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Virology Journal
Published in: Virology Journal 1/2022

Open Access 01-12-2022 | Vaccination | Research

Adaptive immune responses and cytokine immune profiles in humans following prime and boost vaccination with the SARS-CoV-2 CoronaVac vaccine

Authors: Chan Wang, Songhao Yang, Liangwei Duan, Xiancai Du, Jia Tao, Yana Wang, Jihui Yang, Yongxue Lv, Junliang Li, Cuiying Zhang, Jia Wen, Yazhou Zhu, Liangliang Chang, Hui Wang, Qi Wang, Wei Zhao

Published in: Virology Journal | Issue 1/2022

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Abstract

Background

Adaptive immune response has been thought to play a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The role of B cells, CD4+T, and CD8+T cells are different in vaccine-induced immune response, thus it is imperative to explore the functions and kinetics of adaptive immune response. We collected blood samples from unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals. To assess the mechanisms contributing to protective immunity of CoronaVac vaccines, we mapped the kinetics and durability of humoral and cellular immune responses after primary and boost vaccination with CoronaVac vaccine in different timepoints.

Materials and methods

We separate PBMC and plasma from blood samples. The differentiation and function of RBD-spcific CD4+T and CD8+T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and ELISA. Antibodies response was analyzed by ELISA. ELISPOT analysis was perfomed to detected the RBD-spcific memory B cells. CBA analysis was performed to detected the cytokine immune profiles. Graphpad prism 8 and Origin 2021 were used for statistical analysis.

Results

Vaccine-induced CD4+T cell responses to RBD were more prominent than CD8+T cell responses, and characterized by a predominant Th1 and weak Th17 helper response. CoronaVac vaccine triggered predominant IgG1 antibody response and effectively recalled specific antibodies to RBD protein after booster vaccination. Robust antigen-specific memory B cells were detected (p < 0.0001) following booster vaccination and maintained at 6 months (p < 0.0001) following primary vaccination. Vaccine-induced CD4+T cells correlated with CD8+T cells (r = 0.7147, 0.3258, p < 0.0001, p = 0.04), memory B cell responses (r = 0.7083, p < 0.0001), and IgG and IgA (r = 0.6168, 0.5519, p = 0.0006, 0.003) after vaccination. In addition, vaccine induced a broader and complex cytokine pattern in plasma at early stage.

Conclusion

Taken together, these results highlight the potential role of B cell and T cell responses in vaccine-induced long-term immunity.
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Metadata
Title
Adaptive immune responses and cytokine immune profiles in humans following prime and boost vaccination with the SARS-CoV-2 CoronaVac vaccine
Authors
Chan Wang
Songhao Yang
Liangwei Duan
Xiancai Du
Jia Tao
Yana Wang
Jihui Yang
Yongxue Lv
Junliang Li
Cuiying Zhang
Jia Wen
Yazhou Zhu
Liangliang Chang
Hui Wang
Qi Wang
Wei Zhao
Publication date
01-12-2022
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Virology Journal / Issue 1/2022
Electronic ISSN: 1743-422X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-022-01957-1

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