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European Journal of Medical Research
Published in: European Journal of Medical Research 1/2022

Open Access 01-12-2022 | Hydrocephalus | Review

Hydrocephalus: historical analysis and considerations for treatment

Authors: Alexandra Hochstetler, Jeffrey Raskin, Bonnie L. Blazer-Yost

Published in: European Journal of Medical Research | Issue 1/2022

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Abstract

Hydrocephalus is a serious condition that affects patients of all ages, resulting from a multitude of causes. While the etiologies of hydrocephalus are numerous, many of the acute and chronic symptoms of the condition are shared. These symptoms include disorientation and pain (headaches), cognitive and developmental changes, vision and sleep disturbances, and gait abnormalities. This collective group of symptoms combined with the effectiveness of CSF diversion as a surgical intervention for many types of the condition suggest that the various etiologies may share common cellular and molecular dysfunctions. The incidence rate of pediatric hydrocephalus is approximately 0.1–0.6% of live births, making it as common as Down syndrome in infants. Diagnosis and treatment of various forms of adult hydrocephalus remain understudied and underreported. Surgical interventions to treat hydrocephalus, though lifesaving, have a high incidence of failure. Previously tested pharmacotherapies for the treatment of hydrocephalus have resulted in net zero or negative outcomes for patients potentially due to the lack of understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the development of hydrocephalus. Very few well-validated drug targets have been proposed for therapy; most of these have been within the last 5 years. Within the last 50 years, there have been only incremental improvements in surgical treatments for hydrocephalus, and there has been little progress made towards prevention or cure. This demonstrates the need to develop nonsurgical interventions for the treatment of hydrocephalus regardless of etiology. The development of new treatment paradigms relies heavily on investment in researching the common molecular mechanisms that contribute to all of the forms of hydrocephalus, and requires the concerted support of patient advocacy organizations, government- and private-funded research, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, the medical device industry, and the vast network of healthcare professionals.
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Metadata
Title
Hydrocephalus: historical analysis and considerations for treatment
Authors
Alexandra Hochstetler
Jeffrey Raskin
Bonnie L. Blazer-Yost
Publication date
01-12-2022
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
European Journal of Medical Research / Issue 1/2022
Electronic ISSN: 2047-783X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-022-00798-6

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