, Pawankar R, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, van Hage M, Baena-Cagnani CE, et al. A WAO-ARIA-GA2LEN consensus document on molecular-based allergy diagnostics. World Allergy Organ J. 2013;6:17. The official consensus of the World Allergy Organization emphasizes the role of molecular diagnostics in allergy food and its complex effects on the expression of clinical allergy.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
go back to reference Nwaru B, Hickstein L, Panesar S, Muraro A, Werfel T, Cardona V, et al. The epidemiology of food allergy in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2014;69:62–75.CrossRefPubMed Nwaru B, Hickstein L, Panesar S, Muraro A, Werfel T, Cardona V, et al. The epidemiology of food allergy in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2014;69:62–75.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Nwaru B, Hickstein L, Panesar S, Roberts G, Muraro A, Sheikh A. Prevalence of common food allergies in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2014;69:992–1007.CrossRefPubMed Nwaru B, Hickstein L, Panesar S, Roberts G, Muraro A, Sheikh A. Prevalence of common food allergies in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2014;69:992–1007.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Urisu A, Ebisawa M, Ito K, Aihara Y, Ito S, Mayumi M, et al. Japanese guideline for food allergy 2014. Allergol Int. 2014;63:399e419.CrossRef Urisu A, Ebisawa M, Ito K, Aihara Y, Ito S, Mayumi M, et al. Japanese guideline for food allergy 2014. Allergol Int. 2014;63:399e419.CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Ebisawa M, Nishima S, Ohnishi H, Kondo N. Pediatric allergy and immunology in Japan. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2013;24:704e14.CrossRef Ebisawa M, Nishima S, Ohnishi H, Kondo N. Pediatric allergy and immunology in Japan. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2013;24:704e14.CrossRef
15.
go back to reference • Gupta RS, Springston EE, Warrier MR, Smith B, Kumar R, Pongracic J, et al. The prevalence, severity, and distribution of childhood food allergy in the United States. Pediatrics. 2011;128:e9e17. The data show a steady increase in food allergies in the United States, by making people understand the social importance of the issue.CrossRef • Gupta RS, Springston EE, Warrier MR, Smith B, Kumar R, Pongracic J, et al. The prevalence, severity, and distribution of childhood food allergy in the United States. Pediatrics. 2011;128:e9e17. The data show a steady increase in food allergies in the United States, by making people understand the social importance of the issue.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Verma AK, Kumar S, Das M, Dwivedi PD. A comprehensive review of legume allergy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2013;45:30–46.CrossRefPubMed Verma AK, Kumar S, Das M, Dwivedi PD. A comprehensive review of legume allergy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2013;45:30–46.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Ballabio C, Peñas E, Uberti F, Fiocchi A, Duranti M, Magni C, et al. Characterization of the sensitization profile to lupin in peanut-allergic children and assessment of cross-reactivity risk. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2013;24:270–5.CrossRefPubMed Ballabio C, Peñas E, Uberti F, Fiocchi A, Duranti M, Magni C, et al. Characterization of the sensitization profile to lupin in peanut-allergic children and assessment of cross-reactivity risk. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2013;24:270–5.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Sebei K, Gnouma A, Herchi W, Sakouhi F, Boukhchina S. Lipids, proteins, phenolic composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of seeds of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea l) cultivated in Tunisia. Biol Res. 2013;46:257–63.CrossRefPubMed Sebei K, Gnouma A, Herchi W, Sakouhi F, Boukhchina S. Lipids, proteins, phenolic composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of seeds of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea l) cultivated in Tunisia. Biol Res. 2013;46:257–63.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Koppelman SJ, Vlooswijk RA, Knippels LM, Hessing M, Knol EF, van Reijsen FC, et al. Quantification of major peanut allergens Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 in the peanut varieties Runner, Spanish, Virginia, and Valencia, bred in different parts of the world. Allergy. 2001;56:132–7.CrossRefPubMed Koppelman SJ, Vlooswijk RA, Knippels LM, Hessing M, Knol EF, van Reijsen FC, et al. Quantification of major peanut allergens Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 in the peanut varieties Runner, Spanish, Virginia, and Valencia, bred in different parts of the world. Allergy. 2001;56:132–7.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Hebling CM, Ross MM, Callahan JH, McFarland MA. Size-selective fractionation and visual mapping of allergen protein chemistry in Arachis hypogaea. J Proteome Res. 2012;11:5384–95.CrossRefPubMed Hebling CM, Ross MM, Callahan JH, McFarland MA. Size-selective fractionation and visual mapping of allergen protein chemistry in Arachis hypogaea. J Proteome Res. 2012;11:5384–95.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Grimshaw KE, Bryant T, Oliver EM, Martin J, Maskell J, Kemp T, et al. Incidence and risk factors for food hypersensitivity in UK infants: results from a birth cohort study. Clin Transl Allergy. 2016;6:1.CrossRefPubMed Grimshaw KE, Bryant T, Oliver EM, Martin J, Maskell J, Kemp T, et al. Incidence and risk factors for food hypersensitivity in UK infants: results from a birth cohort study. Clin Transl Allergy. 2016;6:1.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference •• Du Toit G, Roberts G, Sayre PH, LEAP Study Team, et al. Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:803–13. Recent RCT which conclude that the early introduction of peanuts significantly decreased the frequency of the development of peanut allergy among children at high risk for this allergy and modulated immune responses to peanuts.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral •• Du Toit G, Roberts G, Sayre PH, LEAP Study Team, et al. Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:803–13. Recent RCT which conclude that the early introduction of peanuts significantly decreased the frequency of the development of peanut allergy among children at high risk for this allergy and modulated immune responses to peanuts.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
go back to reference Nettleton S, Woods B, Burrows R, Kerr A. Food allergy and food intolerance: towards a sociological agenda. Health (London). 2009;13:647–64.CrossRef Nettleton S, Woods B, Burrows R, Kerr A. Food allergy and food intolerance: towards a sociological agenda. Health (London). 2009;13:647–64.CrossRef
25.
go back to reference •• Waggoner MR. Parsing the peanut panic: the social life of a contested food allergy epidemic. Soc Sci Med. 2013;90:49–55. This analysis compares medical literature to other textual sources, including media reports, legislation, and advocacy between 1980 and 2010 in order to examine how peanut allergies transformed from a rare medical malady into a contemporary public health problem. The authors argue that the peanut allergy epidemic was co-constructed through interactions between experts, publics, biomedical categories, and institutions, while social reactions to the putative epidemic expanded the sphere of surveillance and awareness of peanut allergy risk.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral •• Waggoner MR. Parsing the peanut panic: the social life of a contested food allergy epidemic. Soc Sci Med. 2013;90:49–55. This analysis compares medical literature to other textual sources, including media reports, legislation, and advocacy between 1980 and 2010 in order to examine how peanut allergies transformed from a rare medical malady into a contemporary public health problem. The authors argue that the peanut allergy epidemic was co-constructed through interactions between experts, publics, biomedical categories, and institutions, while social reactions to the putative epidemic expanded the sphere of surveillance and awareness of peanut allergy risk.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
go back to reference Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Peanut allergy: emerging concepts and approaches for an apparent epidemic. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:491–503.CrossRefPubMed Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Peanut allergy: emerging concepts and approaches for an apparent epidemic. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:491–503.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference • Sicherer SH, Wood RA. Advances in diagnosing peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2013;1:1–13. The authors review the utility of currently available tests and provide suggestions on how to best use them to accurately predict peanut allergy. Still, the physician-supervised oral food challenge remains the most definitive test available.CrossRefPubMed • Sicherer SH, Wood RA. Advances in diagnosing peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2013;1:1–13. The authors review the utility of currently available tests and provide suggestions on how to best use them to accurately predict peanut allergy. Still, the physician-supervised oral food challenge remains the most definitive test available.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Kapoor S, Roberts G, Bynoe Y, Gaughan M, Habibi P, Lack G. Influence of a multidisciplinary paediatric allergy clinic on parental knowledge and rate of subsequent allergic reactions. Allergy. 2004;59:185–91.CrossRefPubMed Kapoor S, Roberts G, Bynoe Y, Gaughan M, Habibi P, Lack G. Influence of a multidisciplinary paediatric allergy clinic on parental knowledge and rate of subsequent allergic reactions. Allergy. 2004;59:185–91.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Ewan PW, Clark AT. Long-term prospective observational study of patients with peanut and nut allergy after participation in a management plan. Lancet. 2001;357:111–5.CrossRefPubMed Ewan PW, Clark AT. Long-term prospective observational study of patients with peanut and nut allergy after participation in a management plan. Lancet. 2001;357:111–5.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Shreffler WG, Beyer K, Chu TH, Burks AW, Sampson HA. Microarray immunoassay: association of clinical history, in vitro IgE function, and heterogeneity of allergenic peanut epitopes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113:776–82.CrossRefPubMed Shreffler WG, Beyer K, Chu TH, Burks AW, Sampson HA. Microarray immunoassay: association of clinical history, in vitro IgE function, and heterogeneity of allergenic peanut epitopes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113:776–82.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Radauer C, Lackner P, Breiteneder H. The Bet v 1 fold: an ancient, versatile scaffold for binding of large, hydrophobic ligands. BMC Evol Biol. 2008;8:286.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Radauer C, Lackner P, Breiteneder H. The Bet v 1 fold: an ancient, versatile scaffold for binding of large, hydrophobic ligands. BMC Evol Biol. 2008;8:286.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
go back to reference Edstam MM, Viitanen L, Salminen TA, Edqvist J. Evolutionary history of the non-specific lipid transfer proteins. Mol Plant. 2011;4:947–64.CrossRefPubMed Edstam MM, Viitanen L, Salminen TA, Edqvist J. Evolutionary history of the non-specific lipid transfer proteins. Mol Plant. 2011;4:947–64.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Peeters KA, Koppelman SJ, Penninks AH, Lebens A, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Hefle SL, et al. Clinical relevance of sensitization to lupine in peanut-sensitized adults. Allergy. 2009;64:549–55.CrossRefPubMed Peeters KA, Koppelman SJ, Penninks AH, Lebens A, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Hefle SL, et al. Clinical relevance of sensitization to lupine in peanut-sensitized adults. Allergy. 2009;64:549–55.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Sicherer SH, Muñoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA. Prevalence of peanut and tree nut allergy in the United States determined by means of a random digit dial telephone survey: a 5-year follow-up study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:1203–7.CrossRefPubMed Sicherer SH, Muñoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA. Prevalence of peanut and tree nut allergy in the United States determined by means of a random digit dial telephone survey: a 5-year follow-up study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:1203–7.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference de Leon MP, Glaspole IN, Drew AC, Rolland JM, O’Hehir RE, Suphioglu C. Immunological analysis of allergenic cross-reactivity between peanut and tree nuts. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33:1273–80.CrossRefPubMed de Leon MP, Glaspole IN, Drew AC, Rolland JM, O’Hehir RE, Suphioglu C. Immunological analysis of allergenic cross-reactivity between peanut and tree nuts. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33:1273–80.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Lee YP, Mori TA, Sipsas S, Barden A, Puddey IB, Burke V, et al. Lupin-enriched bread increases satiety and reduces energy intake acutely. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:975–80.PubMed Lee YP, Mori TA, Sipsas S, Barden A, Puddey IB, Burke V, et al. Lupin-enriched bread increases satiety and reduces energy intake acutely. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:975–80.PubMed
38.
go back to reference Fiocchi A, Sarratud P, Terracciano L, Vacca E, Bernardini R, Fuggetta D, et al. Assessment of the tolerance to lupine-enriched pasta in peanut-allergic children. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39:1045–51.CrossRefPubMed Fiocchi A, Sarratud P, Terracciano L, Vacca E, Bernardini R, Fuggetta D, et al. Assessment of the tolerance to lupine-enriched pasta in peanut-allergic children. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39:1045–51.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Shaw J, Roberts G, Grimshaw K, White S, Hourihane J. Lupin allergy in peanut-allergic children and teenagers. Allergy. 2008;63:370–3.CrossRefPubMed Shaw J, Roberts G, Grimshaw K, White S, Hourihane J. Lupin allergy in peanut-allergic children and teenagers. Allergy. 2008;63:370–3.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Peeters KA, Nordlee JA, Penninks AH, Chen L, Goodman RE, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, et al. Lupine allergy: not simply cross-reactivity with peanut or soy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:647–53.CrossRefPubMed Peeters KA, Nordlee JA, Penninks AH, Chen L, Goodman RE, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, et al. Lupine allergy: not simply cross-reactivity with peanut or soy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:647–53.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Burks AW, Williams LW, Helm RM, Connaughton C, Cockrell G, O’Brien T. Identification of a major peanut allergen, Ara h I, in patients with atopic dermatitis and positive peanut challenges. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1991;88:172–9.CrossRefPubMed Burks AW, Williams LW, Helm RM, Connaughton C, Cockrell G, O’Brien T. Identification of a major peanut allergen, Ara h I, in patients with atopic dermatitis and positive peanut challenges. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1991;88:172–9.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Burks AW, Williams LW, Connaughton C, Cockrell G, O’Brien TJ, Helm RM. Identification and characterization of a second major peanut allergen, Ara h II, with use of the sera of patients with atopic dermatitis and positive peanut challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;90:962–9.CrossRefPubMed Burks AW, Williams LW, Connaughton C, Cockrell G, O’Brien TJ, Helm RM. Identification and characterization of a second major peanut allergen, Ara h II, with use of the sera of patients with atopic dermatitis and positive peanut challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;90:962–9.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Rabjohn P, Helm EM, Stanley JS, West CM, Sampson HA, Burks AW, et al. Molecular cloning and epitope analysis of the peanut allergen Ara h 3. J Clin Invest. 1999;103:535–42.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Rabjohn P, Helm EM, Stanley JS, West CM, Sampson HA, Burks AW, et al. Molecular cloning and epitope analysis of the peanut allergen Ara h 3. J Clin Invest. 1999;103:535–42.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
go back to reference Stavy L, Treves AJ, Feldman M. Effect of concanavalin A on lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Nature. 1971;232:56–8.CrossRefPubMed Stavy L, Treves AJ, Feldman M. Effect of concanavalin A on lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Nature. 1971;232:56–8.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Ju SY, Park JH, Kwak TK, Kim KE. Attitudes and preferences of consumers toward food allergy labeling practices by diagnosis of food allergies. Nutr Res Pract. 2015;9:517–22.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ju SY, Park JH, Kwak TK, Kim KE. Attitudes and preferences of consumers toward food allergy labeling practices by diagnosis of food allergies. Nutr Res Pract. 2015;9:517–22.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
47.
go back to reference Hefle SL, Furlong TJ, Niemann L, Lemon-Mule H, Sicherer S, Taylor SL. Consumer attitudes and risks associated with packaged foods having advisory labeling regarding the presence of peanuts. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:171–6.CrossRefPubMed Hefle SL, Furlong TJ, Niemann L, Lemon-Mule H, Sicherer S, Taylor SL. Consumer attitudes and risks associated with packaged foods having advisory labeling regarding the presence of peanuts. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:171–6.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Fiocchi A, Dahdah L, Riccardi C, Mazzina O, Fierro V. Precautionary labelling of cross-reactive foods: the case of rapeseed. Asthma Research and Practice. 2016. doi:10.1186/s40733-016-0028-4. Fiocchi A, Dahdah L, Riccardi C, Mazzina O, Fierro V. Precautionary labelling of cross-reactive foods: the case of rapeseed. Asthma Research and Practice. 2016. doi:10.​1186/​s40733-016-0028-4.
49.
go back to reference Businco L, Bellanti J, Catassi C, Cavagni G, Corrias A, Fiocchi A, et al. Food Allergy in childhood. Hypersensitivity to cow's milk allergens. Clin Experim Allergy. 1993;23:481–83. Businco L, Bellanti J, Catassi C, Cavagni G, Corrias A, Fiocchi A, et al. Food Allergy in childhood. Hypersensitivity to cow's milk allergens. Clin Experim Allergy. 1993;23:481–83.
Metadata
Title
Lupin and Other Potentially Cross-Reactive Allergens in Peanut Allergy
Authors
Maurizio Mennini
Lamia Dahdah
Oscar Mazzina
Alessandro Fiocchi
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports / Issue 12/2016
Print ISSN: 1529-7322
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6315
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-016-0668-8

Other articles of this Issue 12/2016

Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 12/2016 Go to the issue

Allergies and the Environment (M Hernandez, Section Editor)

Benefit of SLIT and SCIT for Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma

Food Allergy (T Green, Section Editor)

Childcare and School Management Issues in Food Allergy

Allergies and the Environment (M Hernandez, Section Editor)

Fungal Exposure and Asthma: IgE and Non-IgE-Mediated Mechanisms

Immunotherapy and Immunomodulators (B Vickery, Section Editor)

Epigenetic Changes During Food-Specific Immunotherapy