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Breast Cancer Research
Published in: Breast Cancer Research 1/2019

Open Access 01-12-2019 | Breast Cancer | Review

Environmental exposures during windows of susceptibility for breast cancer: a framework for prevention research

Authors: Mary Beth Terry, Karin B. Michels, Julia Green Brody, Celia Byrne, Shiuan Chen, D. Joseph Jerry, Kristen M. C. Malecki, Mary Beth Martin, Rachel L. Miller, Susan L. Neuhausen, Kami Silk, Amy Trentham-Dietz, on behalf of Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program (BCERP)

Published in: Breast Cancer Research | Issue 1/2019

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Abstract

Background

The long time from exposure to potentially harmful chemicals until breast cancer occurrence poses challenges for designing etiologic studies and for implementing successful prevention programs. Growing evidence from animal and human studies indicates that distinct time periods of heightened susceptibility to endocrine disruptors exist throughout the life course. The influence of environmental chemicals on breast cancer risk may be greater during several windows of susceptibility (WOS) in a woman’s life, including prenatal development, puberty, pregnancy, and the menopausal transition. These time windows are considered as specific periods of susceptibility for breast cancer because significant structural and functional changes occur in the mammary gland, as well as alterations in the mammary micro-environment and hormone signaling that may influence risk. Breast cancer research focused on these breast cancer WOS will accelerate understanding of disease etiology and prevention.

Main text

Despite the plausible heightened mechanistic influences of environmental chemicals on breast cancer risk during time periods of change in the mammary gland’s structure and function, most human studies of environmental chemicals are not focused on specific WOS. This article reviews studies conducted over the past few decades that have specifically addressed the effect of environmental chemicals and metals on breast cancer risk during at least one of these WOS. In addition to summarizing the broader evidence-base specific to WOS, we include discussion of the NIH-funded Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program (BCERP) which included population-based and basic science research focused on specific WOS to evaluate associations between breast cancer risk and particular classes of endocrine-disrupting chemicals—including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, perfluorinated compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and phenols—and metals. We outline ways in which ongoing transdisciplinary BCERP projects incorporate animal research and human epidemiologic studies in close partnership with community organizations and communication scientists to identify research priorities and effectively translate evidence-based findings to the public and policy makers.

Conclusions

An integrative model of breast cancer research is needed to determine the impact and mechanisms of action of endocrine disruptors at different WOS. By focusing on environmental chemical exposure during specific WOS, scientists and their community partners may identify when prevention efforts are likely to be most effective.
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Metadata
Title
Environmental exposures during windows of susceptibility for breast cancer: a framework for prevention research
Authors
Mary Beth Terry
Karin B. Michels
Julia Green Brody
Celia Byrne
Shiuan Chen
D. Joseph Jerry
Kristen M. C. Malecki
Mary Beth Martin
Rachel L. Miller
Susan L. Neuhausen
Kami Silk
Amy Trentham-Dietz
on behalf of Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program (BCERP)
Publication date
01-12-2019
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Breast Cancer Research / Issue 1/2019
Electronic ISSN: 1465-542X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-019-1168-2

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