Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

LIVE: Thursday 2nd May 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Quality sleep is essential for health. But what happens to our brains when sleep patterns are disturbed? Join our experts to explore the interplay between sleep disruption and neurological diseases, and the questions that you need to be asking your patients to help you prevent the harmful effects of sleep deprivation.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Thrombosis Journal
Published in: Thrombosis Journal 1/2015

Open Access 01-12-2015 | Review

Thrombosis in vasculitis: from pathogenesis to treatment

Authors: Giacomo Emmi, Elena Silvestri, Danilo Squatrito, Amedeo Amedei, Elena Niccolai, Mario Milco D’Elios, Chiara Della Bella, Alessia Grassi, Matteo Becatti, Claudia Fiorillo, Lorenzo Emmi, Augusto Vaglio, Domenico Prisco

Published in: Thrombosis Journal | Issue 1/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

In recent years, the relationship between inflammation and thrombosis has been deeply investigated and it is now clear that immune and coagulation systems are functionally interconnected.
Inflammation-induced thrombosis is by now considered a feature not only of autoimmune rheumatic diseases, but also of systemic vasculitides such as Behçet’s syndrome, ANCA-associated vasculitis or giant cells arteritis, especially during active disease.
These findings have important consequences in terms of management and treatment. Indeed, Behçet’syndrome requires immunosuppressive agents for vascular involvement rather than anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy, and it is conceivable that also in ANCA-associated vasculitis or large vessel-vasculitis an aggressive anti-inflammatory treatment during active disease could reduce the risk of thrombotic events in early stages.
In this review we discuss thrombosis in vasculitides, especially in Behçet’s syndrome, ANCA-associated vasculitis and large-vessel vasculitis, and provide pathogenetic and clinical clues for the different specialists involved in the care of these patients.
Literature
1.
Cruveilhier J. Inflammation of the pulmonary artery and lobular pneumonia followed by phlebitis. In: Long BR, editor. Selected Readings in Pathology. London: Baillière Tindal and Cox; 1929.
2.
Aksu K, Donmez A, Keser G. Inflammation-induced thrombosis: mechanisms, disease associations and management. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18:1478–93.PubMed
3.
Palatinus A, Adams M. Thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2009;35:621–9.PubMed
4.
Chung WS, Peng CL, Lin CL, Chang YJ, Chen YF, Chiang JY, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism: a nationwide cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:1774–80.PubMed
5.
Chung WS, Lin CL, Sung FC, Hsu WH, Chen YF, Kao CH. Increased risks of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in Sjogren syndrome: a nationwide cohort study. J Rheumatol. 2014;41:909–15.PubMed
6.
Calamia KT, Schirmer M, Melikoglu M. Major vessel involvement in Behcet’s disease: an update. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23:24–31.PubMed
7.
Springer J, Villa-Forte A. Thrombosis in vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013;25:19–25.PubMed
8.
Hatemi G, Silman A, Bang D, Bodaghi B, Chamberlain AM, Gul A, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of Behcet disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67:1656–62.PubMed
9.
Sakane T, Takeno M, Suzuki N, Inaba G. Behcet’s disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1284–91.PubMed
10.
International Team for the Revision of the International Criteria for Behcet's D. The International Criteria for Behcet's Disease (ICBD): a collaborative study of 27 countries on the sensitivity and specificity of the new criteria. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28:338–47.
11.
Atzeni F, Sarzi-Puttini P, Doria A, Boiardi L, Pipitone N, Salvarani C. Behcet’s disease and cardiovascular involvement. Lupus. 2005;14:723–6.PubMed
12.
Hamuryudan V, Yurdakul S, Moral F, Numan F, Tuzun H, Tuzuner N, et al. Pulmonary arterial aneurysms in Behcet’s syndrome: a report of 24 cases. Br J Rheumatol. 1994;33:48–51.PubMed
13.
Silvestri E, Cenci C, Della Bella C, Cameli AM, Prisco D. Cardiovascular Issues: Aneurysms and Pseudoaneurysms, Thrombosis, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiac Involvement. In: Emmi L, editor. Behçet’s syndrome: from pathogenesis to treatment. Milan: Springer-Verlag; 2014.
14.
Engelmann B, Massberg S. Thrombosis as an intravascular effector of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13:34–45.PubMed
15.
La Regina M, Gasparyan AY, Orlandini F, Prisco D. Behcet's Disease as a Model of Venous Thrombosis. Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2010;4:71–7.PubMedCentralPubMed
16.
17.
Geri G, Terrier B, Rosenzwajg M, Wechsler B, Touzot M, Seilhean D, et al. Critical role of IL-21 in modulating TH17 and regulatory T cells in Behcet disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:655–64.PubMed
18.
Belizna C, Tervaert JW. Specificity, pathogenecity, and clinical value of antiendothelial cell antibodies. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1997;27:98–109.PubMed
19.
Belizna C, Duijvestijn A, Hamidou M, Tervaert JW. Antiendothelial cell antibodies in vasculitis and connective tissue disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:1545–50.PubMedCentralPubMed
20.
Onur E, Kabaroglu C, Inanir I, Var A, Guvenc Y, Gunay O, et al. Oxidative stress impairs endothelial nitric oxide levels in Behcets’ disease. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2011;30:217–20.PubMed
21.
Sahin M, Arslan C, Naziroglu M, Tunc SE, Demirci M, Sutcu R, et al. Asymmetric dimethylarginine and nitric oxide levels as signs of endothelial dysfunction in Behcet's disease. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2006;36:449–54.PubMed
22.
Ozoran K, Dugun N, Gurler A, Tutkak H, Tokgoz G. Plasma von Willebrand factor, tissue plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor, and antithrombin III levels in Behcet’s disease. Scand J Rheumatol. 1995;24:376–82.PubMed
23.
Haznedaroglu IC, Ozdemir O, Ozcebe O, Dundar SV, Kirazli S. Circulating thrombomodulin as a clue of endothelial damage in Behcet's disease. Thromb Haemost. 1996;75:974–5.PubMed
24.
Sari RA, Kiziltunc A, Taysi S, Akdemir S, Gundogdu M. Levels of soluble E-selectin in patients with active Behcet’s disease. Clin Rheumatol. 2005;24:55–9.PubMed
25.
Turkoz Y, Evereklioglu C, Ozkiris A, Mistik S, Borlu M, Ozerol IH, et al. Serum levels of soluble P-selectin are increased and associated with disease activity in patients with Behcet's syndrome. Mediators Inflamm. 2005;2005:237–41 [doi:10.1155/MI.2005.237].PubMedCentralPubMed
26.
Macey M, Hagi-Pavli E, Stewart J, Wallace GR, Stanford M, Shirlaw P, et al. Age, gender and disease-related platelet and neutrophil activation ex vivo in whole blood samples from patients with Behcet's disease. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011;50:1849–59.
27.
La Regina M, Orlandini F, Prisco D, Dentali F. Homocysteine in vascular Behcet disease: a meta-analysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30:2067–74.PubMed
28.
Shadmanfar S, Shahram F, Nadji A, Akhlaghi M, Faezi ST, Sadeghi-Abdollahi B, et al. The relationship between plasma homocysteine level and HLA-B51 in patients with Behcet's disease: a case–control study. Int J Rheum Dis. 2014;17:466.PubMed
29.
Chambers JC, Haskard DO, Kooner JS. Vascular endothelial function and oxidative stress mechanisms in patients with Behcet’s syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:517–20.PubMed
30.
Gul A, Ozbek U, Ozturk C, Inanc M, Konice M, Ozcelik T. Coagulation factor V gene mutation increases the risk of venous thrombosis in Behcet’s disease. Br J Rheumatol. 1996;35:1178–80.PubMed
31.
Ates A, Duzgun N, Ulu A, Tiryaki AO, Akar N. Factor V gene (1691A and 4070G) and prothrombin gene 20210A mutations in patients with Behcet's disease. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2003;33:157–63.PubMed
32.
Silingardi M, Salvarani C, Boiardi L, Accardo P, Iorio A, Olivieri I, et al. Factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene G20210A mutations in Italian patients with Behcet’s disease and deep vein thrombosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51:177–83.PubMed
33.
Ricart JM, Vaya A, Todoli J, Calvo J, Villa P, Estelles A, et al. Thrombophilic risk factors and homocysteine levels in Behcet’s disease in eastern Spain and their association with thrombotic events. Thromb Haemost. 2006;95:618–24.PubMed
34.
Leiba M, Seligsohn U, Sidi Y, Harats D, Sela BA, Griffin JH, et al. Thrombophilic factors are not the leading cause of thrombosis in Behcet's disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:1445–9.PubMedCentralPubMed
35.
Caramaschi P, Poli G, Bonora A, Volpe A, Tinazzi I, Pieropan S, et al. A study on thrombophilic factors in Italian Behcet's patients. Joint Bone Spine. 2010;77:330–4.PubMed
36.
Lenk N, Ozet G, Alli N, Coban O, Erbasi S. Protein C and protein S activities in Behcet’s disease as risk factors of thrombosis. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37:124–5.PubMed
37.
Evereklioglu C. Current concepts in the etiology and treatment of Behcet disease. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005;50:297–350.PubMed
38.
39.
Kural-Seyahi E, Fresko I, Seyahi N, Ozyazgan Y, Mat C, Hamuryudan V, et al. The long-term mortality and morbidity of Behcet syndrome: a 2-decade outcome survey of 387 patients followed at a dedicated center. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003;82:60–76.
40.
Sarica-Kucukoglu R, Akdag-Kose A, Kayabal IM, Yazganoglu KD, Disci R, Erzengin D, et al. Vascular involvement in Behcet's disease: a retrospective analysis of 2319 cases. Int J Dermatol. 2006;45:919–21.PubMed
41.
42.
Duzgun N, Ates A, Aydintug OT, Demir O, Olmez U. Characteristics of vascular involvement in Behcet's disease. Scand J Rheumatol. 2006;35:65–8.PubMed
43.
Ceyran H, Akcali Y, Kahraman C. Surgical treatment of vasculo-Behcet’s disease. A review of patients with concomitant multiple aneurysms and venous lesions. Vasa. 2003;32:149–53.PubMed
44.
Bono W, Filali-Ansary N, Mohattane A, Tazi-Mezalek Z, Adnaoui M, Aouni M, et al. Cardiac and pulmonary artery manifestations during Behcet’s disease. Rev Med Interne. 2000;21:905–7.PubMed
45.
46.
Alexoudi I, Kapsimali V, Vaiopoulos A, Kanakis M, Vaiopoulos G. Evaluation of current therapeutic strategies in Behcet’s disease. Clin Rheumatol. 2011;30:157–63.PubMed
47.
Saadoun D, Wechsler B, Resche-Rigon M, Trad S, Le Thi HD, Sbai A, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis in Behcet’s disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:518–26.PubMed
48.
Emmi G, Silvestri E, Squatrito D, D'Elios MM, Ciucciarelli L, Prisco D, et al. Behcet's syndrome pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets. Intern Emerg Med. 2014;9:257–65.PubMed
49.
Arida A, Fragiadaki K, Giavri E, Sfikakis PP. Anti-TNF agents for Behcet’s disease: analysis of published data on 369 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2011;41:61–70.PubMed
50.
Adler S, Baumgartner I, Villiger PM. Behcet's disease: successful treatment with infliximab in 7 patients with severe vascular manifestations. A retrospective analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64:607–11.
51.
Inanc MT, Kalay N, Heyit T, Ozdogru I, Kaya MG, Dogan A, et al. Effects of atorvastatin and lisinopril on endothelial dysfunction in patients with Behcet's disease. Echocardiography. 2010;27:997–1003.PubMed
52.
Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, Basu N, Cid MC, Ferrario F, et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:1–11.PubMed
53.
Kallenberg CG. Key advances in the clinical approach to ANCA-associated vasculitis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014;10:484–93.PubMed
54.
Halbwachs L, Lesavre P. Endothelium-neutrophil interactions in ANCA-associated diseases. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23:1449–61.PubMedCentralPubMed
55.
Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Hu P, Xiao H. Pathogenesis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated small-vessel vasculitis. Annu Rev Pathol. 2013;8:139–60.PubMed
56.
Kambas K, Chrysanthopoulou A, Vassilopoulos D, Apostolidou E, Skendros P, Girod A, et al. Tissue factor expression in neutrophil extracellular traps and neutrophil derived microparticles in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis may promote thromboinflammation and the thrombophilic state associated with the disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(10):1854–63.PubMed
57.
Sangaletti S, Tripodo C, Chiodoni C, Guarnotta C, Cappetti B, Casalini P, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate transfer of cytoplasmic neutrophil antigens to myeloid dendritic cells toward ANCA induction and associated autoimmunity. Blood. 2012;120:3007–18.PubMed
58.
Niccolai E, Emmi G, Squatrito D, Silvestri E, Emmi L, Amedei A, Prisco D: Microparticles: bridging the gap between Autoimmunity and Thrombosis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2014, accepted for pubblication
59.
Hong Y, Eleftheriou D, Hussain AA, Price-Kuehne FE, Savage CO, Jayne D, et al. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies stimulate release of neutrophil microparticles. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23(1):49–62.PubMedCentralPubMed
60.
Pitanga TN, de Aragão França L, Rocha VC, Meirelles T, Borges VM, Gonçalves MS, et al. Neutrophil-derived microparticles induce myeloperoxidase-mediated damage of vascular endothelial cells. BMC Cell Biol. 2014;15:21.PubMedCentralPubMed
61.
Ames PR, Margaglione M, Mackie S, Alves JD. Eosinophilia and thrombophilia in churg strauss syndrome: a clinical and pathogenetic overview. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2010;16:628–36.PubMed
62.
Moosbauer C, Morgenstern E, Cuvelier SL, Manukyan D, Bidzhekov K, Albrecht S, et al. Eosinophils are a major intravascular location for tissue factor storage and exposure. Blood. 2007;109:995–1002.PubMed
63.
Maino A, Rossio R, Cugno M, Marzano AV, Tedeschi A. Hypereosinophilic syndrome, Churg-Strauss syndrome and parasitic diseases: possible links between eosinophilia and thrombosis. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2012;10:670–5.PubMed
64.
Hewins P, Wolberg AS, Yang JJ, Hogan SL, Chin H, Moll S, et al. Antibodies with dual reactivity to plasminogen and complementary PR3 in PR3-ANCA vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:2421–9.PubMedCentralPubMed
65.
Berden AE, Nolan SL, Morris HL, Bertina RM, Erasmus DD, Hagen EC, et al. Anti-plasminogen antibodies compromise fibrinolysis and associate with renal histology in ANCA-associated vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(12):2169–79.PubMedCentralPubMed
66.
Boomsma MM, Stearns-Kurosawa DJ, Stegeman CA, Raschi E, Meroni PL, Kurosawa S, et al. Plasma levels of soluble endothelial cell protein C receptor in patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2002;128:187–94.PubMedCentralPubMed
67.
Sebastian JK, Voetsch B, Stone JH, Romay-Penabad Z, Lo GH, Allen NB, et al. The frequency of anticardiolipina antibodies and genetic mutations associated with hypercoagulability among patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis with and without history of a thrombotic event. J Rheumatol. 2007;34:2446–50.PubMed
68.
Hilhorst M, Winckers K, Wilde B, van Oerle R, ten Cate H, Tervaert JW. Patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies associated vasculitis in remission are hypercoagulable. J Rheumatol. 2013;40:2042–6.PubMed
69.
Wegener’s Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial Research G. Etanercept plus standard therapy for Wegener’s granulomatosis. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:351–61.
70.
Weidner S, Hafezi-Rachti S, Rupprecht HD. Thromboembolic events as a complication of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;55:146–9.PubMed
71.
Stassen PM, Derks RP, Kallenberg CG, Stegeman CA. Venous thromboembolism in ANCA-associated vasculitis–incidence and risk factors. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47:530–4.
72.
Allenbach Y, Seror R, Pagnoux C, Teixeira L, Guilpain P, Guillevin L, et al. High frequency of venous thromboembolic events in Churg-Strauss syndrome, Wegener’s granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis but not polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic retrospective study on 1130 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:564–7.PubMed
73.
Whyte AF, Smith WB, Sinkar SN, Kette FE, Hissaria P. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of 19 patients with Churg-Strauss syndrome from a single South Australian centre. Intern Med J. 2013;43:784–90.PubMed
74.
Faurschou M, Obel N, Baslund B. High risk of pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis but not of stroke in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;66:1910–4.
75.
Morgan MD, Turnbull J, Selamet U, Kaur-Hayer M, Nightingale P, Ferro CJ, et al. Increased incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides: a matched-pair cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:3493–500.PubMed
76.
Faurschou M, Mellemkjaer L, Sorensen IJ, Svalgaard Thomsen B, Dreyer L, Baslund B. Increased morbidity from ischemic heart disease in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:1187–92.PubMed
77.
Suppiah R, Judge A, Batra R, Flossmann O, Harper L, Höglund P, et al. A model to predict cardiovascular events in patients with newly diagnosed Wegener’s Granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(4):588–96.
78.
Al-Ani B. Simvastatin inhibits neutrophil degranulation induced by anti-neutrophil cytoplasm auto-antibodies and N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP) peptide. Saudi Med J. 2013;34:477–83.PubMed
79.
Haroon M, Devlin J. A case of ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis induced by atorvastatin. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27 Suppl 2:S75–7.PubMed
80.
Sen D, Rosenstein ED, Kramer N. ANCA-positive vasculitis associated with simvastatin/ezetimibe: expanding the spectrum of statin-induced autoimmunity? Int J Rheum Dis. 2010;13:e29–31.PubMed
81.
Weyand CM, Ma-Krupa W, Pryshchep O, Groschel S, Bernardino R, Goronzy JJ. Vascular dendritic cells in giant cell arteritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1062:195–208.PubMed
82.
Maugeri N, Rovere-Querini P, Baldini M, Sabbadini MG, Manfredi AA. Translational mini-review series on immunology of vascular disease: mechanisms of vascular inflammation and remodelling in systemic vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009;156:395–404.PubMedCentralPubMed
83.
Baldini M, Maugeri N, Ramirez GA, Giacomassi C, Castiglioni A, Prieto-González S, et al. Selective up-regulation of the soluble pattern-recognition receptor pentraxin 3 and of vascular endothelial growth factor in giant cell arteritis: relevance for recent optic nerve ischemia. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:854–65.PubMed
84.
Dagna L, Salvo F, Tiraboschi M, Bozzolo EP, Franchini S, Doglioni C, et al. Pentraxin-3 as a marker of disease activity in Takayasu arteritis. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:425–33.PubMed
85.
Espinosa G, Font J, Tàssies D. Vascular involvement in Behçet’s disease: relation with thrombophilic factors, coagulation activation, and thrombomodulin. Am J Med. 2002;112(1):37–43.PubMed
86.
Martinez-Taboada VM, Bartolome MJ, Fernandez-Gonzalez MD, Blanco R, Rodriguez-Valverde V, Lopez-Hoyos M. Homocysteine levels in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: influence of corticosteroid therapy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003;42:1055–61.
87.
Avina-Zubieta J. A, Bhole V. M, Amiri N., Sayre E. C, Choi H. K. The risk of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in giant cell arteritis: a general population-based study. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205665. [Epub ahead of print]
88.
Zoller B, Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Risk of pulmonary embolism in patients with autoimmune disorders: a nationwide follow-up study from Sweden. Lancet. 2012;379:244–9.PubMed
89.
Manna R, Latteri M, Cristiano G, Todaro L, Scuderi F, Gasbarrini G. Anticardiolipin antibodies in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: a study of 40 cases. Br J Rheumatol. 1998;37:208–10.PubMed
90.
Seriolo B, Cutolo M, Garnero A, Accardo S. Risk factors for thrombotic events in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Br J Rheumatol. 1998;37:1251–3.PubMed
91.
Tomasson G, Peloquin C, Mohammad A, Love TJ, Zhang Y, Choi HK, et al. Risk for cardiovascular disease early and late after a diagnosis of giant-cell arteritis: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:73–80.PubMedCentralPubMed
92.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Pineiro A, Gomez-Gigirey A, Garcia-Porrua C, Pego-Reigosa R, Dierssen-Sotos T, et al. Influence of traditional risk factors of atherosclerosis in the development of severe ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2004;83:342–7.
93.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Vazquez-Rodriguez TR, Gomez-Acebo I, Pego-Reigosa R, Lopez-Diaz MJ, Vazquez-Trinanes MC, et al. Strokes at time of disease diagnosis in a series of 287 patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2009;88:227–35.
94.
Samson M, Jacquin A, Audia S, Daubail B, Devilliers H, Petrella T, et al. Stroke associated with giant cell arteritis: a population-based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86:216–21.PubMed
95.
Salvarani C, Casali B, Farnetti E, Pipitone N, Formisano D, Nicoli D, et al. PlA1/A2 polymorphism of the platelet glycoprotein receptor IIIA and risk of cranial ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:3502–8.PubMed
96.
Salvarani C, Della Bella C, Cimino L, Macchioni P, Formisano D, Bajocchi G, et al. Risk factors for severe cranial ischaemic events in an Italian population-based cohort of patients with giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48(3):250–3.
97.
Hernandez-Rodriguez J, Segarra M, Vilardell C, Sanchez M, Garcia-Martinez A, Esteban MJ, et al. Elevated production of interleukin-6 is associated with a lower incidence of disease-related ischemic events in patients with giant-cell arteritis: angiogenic activity of interleukin-6 as a potential protective mechanism. Circulation. 2003;107:2428–34.PubMed
98.
Udayakumar PD, Chandran AK, Crowson CS, Warrington KJ, Matteson EL. Cardiovascular risk and acute coronary syndrome in giant cell arteritis: a population based retrospective cohort study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;67:396–402.
99.
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Miranda-Filloy JA, Blanco R, Llorca J. Biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis patients with coronary artery disease have increased risk of aortic aneurysmal disease and arterial thrombosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2013;31:S94.PubMed
100.
Hwang J, Kim SJ, Bang OY, Chung CS, Lee KH, Kim DK, et al. Ischemic stroke in Takayasu's arteritis: lesion patterns and possible mechanisms. J Clin Neurol. 2012;8:109–15.PubMedCentralPubMed
101.
Martinez-Taboada VM, Lopez-Hoyos M, Narvaez J, Munoz-Cacho P. Effect of antiplatelet/anticoagulant therapy on severe ischemic complications in patients with giant cell arteritis: a cumulative meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:788–94.PubMed
102.
De Souza AW, Machado NP, Pereira VM, Arraes AE, Reis Neto ET, Mariz HA, et al. Antiplatelet therapy for the prevention of arterial ischemic events in takayasu arteritis. Circ J. 2010;74:1236–41.PubMed
103.
Schmidt J, Kermani TA, Muratore F, Crowson CS, Matteson EL, Warrington KJ. Statin use in giant cell arteritis: a retrospective study. J Rheumatol. 2013;40:910–5.PubMedCentralPubMed
104.
De Jong HJ, Saldi SR, Klungel OH, Vandebriel RJ, Souverein PC, Meyboom RH, et al. Statin-associated polymyalgia rheumatica. An analysis using WHO global individual case safety database: a case/non-case approach. PLoS One. 2012;7:e41289.PubMedCentralPubMed
105.
Caldas CA, de Carvalho JF. Antiphospholipid syndrome and polyarteritis nodosa: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Rheumatol Int. 2013;33:2697–8.PubMed
106.
Li L, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Ji H. Thrombosis warning in children suffering from henoch-schonlein purpura. Indian J Dermatol. 2013;58:409.PubMedCentralPubMed
107.
Sanchez-Manubens J, Bou R, Anton J. Diagnosis and classification of Kawasaki disease. J Autoimmun. 2014;48–49:113–7.PubMed
108.
Pipitone N, Vaglio A, Salvarani C. Retroperitoneal fibrosis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2012;26:439–48.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Thrombosis in vasculitis: from pathogenesis to treatment
Authors
Giacomo Emmi
Elena Silvestri
Danilo Squatrito
Amedeo Amedei
Elena Niccolai
Mario Milco D’Elios
Chiara Della Bella
Alessia Grassi
Matteo Becatti
Claudia Fiorillo
Lorenzo Emmi
Augusto Vaglio
Domenico Prisco
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Thrombosis Journal / Issue 1/2015
Electronic ISSN: 1477-9560
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12959-015-0047-z

Other articles of this Issue 1/2015

Thrombosis Journal 1/2015 Go to the issue

Original clinical investigation

Markers of thrombin generation are associated with myocardial necrosis and left ventricular impairment in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Original basic research

Cost-effectiveness analysis of treatment of venous thromboembolism with rivaroxaban compared with combined low molecular weight heparin/vitamin K antagonist

Original clinical investigation

Family history of venous thromboembolism is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism in combined oral contraceptive users: a nationwide case-control study

Original clinical investigation

Low dose compared to variable dose Warfarin and to Fondaparinux as prophylaxis for thromboembolism after elective hip or knee replacement surgery; a randomized, prospective study

Original clinical investigation

Safety and efficacy of switching from low molecular weight heparin to dabigatran in patients undergoing elective total hip or knee replacement surgery

Original clinical investigation

“Role of the adipocyte hormone leptin in cardiovascular diseases – a study from Chennai based Population”

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch now

Watch this official video from ACC.24 to hear Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits