Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Primary research

An arabic translation, reliability, and validation of Patient Health Questionnaire in a Saudi sample

Authors: Ahmad N. AlHadi, Deemah A. AlAteeq, Eman Al-Sharif, Hamdah M. Bawazeer, Hasan Alanazi, Abdulaziz T. AlShomrani, Raafat M. Shuqdar, Reem AlOwaybil

Published in: Annals of General Psychiatry | Issue 1/2017

Abstract

Background

Psychological disorders including depression and anxiety are not rare in primary care clinics. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a clinical diagnostic tool that is widely utilized by primary health care physicians worldwide because it provides a practical in-clinic tool to screen for psychological disorders. This study evaluated the validity of the Arabic version of the PHQ in all six modules including depression, anxiety, somatic, panic, eating, and alcohol abuse disorders.

Methods

This is a quantitative observational cross-sectional study that was conducted by administrating the translated Arabic version of PHQ to a sample of King Saud University students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Results

The sample was 731 university students who participated in this study including 376 (51.6%) females and 354 (48.4%) males with a mean age of 21.30 years. Eight mental health experts carried out the face validation process of the PHQ Arabic version. The internal consistency reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha for the PHQ9, GAD7, PHQ15, and panic disorder modules. The results were 0.857, 0.763, 0.826, and 0.696, respectively. In comparison, the eating disorders and alcohol abuse modules demonstrated poor internal consistency due to small number of participants in these modules.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that the Arabic version of the PHQ is a valid and reliable tool to screen for depression, anxiety, somatic, and panic disorders in a Saudi sample.

Al-Qadhi W, Ur Rahman S, Ferwana MS, Abdulmajeed IA. Adult depression screening in Saudi primary care: prevalence, instrument and cost. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(1):190. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-14-190.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Al-Khathami AD, Ogbeide DO. Prevalence of mental illness among Saudi adult primary-care patients in Central Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2002;23(6):721–4. doi:10.15537/4102.PubMed

Becker SM. Detection of somatization and depression in primary care in Saudi Arabia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2004;39(12):962–6. doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0835-4.CrossRefPubMed

Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. JAMA. 1999;282(18):1737–44. doi:10.1001/jama.282.18.1737.CrossRefPubMed

Löwe B, Gräfe K, Zipfel S, Witte S, Loerch B, Herzog W. Diagnosing ICD-10 depressive episodes: superior criterion validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire. Psychother Psychosom. 2004;73(6):386–90. doi:10.1159/000080393.CrossRefPubMed

Huang FY, Chung H, Kroenke K, Delucchi KL, Spitzer RL. Using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to measure depression among racially and ethnically diverse primary care patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(6):547–52. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00409.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Karekla M, Pilipenko N, Feldman J. Patient health questionnaire: Greek language validation and subscale factor structure. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(8):1217–26. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.05.008.CrossRefPubMed

Liu S-I, Yeh Z-T, Huang H-C, et al. Validation of Patient Health Questionnaire for depression screening among primary care patients in Taiwan. Compr Psychiatry. 2011;52(1):96–101. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.04.013.CrossRefPubMed

Yazici Güleç M, Güleç H, Simşek G, Turhan M, Aydin Sünbül E. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Patient Health Questionnaire—Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive symptoms. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(5):623–9. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.08.002.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Kohrt BA, Luitel NP, Acharya P, Jordans MJD. Detection of depression in low resource settings: validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and cultural concepts of distress in Nepal. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16(1):58. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0768-y.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Adewuya AO, Ola BA, Afolabi OO. Validity of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a screening tool for depression amongst Nigerian university students. J Affect Disord. 2006;96(1–2):89–93. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.05.021.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Hanwella R, Ekanayake S, De Silva VA. The validity and reliability of the sinhala translation of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 screener. Depress Res Treat. 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/768978.PubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Wang W, Bian Q, Zhao Y, et al. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in the general population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(5):539–44. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.021.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Lotrakul M, Sumrithe S, Saipanish R. Reliability and validity of the Thai version of the PHQ-9. BMC Psychiatry. 2008;8:46. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-46.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Monahan PO, Shacham E, Reece M, et al. Validity/reliability of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 depression scales among adults living with HIV/AIDS in Western Kenya. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(2):189–97. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0846-z.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Thombs BD, Ziegelstein RC, Whooley MA. Optimizing detection of major depression among patients with coronary artery disease using the patient health questionnaire: data from the heart and soul study. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(12):2014–7. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0802-y.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Seo J-G, Park S-P. Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 in patients with migraine. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:65. doi:10.1186/s10194-015-0552-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Cassin S, Sockalingam S, Hawa R, et al. Psychometric properties of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a depression screening tool for bariatric surgery candidates. Psychosomatics. 2013;54(4):352–8. doi:10.1016/j.psym.2012.08.010.CrossRefPubMed

19.

de Man-van Ginkel JM, Gooskens F, Schepers VPM, Schuurmans MJ, Lindeman E, Hafsteinsdóttir TB. Screening for poststroke depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire. Nurs Res. 2012;61(5):333–41. doi:10.1097/NNR.0b013e31825d9e9e.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Becker S, Al Zaid K, Al Faris E. Screening for somatization and depression in Saudi Arabia: a validation study of the PHQ in primary care. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2002;32(3):271–83.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Abdelwahid HA, Al-shahrani SI. Screening of depression among patients in Family Medicine. Saudi Med J. 2011;32(9):948–52.PubMed

22.

Aldabal B, Koura M, Alsowielem L. Magnitude of depression problem among primary care consumers in Saudi Arabia. Koura MR, ed. Int J Med Sci Public Heal. 2014;4(2):205–10. doi:10.5455/ijmsph.2015.2010201439.

23.

Sousa VD, Rojjanasrirat W. Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: a clear and user-friendly guideline. J Eval Clin Pract. 2011;17(2):268–74. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x.CrossRefPubMed

24.

IBM SPSS Inc. SPSS Statistics for Windows. 2012;Version 21.

25.

Tavakol M, Dennick R. Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. Int J Med Educ. 2011;2:53–5. doi:10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) Screeners Instruction Manual. https://phqscreeners.pfizer.edrupalgardens.com/sites/g/files/g10016261/f/201412/instructions.pdf. Accessed 27 July 2016.

27.

Lee PW, Schulberg HC, Raue PJ, Kroenke K. Concordance between the PHQ-9 and the HSCL-20 in depressed primary care patients. J Affect Disord. 2007;99(1–3):139–45. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.09.002.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Pallant J. SPSS survival manual: a step by step guide to data analysis using the SPSS program. 4th ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press; 2010.

29.

Hyphantis T, Kroenke K, Papatheodorou E, et al. Validity of the Greek version of the PHQ 15-item Somatic Symptom Severity Scale in patients with chronic medical conditions and correlations with emergency department use and illness perceptions. Compr Psychiatry. 2014;55(8):1950–9. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.08.042.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Nordin S, Palmquist E, Nordin M. Psychometric evaluation and normative data for a Swedish version of the Patient Health Questionnaire 15-Item Somatic Symptom Severity Scale. Scand J Psychol. 2013;54(2):112–7.CrossRefPubMed

Title: An arabic translation, reliability, and validation of Patient Health Questionnaire in a Saudi sample
Authors: Ahmad N. AlHadi
Deemah A. AlAteeq
Eman Al-Sharif
Hamdah M. Bawazeer
Hasan Alanazi
Abdulaziz T. AlShomrani
Raafat M. Shuqdar
Reem AlOwaybil
Publication date: 01-12-2017
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Annals of General Psychiatry / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 1744-859X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-017-0155-1

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

An arabic translation, reliability, and validation of Patient Health Questionnaire in a Saudi sample

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

Neurological soft signs in Tunisian patients with first-episode psychosis and relation with cannabis use

A case report of Lhermitte–Duclos disease revealed by psychiatric disturbances

Mental, neurologic, and substance use (MNS) disorders among street homeless people in Ethiopia

Erratum to: Sex differences in asking for counselling and psychological support from a therapeutic center (A.P.P.A.C.)

Erratum to: Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among asthma

A pilot study exploring the association of morphological changes with 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in OCD patients