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Fluids and Barriers of the CNS
Published in: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 1/2015

Open Access 01-12-2015 | Research

Transporter-mediated L-glutamate elimination from cerebrospinal fluid: possible involvement of excitatory amino acid transporters expressed in ependymal cells and choroid plexus epithelial cells

Authors: Shin-ichi Akanuma, Tatsuhiko Sakurai, Masanori Tachikawa, Yoshiyuki Kubo, Ken-ichi Hosoya

Published in: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS | Issue 1/2015

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Abstract

Background

L-Glutamate (L-Glu) is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, and its level in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is reported to be increased in neuroexcitatory diseases such as epilepsy. Since L-Glu concentration in the CSF is reported to be lower than that in plasma, it has been proposed that some mechanisms of L-Glu clearance from the CSF operate in the brain. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the major pathway of L-Glu elimination from rat CSF and the transporters responsible.

Methods

Protein expression and localization of excitatory amino acid transporters were examined by immunohistochemical analysis using specific antibodies. In vivo elimination of L-Glu from rat CSF was evaluated by intracerebroventricular administration. An L-Glu uptake study by using primary-cultured rat ependymal cells and isolated rat choroid plexus was performed to characterize L-Glu transport mechanisms.

Results

An immunohistochemical analysis has shown that excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) 1 and EAAT3, which are D-aspartate-sensitive and kainate-insensitive L-Glu transporters, are localized on the CSF-side of rat ependymal cells and choroid plexus epithelial cells, respectively. In contrast, the kainate-sensitive L-Glu transporter, EAAT2, is not expressed in these cells. In vivo L-Glu elimination clearance from the rat CSF (189 μL/(min · rat)) was 23-fold higher than the CSF bulk flow rate, indicating that facilitative process(es) are involved in L-Glu elimination from the CSF. The in vivo [3H]L-Glu elimination from the CSF was significantly inhibited by unlabeled L-Glu and D-aspartate, but not kainate. Moreover, unlabeled L-Glu and D-aspartate inhibited [3H]L-Glu uptake by rat ependymal cells and choroid plexus epithelial cells, whereas kainate had little effect.

Conclusion

It is suggested that EAAT1 in ependymal cells and EAAT3 in choroid plexus epithelial cells participate in L-Glu elimination from the CSF.
Appendix
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Metadata
Title
Transporter-mediated L-glutamate elimination from cerebrospinal fluid: possible involvement of excitatory amino acid transporters expressed in ependymal cells and choroid plexus epithelial cells
Authors
Shin-ichi Akanuma
Tatsuhiko Sakurai
Masanori Tachikawa
Yoshiyuki Kubo
Ken-ichi Hosoya
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Fluids and Barriers of the CNS / Issue 1/2015
Electronic ISSN: 2045-8118
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12987-015-0006-x

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