Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Chinese Medicine
Published in: Chinese Medicine 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Review

Triphala: current applications and new perspectives on the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders

Authors: Aleksandra Tarasiuk, Paula Mosińska, Jakub Fichna

Published in: Chinese Medicine | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Ayurvedic medicine is based on natural healing methods that use herbal medicine to cleanse the body of toxins and to attain physical and mental regeneration. Triphala (TLP) is one of the most important ayurvedic supplements and is believed to have a beneficial effect on the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Purpose

We aim to summarize available literature focused on the components of TLP (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica and Phyllanthus emblica) and discusse their effectiveness and therapeutic value for improving lower GI symptoms in functional GI disorders, particularly irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Methods

This study is based on pertinent papers that were retrieved by a selective search using relevant keywords in PubMed and ScienceDirect databases.

Results

The components of TLP are believed to cause restoration of the epithelium lining of the digestive tract, and by exhibiting mild laxative properties facilitate passage of stool in the colon. TLP is rich in polyphenols, vitamin C and flavonoids, which provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It also contains various types of acids, such as gallic, chebulagic and chebulinic, which additionally possess cytoprotective and antifungal properties.

Conclusion

Triphala holds potential in improving lower GI symptoms and may be a valuable and effective addition to standard treatment of IBS. Supplementation of TLP herbal formulations alone or along with other probiotics can be recommended in ongoing clinical studies.
Literature
1.
Spiller R, Aziz Q, Creed F, Emmanuel A, Houghton L, Hungin P, et al. Guidelines on the irritable bowel syndrome: mechanisms and practical management. Gut. 2007;56:1770–98.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
2.
Grundmann O, Yoon SL. Complementary and alternative medicines in irritable bowel syndrome: an integrative view. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:346–62.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
3.
Barbara G, Zecchi L, Barbaro R, Cremon C, Bellacosa L, Marcellini M, et al. Mucosal permeability and immune activation as potential therapeutic targets of probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;46(Suppl):S52–5.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Kilpatrick LA, Gupta A, Love AD, Labus JS, Alaverdyan M, Tillisch K, et al. Neurobiology of psychological resilience in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:S774.CrossRef
5.
Lauche R, Kumar S, Hallmann J, Lüdtke R, Rampp T, Dobos G, et al. Efficacy and safety of Ayurvedic herbs in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a randomised controlled crossover trial. Complement Ther Med. 2016;26:171–7.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Joos S, Rosemann T, Szecsenyi J, Hahn EG, Willich SN, Brinkhaus B. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in Germany—a survey of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006;6:19.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
7.
Wasilewski A, Zielińska M, Storr M, Fichna J. Beneficial effects of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and psychobiotics in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21:1674–82.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Basturk A, Artan R, Yilmaz A. Efficacy of synbiotic, probiotic, and prebiotic treatments for irritable bowel syndrome in children: a randomized controlled trial. Turkish J Gastroenterol. 2016;27:439–43.CrossRef
9.
Rani B, Prasad M, Kumar R, Vikram Y, Kachhawa GR, Sharma S. Triphala: a versatile counteractive assortment of ailments. Int J Pharm Chem Sci. 2013;2:101–9.
10.
Kumar NS, Nair AS, Nair AM, Murali M. Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of triphala—a literature review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem JPP. 2016;23:23–7.
11.
Gupta M. Therapeutic uses of the polyherbal drug Triphala in geriatric diseases. Int J Pharma Bio Sci. 2010;1:2.CrossRef
12.
Belapurkar P, Goyal P, Tiwari-Barua P. Immunomodulatory effects of triphala and its individual constituents: a review. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2014;76:467–75.PubMedPubMedCentral
13.
Pharmacy F, St P, Ake M, Thani P. HPLC-MS profiles and quantitative analysis of triphala formulation. BHST. 2016;14:57–67.
14.
Ghosh A, Das BK, Roy A, Mandal B, Chandra G. Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plant extracts. J Nat Med. 2008;62:259–62.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Chandran U, Mehendale N, Tillu G, Patwardhan B. Network pharmacology of ayurveda formulation Triphala with special reference to anti-cancer property. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 2015;18:846–54.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Mehmood MH, Rehman A, Rehman N, Gilani A-H. Studies on prokinetic, laxative and spasmodic activities of Phyllanthus emblica in experimental animals. Phyther Res. 2013;27:1054–60.CrossRef
17.
Manosroi A, Jantrawut P, Akazawa H, Akihisa T, Manosroi J. Biological activities of phenolic compounds isolated from galls of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae). Nat Prod Res. 2010;24:1915–26.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Lee H-S, Koo Y-C, Suh HJ, Kim K-Y, Lee K-W. Preventive effects of chebulic acid isolated from Terminalia chebula on advanced glycation endproduct-induced endothelial cell dysfunction. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;131:567–74.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Lu K, Chakroborty D, Sarkar C, Lu T, Xie Z, Liu Z, et al. Triphala and its active constituent chebulinic acid are natural inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor-A mediated angiogenesis. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e43934.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Shen Y-C, Juan C-W, Lin C-S, Chen C-C, Chang C-L. Neuroprotective effect of Terminalia chebula extracts and ellagic acid in pc12 cells. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2017;14:22–30.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Zamora-Ros R, Knaze V, Rothwell JA, Hémon B, Moskal A, Overvad K, et al. Dietary polyphenol intake in Europe: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC) study. Eur J Nutr. 2016;55:1359–75.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Chokotho L, van Hasselt E. The use of tannins in the local treatment of burn wounds—a pilot study. Malawi Med J. 2005;17:19–20.PubMedPubMedCentral
23.
Na H-J, Lee G, Oh H-Y, Jeon K-S, Kwon H-J, Ha K-S, et al. 4-O-Methylgallic acid suppresses inflammation-associated gene expression by inhibition of redox-based NF-kappaB activation. Int Immunopharmacol. 2006;6:1597–608.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Jadon A, Bhadauria M, Shukla S. Protective effect of Terminalia belerica Roxb. and gallic acid against carbon tetrachloride induced damage in albino rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;2:214–8.CrossRef
25.
Tam PE, Hinsdill RD. Screening for immunomodulators: effects of xenobiotics on macrophage chemiluminescence in vitro. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1990;14:542–53.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Shay J, Elbaz HA, Lee I, Zielske SP, Malek MH, Hüttemann M. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic effects of (−)-epicatechin and other polyphenols in cancer, inflammation, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:1–13.CrossRef
27.
Singh A, Demont A, Actis-Goretta L, Holvoet S, Lévêques A, Lepage M, et al. Identification of epicatechin as one of the key bioactive constituents of polyphenol-enriched extracts that demonstrate an anti-allergic effect in a murine model of food allergy. Br J Nutr. 2014;112:358–68.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Cox CJ, Choudhry F, Peacey E, Perkinton MS, Richardson JC, Howlett DR, et al. Dietary (−)-epicatechin as a potent inhibitor of βγ-secretase amyloid precursor protein processing. Neurobiol Aging. 2015;36:178–87.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Actis-Goretta L, Lévèques A, Rein M, Teml A, Schäfer C, Hofmann U, et al. Intestinal absorption, metabolism, and excretion of (−)-epicatechin in healthy humans assessed by using an intestinal perfusion technique. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98:924–33.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Singh DP, Govindarajan R, Rawat AKS. High-performance liquid chromatography as a tool for the chemical standardisation of Triphala—an ayurvedic formulation. Phytochem Anal. 2008;19:164–8.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Guo X, Wang X. Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract activates spindle assembly checkpoint, prevents mitotic aberrations and genomic instability in human colon epithelial NCM460 cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:1437.CrossRefPubMedCentral
32.
Hayat Khan K, Khan K. Roles of Emblica officinalis in medicine—a review. Bot Res Int. 2009;2:218–28.
33.
Bhattacharya A, Chatterjee A, Ghosal S, Bhattacharya SK. Antioxidant activity of active tannoid principles of Emblica officinalis (amla). Indian J Exp Biol. 1999;37:676–80.PubMed
34.
Bahrami HR, Hamedi S, Salari R, Noras M. Herbal medicines for the management of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review. Electron Physician. 2016;8:2719–25.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Mathur R, Sharma A, Dixit VP, Varma M. Hypolipidaemic effect of fruit juice of Emblica officinalis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol. 1996;50:61–8.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Majeed M, Bhat B, Jadhav AN, Srivastava JS, Nagabhushanam K. Ascorbic acid and tannins from emblica officinalis Gaertn. FruitssA Revisit. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;1:220–5.CrossRef
37.
Wazir A, Mehjabeen, Jahan N, Sherwani SK, Ahmad M. Antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of some medicinal plants. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014;27:2145–52.PubMed
38.
Tarwadi K, Agte V. Antioxidant and micronutrient potential of common fruits available in the Indian subcontinent. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2007;58:341–9.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Barthakur NN, Arnold NP. Nutritive value of the chebulic myrobalan (Terminalia chebula Retz.) and its potential as a food source. Food Chem. 1991;40:213–9.CrossRef
40.
Ahn M-J, Kim CY, Lee JS, Kim TG, Kim SH, Lee C-K, et al. Inhibition of HIV-1 integrase by galloyl glucoses from Terminalia chebula and flavonol glycoside gallates from Euphorbia Pekinensis. Planta Med. 2002;68:457–9.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Juang L-J, Sheu S-J. Chemical identification of the sources of commercial Fructus Chebulae. Phytochem Anal. 2005;16:246–51.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Cock IE. The medicinal properties and phytochemistry of plants of the genus Terminalia (Combretaceae). Inflammopharmacology. 2015;23:203–29.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Walden R, Tomlinson B. Cardiovascular disease. In: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S, editors. Herbal medicine: biomolecular and clinical aspects, Chapter 16. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2011.
44.
Pawar V, Lahorkar P, Anantha Narayana DB. Development of a RP-HPLC method for analysis of Triphala curna and its applicability to test variations in Triphala curna preparations. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2009;71:382–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Kaur S, Michael H, Arora S, Härkönen PL, Kumar S. The in vitro cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of Triphala—an Indian herbal drug. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;97:15–20.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Ponnusankar S, Pandit S, Babu R, Bandyopadhyay A, Mukherjee PK. Cytochrome P450 inhibitory potential of Triphala—a rasayana from ayurveda. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133:120–5.CrossRefPubMed
47.
48.
Wilt TJ, Ishani A, MacDonald R, Stark G, Mulrow CD, Lau J. Beta-sitosterols for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1999;9:CD001043.
49.
Shin T, Jeong H, Kim D, Kim S, Lee J, Kim D, et al. Inhibitory action of water soluble fraction of Terminalia chebula on systemic and local anaphylaxis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;74:133–40.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Rudkowska I, AbuMweis SS, Nicolle C, Jones PJH. Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of plant sterols in low-fat yogurt consumed as a snack or with a meal. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008;27:588–95.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Malekzadeh F, Ehsanifar H, Shahamat M, Levin M, Colwell R. Antibacterial activity of black myrobalan (Terminalia chebula Retz) against Helicobacter pylori. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2001;1:85–8.CrossRef
52.
Malfertheiner P, Me F, Graud Â, O’morainà C, Hungin APS, Jones R, et al. Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht III consensus report. Gut. 2007;56:772–81.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Jagtap AG, Karkera SG. Potential of the aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula as an anticaries agent. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;68:299–306.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Xiong F, Xiong M, Ma Z, Huang S, Li A, Liu S. Imported from lack of association found between Helicobacter pylori infection and diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a multicenter retrospective study. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2016;2016:3059201.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
55.
Kim TG, Kang SY, Jung KK, Kang JH, Lee E, Han HM, et al. Antiviral activities of extracts isolated from Terminalis chebula Retz., Sanguisorba officinalis L., Rubus coreanus Miq. and Rheum palmatum L. against hepatitis B virus. Phytother Res. 2001;15:718–20.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Kannan M, Rajendran P, Pratap C, Vedha V, Ashok G, Anushka S, et al. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase and modulation of TH1 & TH2 cytokine secretion by three Indian medicinal plants and its correlation with antiviral properties. J Pharm Res. 2011;4:1044–6.
57.
Sabu MC, Kuttan R. Anti-diabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;81:155–60.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Sandhya T, Mishra KP. Cytotoxic response of breast cancer cell lines, MCF 7 and T 47 D to triphala and its modification by antioxidants. Cancer Lett. 2006;238:304–13.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Kovačević N, Čolić M, Backović A, Došlov-Kokoruš Z. Immunomodulatory effects of the methanolic extract of Epimedium alpinum in vitro. Fitoterapia. 2006;77:561–7.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Houde V, Grenier D, Chandad F. protective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins against oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharides of periodontopathogens. J Periodontol. 2006;77:1371–9.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Suja RS, Nair AMC, Sujith S, Preethy J, Deepa AK. Evaluation of immunomodulatory potential’ of Emblica officinalis fruit pulp extract in mice. Indian J Anim Res. 2009;3:103–6.
62.
Ahmad I, Mehmood Z, Mohammad F. Screening of some Indian medicinal plants for their antimicrobial properties. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;62:183–93.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Kumaran A, Karunakaran RJ. Nitric oxide radical scavenging active components from Phyllanthus emblica L. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2006;61:1–5.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Niwano Y, Saito K, Yoshizaki F, Kohno M, Ozawa T. Extensive screening for herbal extracts with potent antioxidant properties. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2011;48:78–84.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Manjunatha S, Jaryal AK, Bijlani RL, Sachdeva U, Gupta SK. Effect of Chyawanprash and vitamin C on glucose tolerance and lipoprotein profile. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001;45:71–9.PubMed
66.
Anila L, Vijayalakshmi NR. Beneficial effects of flavonoids from Sesamum indicum, Emblica officinalis and Momordica charantia. Phytother Res. 2000;14:592–5.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Vadde R, Radhakrishnan S, Reddivari L, Vanamala JKP. Triphala Extract suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in human colon cancer stem cells via suppressing c-Myc/Cyclin D1 and elevation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Biomed Res Int. 2015. Article id: 649263.
68.
Guo X, Ni J, Liu X, Xue J, Wang X. Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit extract induces chromosomal instability and suppresses necrosis in human colon cancer cells. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2013;83:271–80.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Jose JK, Kuttan G, Kuttan R. Antitumour activity of Emblica officinalis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;75:65–9.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Deep G, Dhiman M, Rao AR, Kale RK. Chemopreventive potential of Triphala (a composite Indian drug) on benzo(a)pyrene induced forestomach tumorigenesis in murine tumor model system. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2005;24:555–63.PubMed
71.
Sandhya T, Lathika KM, Pandey BN, Mishra KP. Potential of traditional ayurvedic formulation, Triphala, as a novel anticancer drug. Cancer Lett. 2006;231:206–14.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Shi Y, Sahu RP, Srivastava SK. Triphala inhibits both in vitro and in vivo xenograft growth of pancreatic tumor cells by inducing apoptosis. BMC Cancer. 2008;8:294.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
73.
Srikumar R, Parthasarathy NJ, Manikandan S, Muthuvel A, Rajamani R, Sheeladevi R. Immunomodulatory effect of Triphala during experimentally induced noise stress in albino rats. J Heal Sci. 2007;53:142–5.CrossRef
74.
Aher V, Wahi A. Immunomodulatory activity of alcohol extract of Terminalia chebula retz combretaceae. Trop J Pharm Res. 2011;10:567–75.
75.
Liu Y, Bao L, Xuan L, Song B, Lin L, Han H. Chebulagic acid inhibits the LPS-induced expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in endothelial cells by suppressing MAPK activation. Exp Ther Med. 2015;10:263–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
76.
Baliga MS. Triphala, ayurvedic formulation for treating and preventing cancer: a review. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16:1301–8.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Gowda DV, Muguli G, Rangesh PR, Deshpande RD. Phytochemical and pharmacological actions of triphala: ayurvedic formulation—a review. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2012;15:61–5.
78.
79.
Choi K-C, Lee Y-H, Jung MG, Kwon SH, Kim M-J, Jun WJ, et al. Gallic acid suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced nuclear factor-κB signaling by preventing RelA acetylation in A549 lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res. 2009;7:2011–21.CrossRefPubMed
80.
Zhao L, Zhang S-L, Tao J-Y, Pang R, Jin F, Guo Y-J, et al. Preliminary exploration on anti-inflammatory mechanism of corilagin (beta-1-O-galloyl-3,6-(R)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-d-glucose) in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol. 2008;8:1059–64.CrossRefPubMed
81.
Karlsson S, Nånberg E, Fjaeraa C, Wijkander J. Ellagic acid inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of enzymes involved in the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 in human monocytes. Br J Nutr. 2010;103:1102–9.PubMed
82.
Ho H-H, Chang C-S, Ho W-C, Liao S-Y, Wu C-H, Wang C-J. Anti-metastasis effects of gallic acid on gastric cancer cells involves inhibition of NF-κB activity and downregulation of PI3K/AKT/small GTPase signals. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48:2508–16.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Sehar I, Kaul A, Bani S, Pal HC, Saxena AK. Immune up regulatory response of a non-caloric natural sweetener, stevioside. Chem Biol Interact. 2008;173:115–21.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Nariya M, Shukla V, Jain S, Ravishankar B. Comparison of enteroprotective efficacy of triphala formulations (Indian herbal drug) on methotrexate-induced small intestinal damage in rats. Phyther Res. 2009;23:1092–8.CrossRef
85.
Munshi R, Bhalerao S, Rathi P, Kuber VV, Nipanikar SU, Kadbhane KP. An open-label, prospective clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TLPL/AY/01/2008 in the management of functional constipation. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2011;2:144–52.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
86.
Mukherjee P, Rai S, Bhattacharyya S. Clinical study of ‘Triphala’—a Weill known phytomedicine from India. Iran J Pharmacol Ther. 2007;5:51–4.
87.
Mehmood MH, Siddiqi HS, Gilani AH. The antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities of Phyllanthus emblica are mediated through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channels. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;133:856–65.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Selma MV, Beltrán D, Luna MC, Romo-Vaquero M, García-Villalba R, Mira A, et al. Isolation of human intestinal bacteria capable of producing the bioactive metabolite isourolithin a from ellagic acid. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1521.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
89.
Bhavikatti SK, Dhamija R, Prabhuji MLV, Emblica A. Review article Triphala: envisioning its role in dentistry. Int Res J Pharm. 2015;6:309–13.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Triphala: current applications and new perspectives on the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders
Authors
Aleksandra Tarasiuk
Paula Mosińska
Jakub Fichna
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Chinese Medicine / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1749-8546
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0197-6

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

Chinese Medicine 1/2018 Go to the issue

Research

Bioaccessibility and risk assessment of heavy metals, and analysis of arsenic speciation in Cordyceps sinensis

Research

Complete chloroplast genome of the medicinal plant Amomum compactum: gene organization, comparative analysis, and phylogenetic relationships within Zingiberales

Research

Paeoniflorin exerts neuroprotective effects by modulating the M1/M2 subset polarization of microglia/macrophages in the hippocampal CA1 region of vascular dementia rats via cannabinoid receptor 2

Research

Comparative study of the polyphenol content-related anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of two Urera aurantiaca specimens from different geographical areas

Research

Extrahepatic cytochrome P450s play an insignificant role in triptolide-induced toxicity

Research

Wnt5a mediates the effects of Bushen Huoxue decoction on the migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro