Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Drugs 18/2005

01-12-2005 | Leading Article

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Antagonists as Treatments of Migraine and Other Primary Headaches

Author: Professor Peter J. Goadsby

Published in: Drugs | Issue 18/2005

Login to get access

Abstract

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent neuromodulator that is expressed in the trigeminovascular system and is released into the cranial circulation in various primary headaches. CGRP is released in migraine, cluster headache and paroxysmal hemicrania. The blockade of its release is associated with the successful treatment of acute migraine and cluster headache. CGRP receptor blockade has recently been shown to be an effective acute anti-migraine strategy and is non-vasoconstricting in terms of the mechanism of action. The prospect of a non-vasoconstricting therapy for acute migraine offers a real opportunity to patients, and perhaps more importantly, provides a therapeutic rationale to reinforce migraine as a neurological disorder.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Diamond S, et al. Prevalence and burden of migraine in the United States: data from the American Migraine Study II. Headache 2001; 41: 646–57PubMedCrossRef Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Diamond S, et al. Prevalence and burden of migraine in the United States: data from the American Migraine Study II. Headache 2001; 41: 646–57PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Menken M, Munsat TL, Toole JF. The global burden of disease study: implications for neurology. Arch Neurol 2000; 57: 418–20PubMedCrossRef Menken M, Munsat TL, Toole JF. The global burden of disease study: implications for neurology. Arch Neurol 2000; 57: 418–20PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB, Ferrari MD. Migraine: current understanding and treatment. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 257–70PubMedCrossRef Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB, Ferrari MD. Migraine: current understanding and treatment. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 257–70PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Lance JW, Goadsby PJ. Mechanism and management of headache. 7th ed. New York: Elsevier, 2005 Lance JW, Goadsby PJ. Mechanism and management of headache. 7th ed. New York: Elsevier, 2005
6.
go back to reference Doenicke A, Siegel E, Hadoke M, et al. Initial clinical study of AH25086B (5-HT1-like agonist) in the acute treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia 1987; 7: 437–8 Doenicke A, Siegel E, Hadoke M, et al. Initial clinical study of AH25086B (5-HT1-like agonist) in the acute treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia 1987; 7: 437–8
7.
go back to reference Doenicke A, Brand J, Perrin VL. Possible benefit of GR43175, a novel 5-HT1-like receptor agonist, for the acute treatment of severe migraine. Lancet 1988; I: 1309–11CrossRef Doenicke A, Brand J, Perrin VL. Possible benefit of GR43175, a novel 5-HT1-like receptor agonist, for the acute treatment of severe migraine. Lancet 1988; I: 1309–11CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Ferrari MD, The Subcutaneous Sumatriptan International Study Group. Treatment of migraine attacks with sumatriptan. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 316–21CrossRef Ferrari MD, The Subcutaneous Sumatriptan International Study Group. Treatment of migraine attacks with sumatriptan. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 316–21CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Dodick D, Lipton RB, Martin V, et al. Consensus statement: cardiovascular safety profile of triptans (5-HT1B/1D agonists) in the acute treatment of migraine. Headache 2004; 44: 414–25PubMedCrossRef Dodick D, Lipton RB, Martin V, et al. Consensus statement: cardiovascular safety profile of triptans (5-HT1B/1D agonists) in the acute treatment of migraine. Headache 2004; 44: 414–25PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Ferrari MD, Roon KI, Lipton RB, et al. Oral triptans (serotonin, 5-HT1B/1D agonists) in acute migraine treatment: a meta-analysis of 53 trials. Lancet 2001; 358: 1668–75PubMedCrossRef Ferrari MD, Roon KI, Lipton RB, et al. Oral triptans (serotonin, 5-HT1B/1D agonists) in acute migraine treatment: a meta-analysis of 53 trials. Lancet 2001; 358: 1668–75PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Ferrari MD, Goadsby PJ, Roon KI, et al. Triptans (serotonin, 5-HT1B/1D agonists) in migraine: detailed results and methods of a meta-analysis of 53 trials. Cephalalgia 2002; 22: 633–58PubMedCrossRef Ferrari MD, Goadsby PJ, Roon KI, et al. Triptans (serotonin, 5-HT1B/1D agonists) in migraine: detailed results and methods of a meta-analysis of 53 trials. Cephalalgia 2002; 22: 633–58PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Humphrey PPA, Goadsby PJ. Controversies in headache: the mode of action of sumatriptan is vascular? A debate. Cephalalgia 1994; 14: 401–10PubMedCrossRef Humphrey PPA, Goadsby PJ. Controversies in headache: the mode of action of sumatriptan is vascular? A debate. Cephalalgia 1994; 14: 401–10PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Amara SG, Jonas V, Rosenfeld MG, et al. Alternative RNA processing in calcitonin gene expression generates mRNAs encoding different polypeptide products. Nature 1982; 298: 240–4PubMedCrossRef Amara SG, Jonas V, Rosenfeld MG, et al. Alternative RNA processing in calcitonin gene expression generates mRNAs encoding different polypeptide products. Nature 1982; 298: 240–4PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Amara SG, Arriza JL, Leff SE, et al. Expression in brain of a messenger RNA encoding a novel neuropeptide homologous to calcitonin gene-related peptide. Science 1985; 229: 1094–7PubMedCrossRef Amara SG, Arriza JL, Leff SE, et al. Expression in brain of a messenger RNA encoding a novel neuropeptide homologous to calcitonin gene-related peptide. Science 1985; 229: 1094–7PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Chan-Palay V, Edvinsson L. Innervation of cerebral blood vessels by norepinephrine indolamine substance P and neurotensin fibres and the leptomeningeal indolamine axons: their roles in vasomotor activity and local alterations of brain blood composition. In: Owman C, editor. Neurogenic control of the brain circulation. Sydney: Pergamon Press, 1977: 39–53 Chan-Palay V, Edvinsson L. Innervation of cerebral blood vessels by norepinephrine indolamine substance P and neurotensin fibres and the leptomeningeal indolamine axons: their roles in vasomotor activity and local alterations of brain blood composition. In: Owman C, editor. Neurogenic control of the brain circulation. Sydney: Pergamon Press, 1977: 39–53
16.
go back to reference Wolff HG. Headache and other head pain. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948 Wolff HG. Headache and other head pain. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948
17.
go back to reference Edvinsson L, McCulloch J, Uddman R. Substance P: immunohistochemical localization and effect upon cat pial arteries in vitro and in situ. J Physiol 1981; 318: 251–8PubMed Edvinsson L, McCulloch J, Uddman R. Substance P: immunohistochemical localization and effect upon cat pial arteries in vitro and in situ. J Physiol 1981; 318: 251–8PubMed
18.
go back to reference Uddman R, Edvinsson L, Owman C, et al. Perivascular substance P: occurrence and distribution in mammalian pial vessels. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1981; 1: 227–32PubMedCrossRef Uddman R, Edvinsson L, Owman C, et al. Perivascular substance P: occurrence and distribution in mammalian pial vessels. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1981; 1: 227–32PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Uddman R, Edvinsson L, Ekman R, et al. Innervation of the feline cerebral vasculature by nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide: trigeminal origin and co-existence with substance P. Neurosci Lett 1985; 62: 131–6PubMedCrossRef Uddman R, Edvinsson L, Ekman R, et al. Innervation of the feline cerebral vasculature by nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide: trigeminal origin and co-existence with substance P. Neurosci Lett 1985; 62: 131–6PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Liu-Chen LY, Han DH, Moskowitz MA. Pia arachnoid contains substance P originating from trigeminal neurons. Neuroscience 1983; 9: 803–8PubMedCrossRef Liu-Chen LY, Han DH, Moskowitz MA. Pia arachnoid contains substance P originating from trigeminal neurons. Neuroscience 1983; 9: 803–8PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Liu-Chen LY, Mayberg MR, Moskowitz MA. Immunohistochemical evidence for a substance P-containing trigeminovascular pathway to pial arteries in cats. Brain Res 1983; 268: 162–6PubMedCrossRef Liu-Chen LY, Mayberg MR, Moskowitz MA. Immunohistochemical evidence for a substance P-containing trigeminovascular pathway to pial arteries in cats. Brain Res 1983; 268: 162–6PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Moskowitz MA, Brody M, Liu-Chen LY. In vitro release of immunoreactive substance P from putative afferent nerve endings in bovine pia arachnoid. Neuroscience 1983; 9: 809–14PubMedCrossRef Moskowitz MA, Brody M, Liu-Chen LY. In vitro release of immunoreactive substance P from putative afferent nerve endings in bovine pia arachnoid. Neuroscience 1983; 9: 809–14PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Edvinsson L, Rosendahl-Helgesen S, Uddman R. Substance P: localization, concentration and release in cerebral arteries, choroid plexus and dura mater. Cell Tissue Res 1983; 234: 1–7PubMedCrossRef Edvinsson L, Rosendahl-Helgesen S, Uddman R. Substance P: localization, concentration and release in cerebral arteries, choroid plexus and dura mater. Cell Tissue Res 1983; 234: 1–7PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Liu-Chen L–Y, Gillespie SA, Norregaard TV, et al. Co-localization of retrogradely transported wheat germ agglutinin and the putative neurotransmitter substance P within trigeminal ganglion cells projecting to cat middle cerebral. J Comp Neurol 1984; 225: 187–92PubMedCrossRef Liu-Chen L–Y, Gillespie SA, Norregaard TV, et al. Co-localization of retrogradely transported wheat germ agglutinin and the putative neurotransmitter substance P within trigeminal ganglion cells projecting to cat middle cerebral. J Comp Neurol 1984; 225: 187–92PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Uddman R, Hara H, Edvinsson L. Neuronal pathways to the rat middle meningeal artery revealed by retrograde tracing and immunocytochemistry. J Auton Nerv Syst 1989; 26: 69–75PubMedCrossRef Uddman R, Hara H, Edvinsson L. Neuronal pathways to the rat middle meningeal artery revealed by retrograde tracing and immunocytochemistry. J Auton Nerv Syst 1989; 26: 69–75PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Edvinsson L, Hara H, Uddman R. Retrograde tracing of nerve fibers to the middle cerebral artery with true blue: co-localization with different peptides. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1989; 9: 212–8PubMedCrossRef Edvinsson L, Hara H, Uddman R. Retrograde tracing of nerve fibers to the middle cerebral artery with true blue: co-localization with different peptides. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1989; 9: 212–8PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Moskowitz MA, Reinhard JF, Romero J, et al. Neurotransmitters and the fifth cranial nerve: is there a relation to the headache phase of migraine? Lancet 1979; II: 883–4CrossRef Moskowitz MA, Reinhard JF, Romero J, et al. Neurotransmitters and the fifth cranial nerve: is there a relation to the headache phase of migraine? Lancet 1979; II: 883–4CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Edvinsson L, McCulloch J, Kingman TA, et al. On the functional role of the trigemino-cerebrovascular system in the regulation of cerebral circulation. In: Owman C, Hardebo JE, editors. Neural regulation of the cerebral circulation. Stockholm: Elsevier Science Publishers BV, 1986: 407–18 Edvinsson L, McCulloch J, Kingman TA, et al. On the functional role of the trigemino-cerebrovascular system in the regulation of cerebral circulation. In: Owman C, Hardebo JE, editors. Neural regulation of the cerebral circulation. Stockholm: Elsevier Science Publishers BV, 1986: 407–18
29.
go back to reference McCulloch J, Uddman R, Kingman TA, et al. Calcitonin generelated peptide: functional role in cerebrovascular regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83: 1–5CrossRef McCulloch J, Uddman R, Kingman TA, et al. Calcitonin generelated peptide: functional role in cerebrovascular regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83: 1–5CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Lambert GA, Bogduk N, Goadsby PJ, et al. Decreased carotid arterial resistance in cats in response to trigeminal stimulation. J Neurosurg 1984; 61: 307–15PubMedCrossRef Lambert GA, Bogduk N, Goadsby PJ, et al. Decreased carotid arterial resistance in cats in response to trigeminal stimulation. J Neurosurg 1984; 61: 307–15PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R. Vasoactive peptides in the trigeminovascular system of man. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Pharmacology. Copenhagen: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1987: O319 Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R. Vasoactive peptides in the trigeminovascular system of man. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Pharmacology. Copenhagen: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1987: O319
32.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R. Extracerebral levels of circulating vasoactive peptides during migraine headache. Cephalalgia 1989; 9 Suppl. 10: 292–3 Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R. Extracerebral levels of circulating vasoactive peptides during migraine headache. Cephalalgia 1989; 9 Suppl. 10: 292–3
33.
go back to reference Arbab MA-R, Wiklund L, Svendgaard NA. Origin and distribution of cerebral vascular innervation from superior cervical, trigeminal and spinal ganglia investigated with retrograde and anterograde WGA-HRP tracing in the rat. Neuroscience 1986; 19: 695–708PubMedCrossRef Arbab MA-R, Wiklund L, Svendgaard NA. Origin and distribution of cerebral vascular innervation from superior cervical, trigeminal and spinal ganglia investigated with retrograde and anterograde WGA-HRP tracing in the rat. Neuroscience 1986; 19: 695–708PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Liu Y, Zhang M, Broman J, et al. Central projections of sensory innervation of the rat superficial temporal artery. Brain Res 2003; 966: 126–33PubMedCrossRef Liu Y, Zhang M, Broman J, et al. Central projections of sensory innervation of the rat superficial temporal artery. Brain Res 2003; 966: 126–33PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Liu Y, Broman J, Edvinsson L. Central projections of sensory innervation of the rat superior sagittal sinus. Neuroscience 2004; 129: 431–7PubMedCrossRef Liu Y, Broman J, Edvinsson L. Central projections of sensory innervation of the rat superior sagittal sinus. Neuroscience 2004; 129: 431–7PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R. Release of vasoactive peptides in the extracerebral circulation of man and the cat during activation of the trigeminovascular system. Ann Neurol 1988; 23: 193–6PubMedCrossRef Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R. Release of vasoactive peptides in the extracerebral circulation of man and the cat during activation of the trigeminovascular system. Ann Neurol 1988; 23: 193–6PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference O’Connor TP, van der Kooy D. Enrichment of a vasoactive neuropeptide (calcitonin gene related peptide) in trigeminal sensory projection to the intracranial arteries. J Neurosci 1988; 8: 2468–76PubMed O’Connor TP, van der Kooy D. Enrichment of a vasoactive neuropeptide (calcitonin gene related peptide) in trigeminal sensory projection to the intracranial arteries. J Neurosci 1988; 8: 2468–76PubMed
38.
go back to reference O’Connor TP, van der Kooy D. Pattern of intracranial and extracranial projections of trigeminal ganglion cells. J Neurosci 1986; 6: 2200–7PubMed O’Connor TP, van der Kooy D. Pattern of intracranial and extracranial projections of trigeminal ganglion cells. J Neurosci 1986; 6: 2200–7PubMed
39.
go back to reference Feindel W, Penfield W, McNaughton F. The tentorial nerves and localization of intracranial pain in man. Neurology 1960; 10: 555–63PubMedCrossRef Feindel W, Penfield W, McNaughton F. The tentorial nerves and localization of intracranial pain in man. Neurology 1960; 10: 555–63PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Ray BS, Wolff HG. Experimental studies on headache: pain sensitive structures of the head and their significance in headache. Arch Surg 1940; 41: 813–56CrossRef Ray BS, Wolff HG. Experimental studies on headache: pain sensitive structures of the head and their significance in headache. Arch Surg 1940; 41: 813–56CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Penfield W, McNaughton FL. Durai headache and the innervation of the dura mater. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1940; 44: 43–75CrossRef Penfield W, McNaughton FL. Durai headache and the innervation of the dura mater. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1940; 44: 43–75CrossRef
42.
go back to reference McNaughton FL. The innervation of the intracranial blood vessels and durai sinuses. Proc Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1938; 18: 178–200 McNaughton FL. The innervation of the intracranial blood vessels and durai sinuses. Proc Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1938; 18: 178–200
43.
go back to reference McNaughton FL, Feindel WH. Innervation of intracranial structures: a reappraisal. In: Rose FC, editor. Physiological aspects of clinical neurology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1977: 279–93 McNaughton FL, Feindel WH. Innervation of intracranial structures: a reappraisal. In: Rose FC, editor. Physiological aspects of clinical neurology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1977: 279–93
44.
go back to reference Rowbottom GI. Observations on the effects of V denervation. Brain 1939; 62: 364–80CrossRef Rowbottom GI. Observations on the effects of V denervation. Brain 1939; 62: 364–80CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Oka M. Experimental study on the vasodilator innervation of the face. Med J Osaka Univ 1950; 2: 109–16 Oka M. Experimental study on the vasodilator innervation of the face. Med J Osaka Univ 1950; 2: 109–16
46.
go back to reference Sweet WM, Wepsic JG. Controlled thermocoagulation of V ganglion and rootlets for differential destruction of pain fibres. Part I: V neuralgia. J Neurosurg 1974; 40: 143–56 Sweet WM, Wepsic JG. Controlled thermocoagulation of V ganglion and rootlets for differential destruction of pain fibres. Part I: V neuralgia. J Neurosurg 1974; 40: 143–56
47.
go back to reference Onofrio BM. Radiofrequency percutaneous Gasserian ganglion lesions: results in 140 patients with trigeminal pain. J Neurosurg 1975; 42: 132–43PubMedCrossRef Onofrio BM. Radiofrequency percutaneous Gasserian ganglion lesions: results in 140 patients with trigeminal pain. J Neurosurg 1975; 42: 132–43PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Drummond PD, Gonski A, Lance JW. Facial flushing after thermocoagulation of the gasserian ganglion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983; 46: 611–6PubMedCrossRef Drummond PD, Gonski A, Lance JW. Facial flushing after thermocoagulation of the gasserian ganglion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983; 46: 611–6PubMedCrossRef
49.
50.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Lambert GA, Lance JW. Stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion increases flow in the extracerebral but not the cerebral circulation of the monkey. Brain Res 1986; 381: 63–7PubMedCrossRef Goadsby PJ, Lambert GA, Lance JW. Stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion increases flow in the extracerebral but not the cerebral circulation of the monkey. Brain Res 1986; 381: 63–7PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Tran-Dinh YR, Thurel C, Cunin G, et al. Cerebral vasodilation after the thermocoagulation of the trigeminal ganglion in humans. Neurosurgery 1992; 31: 658–62PubMedCrossRef Tran-Dinh YR, Thurel C, Cunin G, et al. Cerebral vasodilation after the thermocoagulation of the trigeminal ganglion in humans. Neurosurgery 1992; 31: 658–62PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Lambert GA, Lance JW. The peripheral pathway for extracranial vasodilatation in the cat. J Auton Nerv Syst 1984; 10: 145–55PubMedCrossRef Goadsby PJ, Lambert GA, Lance JW. The peripheral pathway for extracranial vasodilatation in the cat. J Auton Nerv Syst 1984; 10: 145–55PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Macdonald GJ. Extracranial vasodilatation mediated by VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide). Brain Res 1985; 329: 285–8PubMedCrossRef Goadsby PJ, Macdonald GJ. Extracranial vasodilatation mediated by VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide). Brain Res 1985; 329: 285–8PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Duckworth JW. Effect of stimulation of trigeminal ganglion on regional cerebral blood flow in cats. Am J Physiol 1987; 253: R270–4PubMed Goadsby PJ, Duckworth JW. Effect of stimulation of trigeminal ganglion on regional cerebral blood flow in cats. Am J Physiol 1987; 253: R270–4PubMed
55.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Knight YE, Hoskin KL, et al. Stimulation of an intracranial trigeminally-innervated structure selectively increases cerebral blood flow. Brain Res 1997; 751: 247–52PubMedCrossRef Goadsby PJ, Knight YE, Hoskin KL, et al. Stimulation of an intracranial trigeminally-innervated structure selectively increases cerebral blood flow. Brain Res 1997; 751: 247–52PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Seylaz J, Mraovitch S. Hypercapnic but not neurogenic cortical vasodilatation is blocked by spreading depression in rat. In: lesen J, editor. Migraine and other headaches: the vascular mechanisms. Frontiers in Headache Research, Vol. 1. New York: Raven Press, 1991: 181–6 Goadsby PJ, Seylaz J, Mraovitch S. Hypercapnic but not neurogenic cortical vasodilatation is blocked by spreading depression in rat. In: lesen J, editor. Migraine and other headaches: the vascular mechanisms. Frontiers in Headache Research, Vol. 1. New York: Raven Press, 1991: 181–6
57.
go back to reference Macfarlane R, Tasdemiroglu E, Moskowitz MA, et al. Chronic trigeminal ganglionectomy or topical capsaicin application to pial vessels attenuates postocculsive cortical hyperemia but does not influence postischemia hypoperfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991; 11: 261–71PubMedCrossRef Macfarlane R, Tasdemiroglu E, Moskowitz MA, et al. Chronic trigeminal ganglionectomy or topical capsaicin application to pial vessels attenuates postocculsive cortical hyperemia but does not influence postischemia hypoperfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991; 11: 261–71PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Sakas DE, Moskowitz MA, Wei EP, et al. Trigeminovascular fibers increase blood flow in cortical grey matter by axon-dependent mechanisms during severe hypertension or seizures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86: 1401–5PubMedCrossRef Sakas DE, Moskowitz MA, Wei EP, et al. Trigeminovascular fibers increase blood flow in cortical grey matter by axon-dependent mechanisms during severe hypertension or seizures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86: 1401–5PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Markowitz S, Saito K, Moskowitz MA. Neurogenically mediated leakage of plasma proteins occurs from blood vessels in dura mater but not brain. J Neurosci 1987; 7: 4129–36PubMed Markowitz S, Saito K, Moskowitz MA. Neurogenically mediated leakage of plasma proteins occurs from blood vessels in dura mater but not brain. J Neurosci 1987; 7: 4129–36PubMed
60.
go back to reference Brain SD, Grant AD. Vascular actions of calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin. Physiol Rev 2004; 84: 903–34PubMedCrossRef Brain SD, Grant AD. Vascular actions of calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin. Physiol Rev 2004; 84: 903–34PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Tarn C, Brain SD. The assessment of vasoactive properties of CGRP and adrenomedullin in the microvasculature: a study using in vivo and in vitro assays in the mouse. J Mol Neurosci 2004; 22: 117–24CrossRef Tarn C, Brain SD. The assessment of vasoactive properties of CGRP and adrenomedullin in the microvasculature: a study using in vivo and in vitro assays in the mouse. J Mol Neurosci 2004; 22: 117–24CrossRef
62.
go back to reference Grant AD, Tam CW, Lazar Z, et al. The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS blocks CGRP and adrenomedullin vasoactive responses in the microvasculature. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142: 1091–8PubMedCrossRef Grant AD, Tam CW, Lazar Z, et al. The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS blocks CGRP and adrenomedullin vasoactive responses in the microvasculature. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142: 1091–8PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Kandere-Grzybowska K, Gheorghe D, Priller J, et al. Stress-induced dura vascular permeability does not develop in mast cell-deficient and neurokinin-1 receptor knockout mice. Brain Res 2003; 980: 213–20PubMedCrossRef Kandere-Grzybowska K, Gheorghe D, Priller J, et al. Stress-induced dura vascular permeability does not develop in mast cell-deficient and neurokinin-1 receptor knockout mice. Brain Res 2003; 980: 213–20PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Grant AD, Pinter E, Salmon AM, et al. An examination of neurogenic mechanisms involved in mustard oil-induced inflammation in the mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 507: 273–80PubMedCrossRef Grant AD, Pinter E, Salmon AM, et al. An examination of neurogenic mechanisms involved in mustard oil-induced inflammation in the mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 507: 273–80PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Maltos KL, Menezes GB, Caliari MV, et al. Vascular and cellular responses to pro-inflammatory stimuli in rat dental pulp. Arch Oral Biol 2004; 49: 443–50PubMedCrossRef Maltos KL, Menezes GB, Caliari MV, et al. Vascular and cellular responses to pro-inflammatory stimuli in rat dental pulp. Arch Oral Biol 2004; 49: 443–50PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Polley JS, Gaskin PJ, Perren MJ, et al. The activity of GR205171, a potent non-peptide tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist, in the trigeminovascular system. Regul Pept 1997; 68: 23–9PubMedCrossRef Polley JS, Gaskin PJ, Perren MJ, et al. The activity of GR205171, a potent non-peptide tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist, in the trigeminovascular system. Regul Pept 1997; 68: 23–9PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Goldstein DJ, Offen WW, Klein EG, et al. Lanepitant, an NK-1 antagonist, in migraine prevention. Cephalalgia 2001; 21: 102–6PubMedCrossRef Goldstein DJ, Offen WW, Klein EG, et al. Lanepitant, an NK-1 antagonist, in migraine prevention. Cephalalgia 2001; 21: 102–6PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Goldstein DJ, Wang O, Saper JR, et al. Ineffectiveness of neurokinin-1 antagonist in acute migraine: a crossover study. Cephalalgia 1997; 17: 785–90PubMedCrossRef Goldstein DJ, Wang O, Saper JR, et al. Ineffectiveness of neurokinin-1 antagonist in acute migraine: a crossover study. Cephalalgia 1997; 17: 785–90PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Diener H-C, The RPR100893 Study Group. RPR100893, a substance-P antagonist, is not effective in the treatment of migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 2003; 23: 183–5PubMedCrossRef Diener H-C, The RPR100893 Study Group. RPR100893, a substance-P antagonist, is not effective in the treatment of migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 2003; 23: 183–5PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Connor HE, Bertin L, Gillies S, et al. The GR205171 Clinical Study Group. Clinical evaluation of a novel, potent, CNS penetrating NK1 receptor antagonist in the acute treatment of migraine [abstract]. Cephalalgia 1998; 18: 392 Connor HE, Bertin L, Gillies S, et al. The GR205171 Clinical Study Group. Clinical evaluation of a novel, potent, CNS penetrating NK1 receptor antagonist in the acute treatment of migraine [abstract]. Cephalalgia 1998; 18: 392
71.
go back to reference Norman B, Panebianco D, Block GA. A placebo-controlled, inclinic study to explore the preliminary safety and efficacy of intravenous L-758,298 (a prodrug of the NK1 receptor antagonist L-754,030) in the acute treatment of migraine [abstract]. Cephalalgia 1998; 18: 407 Norman B, Panebianco D, Block GA. A placebo-controlled, inclinic study to explore the preliminary safety and efficacy of intravenous L-758,298 (a prodrug of the NK1 receptor antagonist L-754,030) in the acute treatment of migraine [abstract]. Cephalalgia 1998; 18: 407
72.
go back to reference May A, Goadsby PJ. Substance P receptor antagonists in the therapy of migraine. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10: 1–6CrossRef May A, Goadsby PJ. Substance P receptor antagonists in the therapy of migraine. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10: 1–6CrossRef
73.
go back to reference May A, Gijsman HJ, Wallnoefer A, et al. Endothelin antagonist bosentan blocks neurogenic inflammation, but is not effective in aborting migraine attacks. Pain 1996; 67: 375–8PubMedCrossRef May A, Gijsman HJ, Wallnoefer A, et al. Endothelin antagonist bosentan blocks neurogenic inflammation, but is not effective in aborting migraine attacks. Pain 1996; 67: 375–8PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Gupta P, Brown D, Butler P, et al. The in vivo pharmacological profile of a 5-HT1 receptor agonist, CP122,288, a selective inhibitor of neurogenic inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 116: 2385–90PubMedCrossRef Gupta P, Brown D, Butler P, et al. The in vivo pharmacological profile of a 5-HT1 receptor agonist, CP122,288, a selective inhibitor of neurogenic inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 116: 2385–90PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Roon KI, Olesen J, Diener HC, et al. No acute antimigraine efficacy of CP-122,288, a highly potent inhibitor of neurogenic inflammation: results of two randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials. Ann Neurol 2000; 47: 238–41PubMedCrossRef Roon KI, Olesen J, Diener HC, et al. No acute antimigraine efficacy of CP-122,288, a highly potent inhibitor of neurogenic inflammation: results of two randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials. Ann Neurol 2000; 47: 238–41PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Giles H, Honey A, Edvinsson L, et al. Pre-clinical pharmacology of 4991W93, a potent inhibitor of neurogenic plasma protein extravasation [abstract]. Cephalalgia 1999; 19: 402 Giles H, Honey A, Edvinsson L, et al. Pre-clinical pharmacology of 4991W93, a potent inhibitor of neurogenic plasma protein extravasation [abstract]. Cephalalgia 1999; 19: 402
77.
go back to reference Earl NL, McDonald SA, Lowy MT, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the neurogenic inflammation inhibitor, 4991W93, in the acute treatment of migraine [abstract]. Cephalalgia 1999; 19: 357 Earl NL, McDonald SA, Lowy MT, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the neurogenic inflammation inhibitor, 4991W93, in the acute treatment of migraine [abstract]. Cephalalgia 1999; 19: 357
78.
go back to reference Data J, Britch K, Westergaard N, et al. A double-blind study of ganaxolone in the acute treatment of migraine headaches with or without an aura in premenopausal females [abstract]. Headache 1998; 38: 380 Data J, Britch K, Westergaard N, et al. A double-blind study of ganaxolone in the acute treatment of migraine headaches with or without an aura in premenopausal females [abstract]. Headache 1998; 38: 380
79.
go back to reference Williamson DJ, Hargreaves RJ, Hill RG, et al. Intravital microscope studies on the effects of neurokinin agonists and calcitonin gene-related peptide on durai blood vessel diameter in the anaesthetized rat. Cephalalgia 1997; 17: 518–24PubMedCrossRef Williamson DJ, Hargreaves RJ, Hill RG, et al. Intravital microscope studies on the effects of neurokinin agonists and calcitonin gene-related peptide on durai blood vessel diameter in the anaesthetized rat. Cephalalgia 1997; 17: 518–24PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Akerman S, Williamson DJ, Hill RG, et al. The effect of adrenergic compounds on neurogenic durai vasodilation. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 424: 53–8PubMedCrossRef Akerman S, Williamson DJ, Hill RG, et al. The effect of adrenergic compounds on neurogenic durai vasodilation. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 424: 53–8PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Hoskin KL. The distribution of trigeminovascular afferents in the nonhuman primate brain Macaca nemestrina: a c-fos immunocytochemical study. J Anat 1997; 190: 367–75PubMedCrossRef Goadsby PJ, Hoskin KL. The distribution of trigeminovascular afferents in the nonhuman primate brain Macaca nemestrina: a c-fos immunocytochemical study. J Anat 1997; 190: 367–75PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Akerman S, Williamson D, Hill RG, et al. The effect of adrenergic compounds on neurogenic durai vasodilatation. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 424: 53–8PubMedCrossRef Akerman S, Williamson D, Hill RG, et al. The effect of adrenergic compounds on neurogenic durai vasodilatation. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 424: 53–8PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Akerman S, Williamson DJ, Kaube H, et al. The role of histamine in durai vessel dilation. Brain Res 2002; 956: 96–102PubMedCrossRef Akerman S, Williamson DJ, Kaube H, et al. The role of histamine in durai vessel dilation. Brain Res 2002; 956: 96–102PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Kowacs F, Williamson DJ, Goadsby PJ. Neurogenic vasodilation of durai blood vessels is not mediated by cholinergic transmission in the anaesthetised rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 493: 133–7PubMedCrossRef Kowacs F, Williamson DJ, Goadsby PJ. Neurogenic vasodilation of durai blood vessels is not mediated by cholinergic transmission in the anaesthetised rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 493: 133–7PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Williamson DJ, Hargreaves RJ, Hill RG, et al. Sumatriptan inhibits neurogenic vasodilation of durai blood vessels in the anaesthetized ratintravital microscope studies. Cephalalgia 1997; 17: 525–31PubMedCrossRef Williamson DJ, Hargreaves RJ, Hill RG, et al. Sumatriptan inhibits neurogenic vasodilation of durai blood vessels in the anaesthetized ratintravital microscope studies. Cephalalgia 1997; 17: 525–31PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Williamson DJ, Shepheard SL, Hill RG, et al. The novel anti-migraine agent rizatriptan inhibits neurogenic durai vasodilation and extravasation. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 328: 61–4PubMedCrossRef Williamson DJ, Shepheard SL, Hill RG, et al. The novel anti-migraine agent rizatriptan inhibits neurogenic durai vasodilation and extravasation. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 328: 61–4PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Leone M, Grazzi L, Mantia LL, et al. Flunarizine in migraine: a mini review. Headache 1991; 31: 388–91PubMedCrossRef Leone M, Grazzi L, Mantia LL, et al. Flunarizine in migraine: a mini review. Headache 1991; 31: 388–91PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Akerman S, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ. The effect of anti-migraine compounds on nitric oxide induced dilation of durai meningeal vessels. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 452: 223–8PubMedCrossRef Akerman S, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ. The effect of anti-migraine compounds on nitric oxide induced dilation of durai meningeal vessels. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 452: 223–8PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Diener HC, Tfelt-Hansen P, Dahlof C, et al. Topiramate in migraine prophylaxis: results from a placebo-controlled trial with propranolol as an active control. J Neurol 2004; 251: 943–50PubMedCrossRef Diener HC, Tfelt-Hansen P, Dahlof C, et al. Topiramate in migraine prophylaxis: results from a placebo-controlled trial with propranolol as an active control. J Neurol 2004; 251: 943–50PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Akerman S, Goadsby PJ. Topiramate inhibits trigeminovascular activation: an intravital microscopy study. Br J Pharmacol 2005 Sep; 146(1): 7–14PubMedCrossRef Akerman S, Goadsby PJ. Topiramate inhibits trigeminovascular activation: an intravital microscopy study. Br J Pharmacol 2005 Sep; 146(1): 7–14PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Thomsen LL, Krause C, Iversen HK, et al. A nitric oxide donor (nitroglycerine) triggers genuine migraine attacks. Eur J Neurol 1994; 1: 73–80CrossRef Thomsen LL, Krause C, Iversen HK, et al. A nitric oxide donor (nitroglycerine) triggers genuine migraine attacks. Eur J Neurol 1994; 1: 73–80CrossRef
92.
93.
go back to reference Akerman S, Williamson DJ, Kaube H, et al. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors can antagonise neurogenic and calcitonin gene-related peptide induced dilation of durai meningeal vessels. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 137: 62–8PubMedCrossRef Akerman S, Williamson DJ, Kaube H, et al. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors can antagonise neurogenic and calcitonin gene-related peptide induced dilation of durai meningeal vessels. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 137: 62–8PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Lassen LH, Ashina M, Christiansen I, et al. Nitric oxide synthesis inhibition in migraine. Lancet 1997; 349: 401–2PubMedCrossRef Lassen LH, Ashina M, Christiansen I, et al. Nitric oxide synthesis inhibition in migraine. Lancet 1997; 349: 401–2PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Matsuda LA, Lolait SJ, Brownstein MJ, et al. Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature 1990; 346: 561–4PubMedCrossRef Matsuda LA, Lolait SJ, Brownstein MJ, et al. Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature 1990; 346: 561–4PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Hoehe MR, Caenazzo L, Martinez MM, et al. Genetic and physical mapping of the human cannabinoid receptor gene to chromosome 6q14-q 15. New Biol 1991; 3: 880–5PubMed Hoehe MR, Caenazzo L, Martinez MM, et al. Genetic and physical mapping of the human cannabinoid receptor gene to chromosome 6q14-q 15. New Biol 1991; 3: 880–5PubMed
97.
go back to reference Devane WA, Harms L, Breuer A, et al. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 1992; 258: 1946–9PubMedCrossRef Devane WA, Harms L, Breuer A, et al. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 1992; 258: 1946–9PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Munro S, Thomas KL, Abu-Shaar M. Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 1993; 365: 61–5PubMedCrossRef Munro S, Thomas KL, Abu-Shaar M. Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 1993; 365: 61–5PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Akerman S, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ. Anandamide is able to inhibit trigeminal neurons using an in vivo model of trigeminovascular-mediated nociception. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 309: 56–63PubMedCrossRef Akerman S, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ. Anandamide is able to inhibit trigeminal neurons using an in vivo model of trigeminovascular-mediated nociception. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 309: 56–63PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Gunthorpe MJ, Benham CD, Randall A, et al. The diversity in the vanilloid (TRPV) receptor family of ion channels. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2002; 23: 183–91PubMedCrossRef Gunthorpe MJ, Benham CD, Randall A, et al. The diversity in the vanilloid (TRPV) receptor family of ion channels. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2002; 23: 183–91PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Akerman S, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ. Anandamide shows both cannabinoid and vanilloid properties in an in vivo model of trigeminovascular mediated headpain [abstract]. Cephalalgia 2003; 23: 646 Akerman S, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ. Anandamide shows both cannabinoid and vanilloid properties in an in vivo model of trigeminovascular mediated headpain [abstract]. Cephalalgia 2003; 23: 646
102.
go back to reference Akerman S, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ. Vanilloid type 1 receptor (VR1) evoked CGRP release plays a minor role in causing durai vessel dilation via the trigeminovascular system. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140: 718–24PubMedCrossRef Akerman S, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ. Vanilloid type 1 receptor (VR1) evoked CGRP release plays a minor role in causing durai vessel dilation via the trigeminovascular system. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140: 718–24PubMedCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Edvinsson L, Jansen I, Kingman TA, et al. Cerebrovascular responses to capsaicin in vitro and in situ. Br J Pharmacol 1990; 100: 312–8PubMedCrossRef Edvinsson L, Jansen I, Kingman TA, et al. Cerebrovascular responses to capsaicin in vitro and in situ. Br J Pharmacol 1990; 100: 312–8PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Hou M, Uddman R, Tajti J, et al. Capsaicin receptor immunoreactivity in the human trigeminal ganglion. Neurosci Lett 2002; 330: 223–6PubMedCrossRef Hou M, Uddman R, Tajti J, et al. Capsaicin receptor immunoreactivity in the human trigeminal ganglion. Neurosci Lett 2002; 330: 223–6PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Moreno MJ, Abounader R, Hebert E, et al. Efficacy of the non-peptide CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS in blocking CGRP-induced dilations in human and bovine cerebral arteries: potential implications in acute migraine treatment. Neuropharmacology 2002; 42: 568–76PubMedCrossRef Moreno MJ, Abounader R, Hebert E, et al. Efficacy of the non-peptide CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS in blocking CGRP-induced dilations in human and bovine cerebral arteries: potential implications in acute migraine treatment. Neuropharmacology 2002; 42: 568–76PubMedCrossRef
106.
go back to reference Doods H, Hallermayer G, Wu D, et al. Pharmacological profile of BIBN4096BS, the first selective small molecule CGRP antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 129: 420–3PubMedCrossRef Doods H, Hallermayer G, Wu D, et al. Pharmacological profile of BIBN4096BS, the first selective small molecule CGRP antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 129: 420–3PubMedCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Petersen KA, Lassen LH, Birk S, et al. The effect of the nonpeptide CGRP-antagonist, BIBN406BS on human-alphaCGRP induced headache and hemodynamics in healthy volunteers [abstract]. Cephalalgia 2003; 23: 725 Petersen KA, Lassen LH, Birk S, et al. The effect of the nonpeptide CGRP-antagonist, BIBN406BS on human-alphaCGRP induced headache and hemodynamics in healthy volunteers [abstract]. Cephalalgia 2003; 23: 725
108.
go back to reference Storer RJ, Akerman S, Goadsby PJ. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) modulates nociceptive trigeminovascular transmission in the cat. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142: 1171–81PubMedCrossRef Storer RJ, Akerman S, Goadsby PJ. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) modulates nociceptive trigeminovascular transmission in the cat. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142: 1171–81PubMedCrossRef
109.
go back to reference Storer RJ, Goadsby PJ. Microiontophoretic application of serotonin (5HT)1B/1D agonists inhibits trigeminal cell firing in the cat. Brain 1997; 120: 2171–7PubMedCrossRef Storer RJ, Goadsby PJ. Microiontophoretic application of serotonin (5HT)1B/1D agonists inhibits trigeminal cell firing in the cat. Brain 1997; 120: 2171–7PubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Lambert GA, Lowy AJ, Boers P, et al. The spinal cord processing of input from the superior sagittal sinus: pathway and modulation by ergot alkaloids. Brain Res 1992; 597: 321–30PubMedCrossRef Lambert GA, Lowy AJ, Boers P, et al. The spinal cord processing of input from the superior sagittal sinus: pathway and modulation by ergot alkaloids. Brain Res 1992; 597: 321–30PubMedCrossRef
111.
go back to reference Kaube H, Hoskin KL, Goadsby PJ. Activation of the trigeminovascular system by mechanical distension of the superior sagittal sinus in the cat. Cephalalgia 1992; 12: 133–6PubMedCrossRef Kaube H, Hoskin KL, Goadsby PJ. Activation of the trigeminovascular system by mechanical distension of the superior sagittal sinus in the cat. Cephalalgia 1992; 12: 133–6PubMedCrossRef
112.
go back to reference Cumberbatch MJ, Hill RG, Hargreaves RJ. Rizatriptan has central antinociceptive effects against durally evoked responses. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 328: 37–40PubMedCrossRef Cumberbatch MJ, Hill RG, Hargreaves RJ. Rizatriptan has central antinociceptive effects against durally evoked responses. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 328: 37–40PubMedCrossRef
113.
go back to reference Kaube H, Hoskin KL, Goadsby PJ. Intravenous acetylsalicylic acid inhibits central trigeminal neurons in the dorsal horn of the upper cervical spinal cord in the cat. Headache 1993; 33: 541–50PubMedCrossRef Kaube H, Hoskin KL, Goadsby PJ. Intravenous acetylsalicylic acid inhibits central trigeminal neurons in the dorsal horn of the upper cervical spinal cord in the cat. Headache 1993; 33: 541–50PubMedCrossRef
114.
go back to reference Hoskin KL, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ. Central activation of the trigeminovascular pathway in the cat is inhibited by dihydroergotamine: a c-Fos and electrophysiology study. Brain 1996; 119: 249–56PubMedCrossRef Hoskin KL, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ. Central activation of the trigeminovascular pathway in the cat is inhibited by dihydroergotamine: a c-Fos and electrophysiology study. Brain 1996; 119: 249–56PubMedCrossRef
115.
go back to reference Kaube H, Hoskin KL, Goadsby PJ. Inhibition by sumatriptan of central trigeminal neurones only after blood-brain barrier disruption. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 109: 788–92PubMedCrossRef Kaube H, Hoskin KL, Goadsby PJ. Inhibition by sumatriptan of central trigeminal neurones only after blood-brain barrier disruption. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 109: 788–92PubMedCrossRef
116.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Hoskin KL. Inhibition of trigeminal neurons by intravenous administration of the serotonin (5HT)1B/D receptor agonist zolmitriptan (311C90): are brain stem sites a therapeutic target in migraine? Pain 1996; 67: 355–9PubMedCrossRef Goadsby PJ, Hoskin KL. Inhibition of trigeminal neurons by intravenous administration of the serotonin (5HT)1B/D receptor agonist zolmitriptan (311C90): are brain stem sites a therapeutic target in migraine? Pain 1996; 67: 355–9PubMedCrossRef
117.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Knight YE. Inhibition of trigeminal neurons after intravenous administration of naratriptan through an action at the serotonin (5HT1B/1D) receptors. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 122: 918–22PubMedCrossRef Goadsby PJ, Knight YE. Inhibition of trigeminal neurons after intravenous administration of naratriptan through an action at the serotonin (5HT1B/1D) receptors. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 122: 918–22PubMedCrossRef
118.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Hoskin KL. Differential effects of low dose CP122,288 and eletriptan on fos expression due to stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus in cat. Pain 1999; 82: 15–22PubMedCrossRef Goadsby PJ, Hoskin KL. Differential effects of low dose CP122,288 and eletriptan on fos expression due to stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus in cat. Pain 1999; 82: 15–22PubMedCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Boers P, Donaldson C, Zagami AS, et al. 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B/ 1D receptors are involved in the modulation of the trigeminovascular system of the cat: a microiontophoretic study. Neuropharmacology 2000; 39: 1833–47PubMedCrossRef Boers P, Donaldson C, Zagami AS, et al. 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B/ 1D receptors are involved in the modulation of the trigeminovascular system of the cat: a microiontophoretic study. Neuropharmacology 2000; 39: 1833–47PubMedCrossRef
120.
go back to reference Donaldson C, Boers PM, Hoskin KL, et al. The role of 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors in the selective inhibitory effect of naratriptan on trigeminovascular neurons. Neuropharmacology 2002; 42: 374–85PubMedCrossRef Donaldson C, Boers PM, Hoskin KL, et al. The role of 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors in the selective inhibitory effect of naratriptan on trigeminovascular neurons. Neuropharmacology 2002; 42: 374–85PubMedCrossRef
121.
go back to reference Boers PM, Donaldson C, Zagami AS, et al. Naratriptan has a selective inhibitory effect on trigeminovascular neurones at central 5-HT1A and 5-HT(lB/lD) receptors in the cat: implications for migraine therapy. Cephalalgia 2004; 24: 99–109PubMedCrossRef Boers PM, Donaldson C, Zagami AS, et al. Naratriptan has a selective inhibitory effect on trigeminovascular neurones at central 5-HT1A and 5-HT(lB/lD) receptors in the cat: implications for migraine therapy. Cephalalgia 2004; 24: 99–109PubMedCrossRef
122.
go back to reference Storer RJ, Akerman S, Connor HE, et al. 4991W93, a potent blocker of neurogenic plasma protein extravasation, inhibits trigeminal neurons at 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT1B/1D) agonist doses. Neuropharmacology 2001; 40: 911–7PubMedCrossRef Storer RJ, Akerman S, Connor HE, et al. 4991W93, a potent blocker of neurogenic plasma protein extravasation, inhibits trigeminal neurons at 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT1B/1D) agonist doses. Neuropharmacology 2001; 40: 911–7PubMedCrossRef
123.
go back to reference Buzzi MG, Moskowitz MA, Shimizu T, et al. Dihydroergotamine and sumatriptan attenuate levels of CGRP in plasma in rat superior sagittal sinus during electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion. Neuropharmacology 1991; 30: 1193–200PubMedCrossRef Buzzi MG, Moskowitz MA, Shimizu T, et al. Dihydroergotamine and sumatriptan attenuate levels of CGRP in plasma in rat superior sagittal sinus during electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion. Neuropharmacology 1991; 30: 1193–200PubMedCrossRef
124.
go back to reference Arvieu L, Mauborgne A, Bourgoin S, et al. Sumatriptan inhibits the release of CGRP and substance P from the rat spinal cord. Neuroreport 1996; 7: 1973–6PubMedCrossRef Arvieu L, Mauborgne A, Bourgoin S, et al. Sumatriptan inhibits the release of CGRP and substance P from the rat spinal cord. Neuroreport 1996; 7: 1973–6PubMedCrossRef
125.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L. Peripheral and central trigeminovascular activation in cat is blocked by the serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist 311C 90. Headache 1994; 34: 394–9PubMedCrossRef Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L. Peripheral and central trigeminovascular activation in cat is blocked by the serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist 311C 90. Headache 1994; 34: 394–9PubMedCrossRef
126.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L. The trigeminovascular system and migraine: studies characterizing cerebrovascular and neuropeptide changes seen in humans and cats. Ann Neurol 1993; 33: 48–56PubMedCrossRef Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L. The trigeminovascular system and migraine: studies characterizing cerebrovascular and neuropeptide changes seen in humans and cats. Ann Neurol 1993; 33: 48–56PubMedCrossRef
127.
go back to reference Zagami AS, Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L. Stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus in the cat causes release of vasoactive peptides. Neuropeptides 1990; 16: 69–75PubMedCrossRef Zagami AS, Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L. Stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus in the cat causes release of vasoactive peptides. Neuropeptides 1990; 16: 69–75PubMedCrossRef
128.
go back to reference Knight YE, Edvinsson L, Goadsby PJ. Blockade of CGRP release after superior sagittal sinus stimulation in cat: a comparison of avitriptan and CP122, 288. Neuropeptides 1999; 33: 41–6PubMedCrossRef Knight YE, Edvinsson L, Goadsby PJ. Blockade of CGRP release after superior sagittal sinus stimulation in cat: a comparison of avitriptan and CP122, 288. Neuropeptides 1999; 33: 41–6PubMedCrossRef
129.
go back to reference Knight YE, Edvinsson L, Goadsby PJ. 4991W93 inhibits release of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the cat but only at doses with 5HT1B/1D receptor agonist activity. Neuropharmacol 2001; 40: 520–5CrossRef Knight YE, Edvinsson L, Goadsby PJ. 4991W93 inhibits release of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the cat but only at doses with 5HT1B/1D receptor agonist activity. Neuropharmacol 2001; 40: 520–5CrossRef
130.
go back to reference Durham PL, Sharma RV, Russo AF. Repression of the calcitonin gene-related peptide promoter by 5-HT1 receptor activation. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 9545–53PubMed Durham PL, Sharma RV, Russo AF. Repression of the calcitonin gene-related peptide promoter by 5-HT1 receptor activation. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 9545–53PubMed
131.
go back to reference Durham PL, Russo AF. Regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide secretion by a serotonergic antimigraine drug. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 3423–9PubMed Durham PL, Russo AF. Regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide secretion by a serotonergic antimigraine drug. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 3423–9PubMed
132.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R. Vasoactive peptide release in the extracerebral circulation of humans during migraine headache. Ann Neurol 1990; 28: 183–7PubMedCrossRef Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R. Vasoactive peptide release in the extracerebral circulation of humans during migraine headache. Ann Neurol 1990; 28: 183–7PubMedCrossRef
133.
go back to reference Gallai V, Sarchielli P, Floridi A, et al. Vasoactive peptides levels in the plasma of young migraine patients with and without aura assessed both interictally and ictally. Cephalalgia 1995; 15: 384–90PubMed Gallai V, Sarchielli P, Floridi A, et al. Vasoactive peptides levels in the plasma of young migraine patients with and without aura assessed both interictally and ictally. Cephalalgia 1995; 15: 384–90PubMed
134.
go back to reference Afridi S, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ. Glyceryl trinitrate triggers premonitory symptoms in migraineurs. Pain 2004; 110: 675–80PubMedCrossRef Afridi S, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ. Glyceryl trinitrate triggers premonitory symptoms in migraineurs. Pain 2004; 110: 675–80PubMedCrossRef
135.
go back to reference Juhasz G, Zsombok T, Modos EA, et al. NO-induced migraine attack: strong increase in plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration and negative correlation with platelet serotonin release. Pain 2003; 106: 461–70PubMedCrossRef Juhasz G, Zsombok T, Modos EA, et al. NO-induced migraine attack: strong increase in plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration and negative correlation with platelet serotonin release. Pain 2003; 106: 461–70PubMedCrossRef
136.
go back to reference Juhasz G, Zsombok T, Jakab B, et al. Sumatriptan causes parallel decrease in plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration and migraine headache during nitroglycerin induced migraine attack. Cephalalgia 2005; 25: 179–83PubMedCrossRef Juhasz G, Zsombok T, Jakab B, et al. Sumatriptan causes parallel decrease in plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration and migraine headache during nitroglycerin induced migraine attack. Cephalalgia 2005; 25: 179–83PubMedCrossRef
137.
go back to reference Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. The international classification of headache disorders. 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004; 24 Suppl. 1: 1–160 Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. The international classification of headache disorders. 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004; 24 Suppl. 1: 1–160
138.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L. Human in vivo evidence for trigeminovascular activation in cluster headache. Brain 1994; 117: 427–34PubMedCrossRef Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L. Human in vivo evidence for trigeminovascular activation in cluster headache. Brain 1994; 117: 427–34PubMedCrossRef
139.
go back to reference Fanciullacci M, Alessandri M, Figini M, et al. Increase in plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide from extracerebral circulation during nitroglycerin-induced cluster headache attack. Pain 1995; 60: 119–23PubMedCrossRef Fanciullacci M, Alessandri M, Figini M, et al. Increase in plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide from extracerebral circulation during nitroglycerin-induced cluster headache attack. Pain 1995; 60: 119–23PubMedCrossRef
140.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L. Neuropeptide changes in a case of chronic paroxysmal hemicrania-evidence for trigemino-parasympathetic activation. Cephalalgia 1996; 16: 448–50PubMedCrossRef Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L. Neuropeptide changes in a case of chronic paroxysmal hemicrania-evidence for trigemino-parasympathetic activation. Cephalalgia 1996; 16: 448–50PubMedCrossRef
141.
go back to reference Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, et al. Plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide in chronic tension-type headache. Neurology 2000; 55: 1335–40PubMedCrossRef Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, et al. Plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide in chronic tension-type headache. Neurology 2000; 55: 1335–40PubMedCrossRef
142.
go back to reference Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Cady R, et al. Sumatriptan for the range of headaches in migraine sufferers: results of the Spectrum Study. Headache 2000; 40: 783–91PubMedCrossRef Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Cady R, et al. Sumatriptan for the range of headaches in migraine sufferers: results of the Spectrum Study. Headache 2000; 40: 783–91PubMedCrossRef
143.
go back to reference Tfelt-Hansen P, Saxena PR, Dahlof C, et al. Ergotamine in the acute treatment of migraine: a review and European consensus. Brain 2000; 123: 9–18PubMedCrossRef Tfelt-Hansen P, Saxena PR, Dahlof C, et al. Ergotamine in the acute treatment of migraine: a review and European consensus. Brain 2000; 123: 9–18PubMedCrossRef
144.
go back to reference Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L. Dihydroergotamine inhibits trigeminovascular activation in vivo [abstract]. Headache 1992; 32: 255 Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L. Dihydroergotamine inhibits trigeminovascular activation in vivo [abstract]. Headache 1992; 32: 255
145.
go back to reference Olesen J, Diener H-C, Husstedt I-W, et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS is effective in the treatment of migraine attacks. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1104–10PubMedCrossRef Olesen J, Diener H-C, Husstedt I-W, et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS is effective in the treatment of migraine attacks. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1104–10PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Antagonists as Treatments of Migraine and Other Primary Headaches
Author
Professor Peter J. Goadsby
Publication date
01-12-2005
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Drugs / Issue 18/2005
Print ISSN: 0012-6667
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1950
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200565180-00002

Other articles of this Issue 18/2005

Drugs 18/2005 Go to the issue

Announcement

Acknowledgement

Adis Drug Profile

Tigecycline

Adis Drug Profile

Tigecycline