Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation
Published in: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Review

Designing robot-assisted neurorehabilitation strategies for people with both HIV and stroke

Authors: Kevin D. Bui, Michelle J. Johnson

Published in: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

There is increasing evidence that HIV is an independent risk factor for stroke, resulting in an emerging population of people living with both HIV and stroke all over the world. However, neurorehabilitation strategies for the HIV-stroke population are distinctly lacking, which poses an enormous global health challenge. In order to address this gap, a better understanding of the HIV-stroke population is needed, as well as potential approaches to design effective neurorehabilitation strategies for this population. This review goes into the mechanisms, manifestations, and treatment options of neurologic injury in stroke and HIV, the additional challenges posed by the HIV-stroke population, and rehabilitation engineering approaches for both high and low resource areas. The aim of this review is to connect the underlying neurologic properties in both HIV and stroke to rehabilitation engineering. It reviews what is currently known about the association between HIV and stroke and gaps in current treatment strategies for the HIV-stroke population. We highlight relevant current areas of research that can help advance neurorehabilitation strategies specifically for the HIV-stroke population. We then explore how robot-assisted rehabilitation combined with community-based rehabilitation could be used as a potential approach to meet the challenges posed by the HIV-stroke population. We include some of our own work exploring a community-based robotic rehabilitation exercise system. The most relevant strategies will be ones that not only take into account the individual status of the patient but also the cultural and economic considerations of their respective environment.
Literature
1.
Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, Das SR, de Ferranti S, Després J-P, Fullerton HJ, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2016 update. Circulation. 2016; 133(4):38–360.CrossRef
2.
Murray CJ, Ortblad KF, Guinovart C, Lim SS, Wolock TM, Roberts DA, Dansereau EA, Graetz N, Barber RM, Brown JC, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet. 2014; 384(9947):1005–70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
3.
Benjamin LA, Bryer A, Emsley HC, Khoo S, Solomon T, Connor MD. HIV infection and stroke: current perspectives and future directions. Lancet Neurol. 2012; 11(10):878–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
4.
5.
Chow FC, Regan S, Feske S, Meigs JB, Grinspoon SK, Triant VA. Comparison of ischemic stroke incidence in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected patients in a us health care system. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012; 60(4):351.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
Okeke NL, Hicks CB, McKellar MS, Fowler Jr VG, Federspiel JJ. History of AIDS in HIV-infected patients is associated with higher in-hospital mortality following admission for acute myocardial infarction and stroke. J Infect Dis. 2016; 213(12):1955–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
7.
Tipping B, de Villiers L, Wainwright H, Candy S, Bryer A. Stroke in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007; 78(12):1320–24.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
8.
Heikinheimo T, Chimbayo D, Kumwenda JJ, Kampondeni S, Allain TJ. Stroke outcomes in malawi, a country with high prevalence of HIV: a prospective follow-up study. PloS one. 2012; 7(3):33765.CrossRef
9.
Singer EJ, Valdes-Sueiras M, Commins DL, Yong W, Carlson M. HIV stroke risk: evidence and implications. Ther Adv in chronic Dis. 2013; 4(2):61–70.CrossRef
10.
Mochan A, Modi M, Modi G. Protein s deficiency in HIV associated ischaemic stroke: an epiphenomenon of HIV infection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005; 76(10):1455–56.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
11.
Ortiz G, Koch S, Romano J, Forteza A, Rabinstein A. Mechanisms of ischemic stroke in HIV-infected patients. Neurology. 2007; 68(16):1257–61.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Barker-Collo SL, Parag V. Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol. 2009; 8(4):355–69.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Goodenow MM. Trans-nih plan for HIV-related research. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health; 2017.
14.
World Health Organization. WHO Global Disability Action Plan 2014-2021: Better Health for All People with Disability. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
15.
Ovbiagele B, Goldstein LB, Higashida RT, Howard VJ, Johnston SC, Khavjou OA, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Mohl S, Sacco RL, et al. Forecasting the future of stroke in the united states. Stroke. 2013; 44(8):2361–75.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Ward N, Brown M, Thompson A, Frackowiak R. Neural correlates of motor recovery after stroke: a longitudinal fmri study. Brain. 2003; 126(11):2476–96.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
17.
18.
Tombari D, Loubinoux I, Pariente J, Gerdelat A, Albucher J-F, Tardy J, Cassol E, Chollet F. A longitudinal fmri study: in recovering and then in clinically stable sub-cortical stroke patients. Neuroimage. 2004; 23(3):827–39.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Calautti C, Baron J-C. Functional neuroimaging studies of motor recovery after stroke in adults. Stroke. 2003; 34(6):1553–66.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Kim Y, You S, Kwon Y, Hallett M, Kim J, Jang S. Longitudinal fmri study for locomotor recovery in patients with stroke. Neurology. 2006; 67(2):330–33.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Basser PJ, Pierpaoli C. Microstructural and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensor mri. J Magn Reson. 2011; 213(2):560–70.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Warach S, Gaa J, Siewert B, Wielopolski P, Edelman RR. Acute human stroke studied by whole brain echo planar diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol. 1995; 37(2):231–41.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Werring DJ, Toosy AT, Clark CA, Parker GJ, Barker GJ, Miller DH, Thompson AJ. Diffusion tensor imaging can detect and quantify corticospinal tract degeneration after stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000; 69(2):269–72.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
24.
Saver JL, Fonarow GC, Smith EE, Reeves MJ, Grau-Sepulveda MV, Pan W, Olson DM, Hernandez AF, Peterson ED, Schwamm LH. Time to treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and outcome from acute ischemic stroke. Jama. 2013; 309(23):2480–88.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Wieloch T, Nikolich K. Mechanisms of neural plasticity following brain injury. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2006; 16(3):258–64.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Pekna M, Pekny M, Nilsson M. Modulation of neural plasticity as a basis for stroke rehabilitation. Stroke. 2012; 43(10):2819–28.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Cramer SC. Repairing the human brain after stroke: I. mechanisms of spontaneous recovery. Ann Neurol. 2008; 63(3):272–87.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Jin K, Wang X, Xie L, Mao XO, Zhu W, Wang Y, Shen J, Mao Y, Banwait S, Greenberg DA. Evidence for stroke-induced neurogenesis in the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2006; 103(35):13198–202.PubMedCrossRef
29.
30.
Arya KN, Pandian S, Verma R, Garg R. Movement therapy induced neural reorganization and motor recovery in stroke: a review. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2011; 15(4):528–37.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Michaelsen SM, Dannenbaum R, Levin MF. Task-specific training with trunk restraint on arm recovery in stroke. Stroke. 2006; 37(1):186–92.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Richards LG, Stewart KC, Woodbury ML, Senesac C, Cauraugh JH. Movement-dependent stroke recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of tms and fmri evidence. Neuropsychologia. 2008; 46(1):3–11.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Lai S-M, Studenski S, Duncan PW, Perera S. Persisting consequences of stroke measured by the stroke impact scale. Stroke. 2002; 33(7):1840–44.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, Moran AE, Sacco RL, Anderson L, Truelsen T, et al. Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990–2010: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. The Lancet. 2014; 383(9913):245–55.CrossRef
35.
Zimbelman JL, Juraschek SP, Zhang X, Lin VW-H. Physical therapy workforce in the united states: forecasting nationwide shortages. PM&R. 2010; 2(11):1021–29.CrossRef
36.
Leira EC, Hess DC, Torner JC, Adams HP. Rural-urban differences in acute stroke management practices: a modifiable disparity. Arch Neurol. 2008; 65(7):887–91.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Fugl-Meyer AR, Jääskö L, Leyman I, Olsson S, Steglind S. The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. a method for evaluation of physical performance. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1975; 7(1):13–31.PubMed
38.
Wolf SL, Catlin PA, Ellis M, Archer AL, Morgan B, Piacentino A. Assessing wolf motor function test as outcome measure for research in patients after stroke. Stroke. 2001; 32(7):1635–39.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Mathiowetz V, Weber K, Kashman N, Volland G. Adult norms for the nine hole peg test of finger dexterity. Occup Ther J Res. 1985; 5(1):24–38.CrossRef
40.
Platz T, Pinkowski C, van Wijck F, Kim I-H, Di Bella P, Johnson G. Reliability and validity of arm function assessment with standardized guidelines for the fugl-meyer test, action research arm test and box and block test: a multicentre study. Clin Rehabil. 2005; 19(4):404–11.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed “up & go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991; 39(2):142–48.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Ruff RM, Parker SB. Gender-and age-specific changes in motor speed and eye-hand coordination in adults: normative values for the finger tapping and grooved pegboard tests. Percept Mot Skills. 1993; 76(3 suppl):1219–30.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Steffen TM, Hacker TA, Mollinger L. Age-and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: Six-minute walk test, berg balance scale, timed up & go test, and gait speeds. Phys Ther. 2002; 82(2):128–37.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Charalambous CP. Interrater reliability of a modified ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. In: Class Pap Orthop. Springer: 2014. p. 415–7.
45.
Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, Cummings JL, Chertkow H. The montreal cognitive assessment, moca: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005; 53(4):695–99.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Tombaugh TN, McIntyre NJ. The mini-mental state examination: a comprehensive review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992; 40(9):922–35.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Adams H, Davis P, Leira E, Chang K-C, Bendixen B, Clarke W, Woolson R, Hansen MD. Baseline nih stroke scale score strongly predicts outcome after stroke a report of the trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment (toast). Neurology. 1999; 53(1):126.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Collin C, Wade D, Davies S, Horne V. The barthel adl index: a reliability study. Intern Disabil Stud. 1988; 10(2):61–3.CrossRef
49.
Heinemann AW, Linacre JM, Wright BD, Hamilton BB, Granger C. Relationships between impairment and physical disability as measured by the functional independence measure. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993; 74(6):566–73.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Sulter G, Steen C, De Keyser J. Use of the barthel index and modified rankin scale in acute stroke trials. Stroke. 1999; 30(8):1538–41.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Harrison JK, McArthur KS, Quinn TJ. Assessment scales in stroke: clinimetric and clinical considerations. Clin Interv Aging. 2013; 8:201.PubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV surveillance report: Diagnoses of HIV infection in the united states and dependent areas, 2015. Atlanta. 2015; 27:113.
53.
54.
55.
Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker J, Brew B, Byrd D, Cherner M, Clifford D, Cinque P, Epstein L, Goodkin K, et al. Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology. 2007; 69(18):1789–99.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
56.
Heaton RK, Franklin Jr DR, Deutsch R, Letendre S, Ellis RJ, Casaletto K, Marquine MJ, Woods SP, Vaida F, Atkinson JH, et al. Neurocognitive change in the era of HIV combination antiretroviral therapy: the longitudinal charter study. Clin Infect Dis. 2014; 60(3):473–80.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
57.
Lindl KA, Marks DR, Kolson DL, Jordan-Sciutto KL. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities. J NeuroImmune Pharm. 2010; 5(3):294–309.CrossRef
58.
Hanass-Hancock J, Myezwa H, Carpenter B. Disability and living with HIV: baseline from a cohort of people on long term art in South Africa. PloS ONE. 2015; 10(12):0143936.CrossRef
59.
Pullen SD, Chigbo NN, Nwigwe EC, Chukwuka CJ, Amah CC, Idu SC. Physiotherapy intervention as a complementary treatment for people living with HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS (Auckland, NZ). 2014; 6:99.
60.
Sacktor NC, Wong M, Nakasujja N, Skolasky RL, Selnes OA, Musisi S, Robertson K, McArthur JC, Ronald A, Katabira E. The international HIV dementia scale: a new rapid screening test for HIV dementia. AIDS. 2005; 19(13):1367–74.PubMed
61.
Janssen M, Bosch M, Koopmans P, Kessels R. Validity of the montreal cognitive assessment and the HIV dementia scale in the assessment of cognitive impairment in HIV-1 infected patients. J Neurovirol. 2015; 21(4):383–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
62.
Robinson-Papp J, Byrd D, Mindt MR, Oden NL, Simpson DM, Morgello S. Motor function and human immunodeficiency virus–associated cognitive impairment in a highly active antiretroviral therapy–era cohort. Arch Neurol. 2008; 65(8):1096–101.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
63.
Liu NQ, Lossinsky AS, Popik W, Li X, Gujuluva C, Kriederman B, Roberts J, Pushkarsky T, Bukrinsky M, Witte M, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enters brain microvascular endothelia by macropinocytosis dependent on lipid rafts and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. J Neurovirol. 2002; 76(13):6689–700.
64.
Albright AV, Soldan SS, González-Scarano F. Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus-induced neurological disease. J Neurovirol. 2003; 9(2):222–27.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Ernst T, Chang L, Jovicich J, Ames N, Arnold S. Abnormal brain activation on functional mri in cognitively asymptomatic HIV patients. Neurology. 2002; 59(9):1343–49.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Du Plessis S, Vink M, Joska JA, Koutsilieri E, Stein DJ, Emsley R. HIV infection and the fronto–striatal system: a systematic review and meta-analysis of fmri studies. AIDS. 2014; 28(6):803–11.CrossRef
67.
Melrose RJ, Tinaz S, Castelo JMB, Courtney MG, Stern CE. Compromised fronto-striatal functioning in HIV: an fmri investigation of semantic event sequencing. Behav Brain Res. 2008; 188(2):337–47.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Ipser JC, Brown GG, Bischoff-Grethe A, Connolly CG, Ellis RJ, Heaton RK, Grant I. HIV infection is associated with attenuated frontostriatal intrinsic connectivity: a preliminary study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2015; 21(3):203–13.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
McNab F, Klingberg T. Prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia control access to working memory. Nat Neurosci. 2008; 11(1):103.PubMedCrossRef
70.
McArthur JC, Brew BJ, Nath A. Neurological complications of HIV infection. Lancet Neurol. 2005; 4(9):543–55.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Von Giesen H, Niehues T, Reumel J, Haslinger B, Ndagijimana J, Arendt G. Delayed motor learning and psychomotor slowing in HIV-infected children. Neuropediatrics. 2003; 34(04):177–81.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Thompson PM, Dutton RA, Hayashi KM, Toga AW, Lopez OL, Aizenstein HJ, Becker JT. Thinning of the cerebral cortex visualized in HIV/AIDS reflects cd4+ t lymphocyte decline. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2005; 102(43):15647–52.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Stout JC, Ellis RJ, Jernigan TL, Archibald SL, Abramson I, Wolfson T, McCutchan JA, Wallace MR, Atkinson JH, Grant I. Progressive cerebral volume loss in human immunodeficiency virus infection: a longitudinal volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Neurol. 1998; 55(2):161–68.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Ances BM, Ortega M, Vaida F, Heaps J, Paul R. Independent effects of HIV, aging, and haart on brain volumetric measures. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr (1999). 2012; 59(5):469.CrossRef
75.
Becker JT, Sanders J, Madsen SK, Ragin A, Kingsley L, Maruca V, Cohen B, Goodkin K, Martin E, Miller EN, et al. Subcortical brain atrophy persists even in haart-regulated HIV disease. Brain Imaging Behav. 2011; 5(2):77–85.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
Ragin AB, Du H, Ochs R, Wu Y, Sammet CL, Shoukry A, Epstein LG. Structural brain alterations can be detected early in HIV infection. Neurology. 2012; 79(24):2328–34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
77.
Küper M, Rabe K, Esser S, Gizewski E, Husstedt I, Maschke M, Obermann M. Structural gray and white matter changes in patients with HIV. J Neurol. 2011; 258(6):1066–75.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Rusch M, Nixon S, Schilder A, Braitstein P, Chan K, Hogg RS. Impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions: prevalence and associations among persons living with HIV/AIDS in British Columbia. Health Qual Life Outcome. 2004; 2(1):46.CrossRef
79.
Desquilbet L, Jacobson LP, Fried LP, Phair JP, Jamieson BD, Holloway M, Margolick JB. HIV-1 infection is associated with an earlier occurrence of a phenotype related to frailty. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007; 62(11):1279–86.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Kinirons SA, Do S. The acute care physical therapy HIV/AIDS patient population: A descriptive study. J Int Assoc Providers AIDS Care (JIAPAC). 2015; 14(1):53–63.CrossRef
81.
Worthington C, Myers T, O’brien K, Nixon S, Cockerill R. Rehabilitation in HIV/AIDS: development of an expanded conceptual framework. AIDS Patient Care & STDs. 2005; 19(4):258–71.CrossRef
82.
O’Brien KK, Davis AM, Strike C, Young NL, Bayoumi AM. Putting episodic disability into context: a qualitative study exploring factors that influence disability experienced by adults living with HIV/AIDS. J Int AIDS Soc. 2009; 12(1):30.PubMedCentralCrossRef
83.
O’Brien KK, Solomon P, Trentham B, MacLachlan D, MacDermid J, Tynan A-M, Baxter L, Casey A, Chegwidden W, Robinson G, et al. Evidence-informed recommendations for rehabilitation with older adults living with HIV: a knowledge synthesis. BMJ open. 2014; 4(5):004692.
84.
Schouten J, Wit FW, Stolte IG, Kootstra NA, van der Valk M, Geerlings SE, Prins M, Reiss P. Cross-sectional comparison of the prevalence of age-associated comorbidities and their risk factors between HIV-infected and uninfected individuals: the agehiv cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2014; 59(12):1787–97.PubMedCrossRef
85.
O’Brien K, Wilkins A, Zack E, Solomon P. Scoping the field: identifying key research priorities in HIV and rehabilitation. AIDS Behav. 2010; 14(2):448–58.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Marcus JL, Chao CR, Leyden WA, Xu L, Quesenberry Jr CP, Klein DB, Towner WJ, Horberg MA, Silverberg MJ. Narrowing the gap in life expectancy between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals with access to care. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016; 73(1):39.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
87.
Murphy SL, Xu JQ, Kochanek KD, Curtin SC, Arias E. Deaths: Final data for 2015. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2017;66(6). Hyattsville: National Center for Health Statistics.
88.
Sico JJ, Chang C-CH, So-Armah K, Justice AC, Hylek E, Skanderson M, McGinnis K, Kuller LH, Kraemer KL, Rimland D, et al. HIV status and the risk of ischemic stroke among men. Neurology. 2015; 84(19):1933–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
Vinikoor MJ, Napravnik S, Floris-Moore M, Wilson S, Huang DY, Eron JJ. Incidence and clinical features of cerebrovascular disease among HIV-infected adults in the southeastern united states. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir. 2013; 29(7):1068–74.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Marcus JL, Leyden WA, Chao CR, Chow FC, Horberg MA, Hurley LB, Klein DB, Quesenberry Jr CP, Towner WJ, Silverberg MJ. HIV infection and incidence of ischemic stroke. AIDS. 2014; 28(13):1911–19.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Manwani B, Stretz C, Sansing LH. Stroke as the initial manifestation of the human immunodeficiency virus. Stroke. 2016; 47(4):60–2.CrossRef
92.
Donovan N, Kendall D, Heaton S, Kwon S, Velozo C, Duncan P. Conceptualizing functional cognition in stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2008; 22(2):122–35.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Shigaki C, Frey S, Barrett A. Rehabilitation of poststroke cognition. Semin Neurol. 2014;34(5).
94.
Wall K, Isaacs M, Copland D, Cumming T. Post-stroke cognition is not tested in representative samples: A systematic review. Int J Stroke. 2014; 9:20.CrossRef
95.
Cirstea C, Ptito A, Levin M. Feedback and cognition in arm motor skill reacquisition after stroke. Stroke. 2006; 37(5):1237–42.PubMedCrossRef
96.
O’Brien KK, Tynan A-M, Nixon SA, Glazier RH. Effectiveness of aerobic exercise for adults living with HIV: systematic review and meta-analysis using the cochrane collaboration protocol. BMC Infect Dis. 2016; 16(1):182.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
97.
Butt Z, Lai J-s, Rao D, Heinemann AW, Bill A, Cella D. Measurement of fatigue in cancer, stroke, and HIV using the functional assessment of chronic illness therapy—fatigue (facit-f) scale. J Psychosom Res. 2013; 74(1):64–8.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Tombaugh TN. Trail making test a and b: normative data stratified by age and education. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004; 19(2):203–14.PubMedCrossRef
99.
O’Brien KK, Ibáñez-Carrasco F, Solomon P, Harding R, Cattaneo J, Chegwidden W, Gahagan J, Baxter L, Worthington C, Gayle P, et al. Advancing research and practice in HIV and rehabilitation: a framework of research priorities in HIV, disability and rehabilitation. BMC Infect Dis. 2014; 14(1):724.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
100.
Bogart LM, Catz SL, Kelly JA, Gray-Bernhardt ML, Hartmann BR, Otto-Salaj LL, Hackl KL, Bloom FR. Psychosocial issues in the era of new AIDS treatments from the perspective of persons living with HIV. J Health Psychol. 2000; 5(4):500–16.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Williams LS, Ghose SS, Swindle RW. Depression and other mental health diagnoses increase mortality risk after ischemic stroke. Am J Psychiatr. 2004; 161(6):1090–95.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Maman S, Abler L, Parker L, Lane T, Chirowodza A, Ntogwisangu J, Srirak N, Modiba P, Murima O, Fritz K. A comparison of HIV stigma and discrimination in five international sites: the influence of care and treatment resources in high prevalence settings. Soc Sci Med. 2009; 68(12):2271–78.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
Bejarano NC, Maggioni S, De Rijcke L, Cifuentes CA, Reinkensmeyer DJ. Robot-assisted rehabilitation therapy: recovery mechanisms and their implications for machine design. In: Emerging Therapies in Neurorehabilitation II. Springer: 2016. p. 197–223.
104.
Lum PS, Burgar CG, Shor PC, Majmundar M, Van der Loos M. Robot-assisted movement training compared with conventional therapy techniques for the rehabilitation of upper-limb motor function after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002; 83(7):952–59.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Husemann B, Müller F, Krewer C, Heller S, Koenig E. Effects of locomotion training with assistance of a robot-driven gait orthosis in hemiparetic patients after stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study. Stroke. 2007; 38(2):349–54.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Bosecker C, Dipietro L, Volpe B, Igo Krebs H. Kinematic robot-based evaluation scales and clinical counterparts to measure upper limb motor performance in patients with chronic stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010; 24(1):62–9.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Krebs HI, Krams M, Agrafiotis DK, DiBernardo A, Chavez JC, Littman GS, Yang E, Byttebier G, Dipietro L, Rykman A, et al. Robotic measurement of arm movements after stroke establishes biomarkers of motor recovery. Stroke. 2014; 45(1):200–4.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Shadmehr R, Wise SP. The Computational Neurobiology of Reaching and Pointing: a Foundation for Motor Learning. Cambridge: MIT press; 2005.
109.
Krakauer JW. Motor learning: its relevance to stroke recovery and neurorehabilitation. Curr Opin Neurol. 2006; 19(1):84–90.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Connor B, Wing A, Humphreys G, Bracewell R, Harvey D. Errorless learning using haptic guidance: research in cognitive rehabilitation following stroke. ICDVRAT 2004. 2002;:77–83.
111.
Wei Y, Bajaj P, Scheidt R, Patton J. Visual error augmentation for enhancing motor learning and rehabilitative relearning. In: Rehabilitation Robotics, 2005. ICORR 2005. 9th International Conference On. Chicago: IEEE: 2005. p. 505–10.
112.
Shadmehr R, Mussa-Ivaldi FA, et al. Adaptive representation of dynamics during learning of a motor task. J NeuroSci. 1994; 14(5):3208–24.PubMedCrossRef
113.
114.
Kleynen M, Braun SM, Bleijlevens MH, Lexis MA, Rasquin SM, Halfens J, Wilson MR, Beurskens AJ, Masters RS. Using a delphi technique to seek consensus regarding definitions, descriptions and classification of terms related to implicit and explicit forms of motor learning. PLoS One. 2014; 9(6):100227.CrossRef
115.
Green TD, Flowers JH. Comparison of implicit and explicit learning processes in a probabilistic task. Percept Mot Skills. 2003; 97(1):299–314.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Orrell AJ, Eves FF, Masters RS. Motor learning of a dynamic balancing task after stroke: implicit implications for stroke rehabilitation. Phys Ther. 2006; 86(3):369–80.PubMed
117.
Steenbergen B, van der Kamp J, Verneau M, Jongbloed-Pereboom M, Masters RS. Implicit and explicit learning: applications from basic research to sports for individuals with impaired movement dynamics. Disabil Rehabil. 2010; 32(18):1509–16.PubMedCrossRef
118.
van Tilborg IA, Kessels RP, Hulstijn W. How should we teach everyday skills in dementia? a controlled study comparing implicit and explicit training methods. Clin Rehabil. 2011; 25(7):638–48.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Verneau M, van der Kamp J, Savelsbergh GJ, de Looze MP. Age and time effects on implicit and explicit learning. Exp Aging Res. 2014; 40(4):477–511.PubMedCrossRef
120.
121.
122.
Patton JL, Stoykov ME, Kovic M, Mussa-Ivaldi FA. Evaluation of robotic training forces that either enhance or reduce error in chronic hemiparetic stroke survivors. Exp Brain Res. 2006; 168(3):368–83.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Reinkensmeyer DJ, Burdet E, Casadio M, Krakauer JW, Kwakkel G, Lang CE, Swinnen SP, Ward NS, Schweighofer N. Computational neurorehabilitation: modeling plasticity and learning to predict recovery. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2016; 13(1):42.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
124.
Maciejasz P, Eschweiler J, Gerlach-Hahn K, Jansen-Troy A, Leonhardt S. A survey on robotic devices for upper limb rehabilitation. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2014; 11(1):3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
125.
Mullick AA, Subramanian SK, Levin MF. Emerging evidence of the association between cognitive deficits and arm motor recovery after stroke: a meta-analysis. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2015; 33(3):389–403.PubMedPubMedCentral
126.
McEwen S, Polatajko H, Baum C, Rios J, Cirone D, Doherty M, Wolf T. Combined cognitive-strategy and task-specific training improve transfer to untrained activities in subacute stroke: an exploratory randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2015; 29(6):526–36.PubMedCrossRef
127.
Bourke TC, Lowrey CR, Dukelow SP, Bagg SD, Norman KE, Scott SH. A robot-based behavioural task to quantify impairments in rapid motor decisions and actions after stroke. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2016; 13(1):91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
128.
Logan LM, Semrau JA, Debert CT, Kenzie JM, Scott SH, Dukelow SP. Using robotics to quantify impairments in sensorimotor ability, visuospatial attention, working memory, and executive function after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2018; 33(4):E61–73.PubMed
129.
Koenig A, Novak D, Omlin X, Pulfer M, Perreault E, Zimmerli L, Mihelj M, Riener R. Real-time closed-loop control of cognitive load in neurological patients during robot-assisted gait training. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2011; 19(4):453–64.PubMedCrossRef
130.
Valles KB, Montes S, de Jesus Madrigal M, Burciaga A, Martínez ME, Johnson MJ. Technology-assisted stroke rehabilitation in Mexico: a pilot randomized trial comparing traditional therapy to circuit training in a robot/technology-assisted therapy gym. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2016; 13(1):83.CrossRef
131.
Marseille E, Larson B, Kazi DS, Kahnd JG, Rosen S. Thresholds for the cost–effectiveness of interventions: alternative approaches. Bull World Health Organ. 2015; 93:118–124. World Health Organization.PubMedCrossRef
132.
World health organization. capturing the difference we make: community-based rehabilitation indicators manual. Gevena: World Health Organization; 2015.
133.
World health organization. towards community-based inclusive development. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
134.
Li A, McCabe T, Silverstein E, Dragan S, Salbach NM, Zobeiry M, Beldick S, Godi C, O’Brien KK. Community-based exercise in the context of HIV: Factors to consider when developing and implementing community-based exercise programs for people living with HIV. J Int Assoc Providers AIDS Care (JIAPAC). 2017; 16(3):267–75.CrossRef
135.
Stuart M, Benvenuti F, Macko R, Taviani A, Segenni L, Mayer F, Sorkin JD, Stanhope SJ, Macellari V, Weinrich M. Community-based adaptive physical activity program for chronic stroke: feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the empoli model. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009; 23(7):726–34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
136.
Salbach NM, Howe J-A, Brunton K, Salisbury K, Bodiam L. Partnering to increase access to community exercise programs for people with stroke, acquired brain injury, and multiple sclerosis. J Phys Act Health. 2014; 11(4):838–45.PubMedCrossRef
137.
Cobbing S, Hanass-Hancock J, Myezwa H. Home-based rehabilitation interventions for adults living with HIV: a scoping review. Afr J AIDS Res. 2016; 15(1):77–88.PubMedCrossRef
138.
Cobbing S, Hanass-Hancock J, Myezwa H. A home-based rehabilitation intervention for adults living with HIV: A randomized controlled trial. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2017; 28(1):105–17.PubMedCrossRef
139.
Díaz I, Gil JJ, Sánchez E. Lower-limb robotic rehabilitation: literature review and challenges. J Robot. 2011; 2011:11.
140.
Johnson MJ, Rai R, Barathi S, Mendonca R, Bustamante-Valles K. Affordable stroke therapy in high-, low-and middle-income countries: From theradrive to rehab cares, a compact robot gym. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng. 2017; 4:2055668317708732.
141.
Theriault A, Nagurka M, Johnson MJ. Design and development of an affordable haptic robot with force-feedback and compliant actuation to improve therapy for patients with severe hemiparesis. IEEE Trans Haptics. 2014; 7(2):161–74.PubMedCrossRef
142.
Bui KD, Rai R, Johnson MJ. Using upper limb kinematics to assess cognitive deficits in people living with both HIV and stroke. In: Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR), 2017 International Conference On. London: IEEE: 2017. p. 907–12.
Metadata
Title
Designing robot-assisted neurorehabilitation strategies for people with both HIV and stroke
Authors
Kevin D. Bui
Michelle J. Johnson
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1743-0003
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-018-0418-3

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 1/2018 Go to the issue

Research

A robot-based gait training therapy for pediatric population with cerebral palsy: goal setting, proposal and preliminary clinical implementation

Research

Walking and balance outcomes for stroke survivors: a randomized clinical trial comparing body-weight-supported treadmill training with versus without challenging mobility skills

Research

Assessment of user voluntary engagement during neurorehabilitation using functional near-infrared spectroscopy: a preliminary study

Research

Experimental comparisons of passive and powered ankle-foot orthoses in individuals with limb reconstruction

Research

Automated functional upper limb evaluation of patients with Friedreich ataxia using serious games rehabilitation exercises

Research

The feasibility and positive effects of a customised videogame rehabilitation programme for freezing of gait and falls in Parkinson’s disease patients: a pilot study