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Molecular Neurodegeneration
Published in: Molecular Neurodegeneration 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Methodology

Long-read sequencing across the C9orf72 ‘GGGGCC’ repeat expansion: implications for clinical use and genetic discovery efforts in human disease

Authors: Mark T. W. Ebbert, Stefan L. Farrugia, Jonathon P. Sens, Karen Jansen-West, Tania F. Gendron, Mercedes Prudencio, Ian J. McLaughlin, Brett Bowman, Matthew Seetin, Mariely DeJesus-Hernandez, Jazmyne Jackson, Patricia H. Brown, Dennis W. Dickson, Marka van Blitterswijk, Rosa Rademakers, Leonard Petrucelli, John D. Fryer

Published in: Molecular Neurodegeneration | Issue 1/2018

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Abstract

Background

Many neurodegenerative diseases are caused by nucleotide repeat expansions, but most expansions, like the C9orf72 ‘GGGGCC’ (G4C2) repeat that causes approximately 5–7% of all amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) cases, are too long to sequence using short-read sequencing technologies. It is unclear whether long-read sequencing technologies can traverse these long, challenging repeat expansions. Here, we demonstrate that two long-read sequencing technologies, Pacific Biosciences’ (PacBio) and Oxford Nanopore Technologies’ (ONT), can sequence through disease-causing repeats cloned into plasmids, including the FTD/ALS-causing G4C2 repeat expansion. We also report the first long-read sequencing data characterizing the C9orf72 G4C2 repeat expansion at the nucleotide level in two symptomatic expansion carriers using PacBio whole-genome sequencing and a no-amplification (No-Amp) targeted approach based on CRISPR/Cas9.

Results

Both the PacBio and ONT platforms successfully sequenced through the repeat expansions in plasmids. Throughput on the MinION was a challenge for whole-genome sequencing; we were unable to attain reads covering the human C9orf72 repeat expansion using 15 flow cells. We obtained 8× coverage across the C9orf72 locus using the PacBio Sequel, accurately reporting the unexpanded allele at eight repeats, and reading through the entire expansion with 1324 repeats (7941 nucleotides). Using the No-Amp targeted approach, we attained > 800× coverage and were able to identify the unexpanded allele, closely estimate expansion size, and assess nucleotide content in a single experiment. We estimate the individual’s repeat region was > 99% G4C2 content, though we cannot rule out small interruptions.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that long-read sequencing is well suited to characterizing known repeat expansions, and for discovering new disease-causing, disease-modifying, or risk-modifying repeat expansions that have gone undetected with conventional short-read sequencing. The PacBio No-Amp targeted approach may have future potential in clinical and genetic counseling environments. Larger and deeper long-read sequencing studies in C9orf72 expansion carriers will be important to determine heterogeneity and whether the repeats are interrupted by non-G4C2 content, potentially mitigating or modifying disease course or age of onset, as interruptions are known to do in other repeat-expansion disorders. These results have broad implications across all diseases where the genetic etiology remains unclear.
Appendix
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Metadata
Title
Long-read sequencing across the C9orf72 ‘GGGGCC’ repeat expansion: implications for clinical use and genetic discovery efforts in human disease
Authors
Mark T. W. Ebbert
Stefan L. Farrugia
Jonathon P. Sens
Karen Jansen-West
Tania F. Gendron
Mercedes Prudencio
Ian J. McLaughlin
Brett Bowman
Matthew Seetin
Mariely DeJesus-Hernandez
Jazmyne Jackson
Patricia H. Brown
Dennis W. Dickson
Marka van Blitterswijk
Rosa Rademakers
Leonard Petrucelli
John D. Fryer
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Molecular Neurodegeneration / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1750-1326
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-018-0274-4

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