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Journal of General Internal Medicine
Published in: Journal of General Internal Medicine 2/2009

01-02-2009 | Original Article

Validity/Reliability of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 Depression Scales Among Adults Living with HIV/AIDS in Western Kenya

Authors: Patrick O. Monahan, PhD, Enbal Shacham, PhD, Michael Reece, PhD, MPH, Kurt Kroenke, MD, Willis Owino Ong’or, MMEd, MPH, Otieno Omollo, MBChB, MMed, Violet Naanyu Yebei, MA, Claris Ojwang

Published in: Journal of General Internal Medicine | Issue 2/2009

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Abstract

Background

Depression greatly burdens sub-Saharan Africa, especially populations living with HIV/AIDS, for whom few validated depression scales exist. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a brief dual-purpose instrument yielding DSM-IV diagnoses and severity, and PHQ-2, an ultra-brief screening tool, offer advantages in resource-constrained settings.

Objective

To assess the validity/reliability of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2.

Design

Observational, two occasions 7 days apart.

Participants

A total of 347 patients attending psychosocial support groups.

Measurements

Demographics, PHQ-9, PHQ-2, general health perception rating and CD4 count.

Results

Rates for PHQ-9 DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD), other depressive disorder (ODD) and any depressive disorder were 13%, 21% and 34%. Depression was associated with female gender, but not CD4. Construct validity was supported by: (1) a strong association between PHQ-9 and general health rating, (2) a single major factor with loadings exceeding 0.50, (3) item-total correlations exceeding 0.37 and (4) a pattern of item means similar to US validation studies. Four focus groups indicated culturally relevant content validity and minor modifications to the PHQ-9 instructions. Coefficient alpha was 0.78. Test-retest reliability was acceptable: (1) intraclass correlation 0.59 for PHQ-9 total score, (2) kappas 0.24, 0.25 and 0.38 for PHQ-9 MDD, ODD and any depressive disorder and (3) weighted kappa 0.53 for PHQ-9 depression severity categories. PHQ-2 ≥3 demonstrated high sensitivity (85%) and specificity (95%) for diagnosing any PHQ-9 depressive disorder (AUC, 0.97), and 91% and 77%, respectively, for diagnosing PHQ-9 MDD (AUC, 0.91). Psychometrics were also good within four gender/age (18–35, 36–61) subgroups.

Conclusions

PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 appear valid/reliable for assessing DSM-IV depressive disorders and depression severity among adults living with HIV/AIDS in western Kenya.
Appendix
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Metadata
Title
Validity/Reliability of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 Depression Scales Among Adults Living with HIV/AIDS in Western Kenya
Authors
Patrick O. Monahan, PhD
Enbal Shacham, PhD
Michael Reece, PhD, MPH
Kurt Kroenke, MD
Willis Owino Ong’or, MMEd, MPH
Otieno Omollo, MBChB, MMed
Violet Naanyu Yebei, MA
Claris Ojwang
Publication date
01-02-2009
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Journal of General Internal Medicine / Issue 2/2009
Print ISSN: 0884-8734
Electronic ISSN: 1525-1497
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-008-0846-z

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