Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Malaria Journal
Published in: Malaria Journal 1/2021

Open Access 01-12-2021 | Plasmodium Falciparum | Review

Prevalence of potential mediators of artemisinin resistance in African isolates of Plasmodium falciparum

Authors: Afolabi Owoloye, Michael Olufemi, Emmanuel T. Idowu, Kolapo M. Oyebola

Published in: Malaria Journal | Issue 1/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The devastating public health impact of malaria has prompted the need for effective interventions. Malaria control gained traction after the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). However, the emergence of artemisinin (ART) partial resistance in Southeast Asia and emerging reports of delayed parasite sensitivity to ACT in African parasites signal a gradual trend towards treatment failure. Monitoring the prevalence of mutations associated with artemisinin resistance in African populations is necessary to stop resistance in its tracks. Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum genes pfk13, pfcoronin and pfatpase6 have been linked with ART partial resistance.

Methods

Findings from published research articles on the prevalence of pfk13, pfcoronin and pfatpase6 polymorphisms in Africa were collated. PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar were searched for relevant articles reporting polymorphisms in these genes across Africa from 2014 to August 2021, for pfk13 and pfcoronin. For pfatpase6, relevant articles between 2003 and August 2021 were retrieved.

Results

Eighty-seven studies passed the inclusion criteria for this analysis and reported 742 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 37,864 P. falciparum isolates from 29 African countries. Five validated-pfk13 partial resistance markers were identified in Africa: R561H in Rwanda and Tanzania, M476I in Tanzania, F446I in Mali, C580Y in Ghana, and P553L in an Angolan isolate. In Tanzania, three (L263E, E431K, S769N) of the four mutations (L263E, E431K, A623E, S769N) in pfatpase6 gene associated with high in vitro IC50 were reported. pfcoronin polymorphisms were reported in Senegal, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, and Congo, with P76S being the most prevalent mutation.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis provides an overview of the prevalence and widespread distribution of pfk13, pfcoronin and pfatpase6 mutations in Africa. Understanding the phenotypic consequences of these mutations can provide information on the efficacy status of artemisinin-based treatment of malaria across the continent.

Graphical Abstract

Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
WHO. Report on antimalarial drug efficacy, resistance and response: 10 years of surveillance (2010–2019). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.
2.
Bhatt S, Weiss DJ, Cameron E, Bisanzio D, Mappin B, Dalrymple U, et al. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature. 2015;526:207–11.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
3.
Okell LC, Drakeley CJ, Ghani AC, Bousema T, Sutherland CJ. Reduction of transmission from malaria patients by artemisinin combination therapies: a pooled analysis of six randomized trials. Malar J. 2008;7:125.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
4.
Akinola O, Egboro DE, Iyenmoana E, Abdulkadir BF, Yakub YO, Adeosun AA, et al. Prevalence of antimalarial drug resistant markers in kwara, north-central, Nigeria: a decade after replacement of chloroquine and antifolates as first-line regimen. Am J Trop Med and Hyg. 2019;101:78.
5.
Baraka V, Mavoko HM, Nabasumba C, Francis F, Lutumba P, Alifrangis M, et al. Impact of treatment and re-treatment with artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine on selection of Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance gene-1 polymorphisms in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0191922.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
Noedl H, Se Y, Schaecher K, Smith BL, Socheat D, Fukuda MM, et al. Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in western Cambodia. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2619–20.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Yi P, Das D, Phyo AP, Tarning J, et al. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:455–67.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
8.
Amaratunga C, Sreng S, Suon S, Phelps ES, Stepniewska K, Lim P, et al. Artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Pursat province, western Cambodia: a parasite clearance rate study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12:851–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
9.
Takala-Harrison S, Jacob CG, Arze C, Cummings MP, Silva JC, Dondorp AM, et al. Independent emergence of artemisinin resistance mutations among Plasmodium falciparum in Southeast Asia. J Infect Dis. 2015;211:670–9.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Ariey F, Witkowski B, Amaratunga C, Beghain J, Langlois AC, Khim N, et al. A molecular marker of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature. 2014;505:50–5.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Anderson TJ, Nair S, McDew-White M, Cheeseman IH, Nkhoma S, Bilgic F, et al. Population parameters underlying an ongoing soft sweep in Southeast Asian malaria parasites. Mol Biol Evol. 2017;34:131–44.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zhang HW, Li SJ, Hu T, Yu YM, Yang CY, Zhou RM, et al. Prolonged parasite clearance in a Chinese splenectomized patient with falciparum malaria imported from Nigeria. Infect Dis Poverty. 2017;6:44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
Bushell E, Gomes AR, Sanderson T, Anar B, Girling G, Herd C, et al. Functional Profiling of a Plasmodium genome reveals an abundance of essential genes. Cell. 2017;170:260–72.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
WHO. World malaria report. 20 years of global progress and challenges. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. p. 2020.
15.
Sharma AI, Shin SH, Bopp S, Volkman SK, Hartl DL, Wirth DF. Genetic background and PfKelch13 affect artemisinin susceptibility of PfCoronin mutants in Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Genetics. 2020;16:e1009266.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
Demas AR, Sharma AI, Wong W, Early AM, Redmond S, Bopp S, et al. Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum actin-binding protein coronin confer reduced artemisinin susceptibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115:12799–804.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
17.
Olshina MA, Angrisano F, Marapana DS, Riglar DT, Bane K, Wong W, et al. Plasmodium falciparum coronin organizes arrays of parallel actin filaments potentially guiding directional motility in invasive malaria parasites. Malar J. 2015;14:280.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
18.
Ashley EA, Dhorda M, Fairhurst RM, Amaratunga C, Lim P, Suon S, et al. Spread of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:411–23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
19.
Delandre O, Gendrot M, Fonta I, Mosnier J, Benoit N, Amalvict R, et al. Prevalence of mutations in the pfcoronin gene and association with ex vivo susceptibility to common quinoline drugs against Plasmodium falciparum. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13:1273.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
20.
Delandre O, Daffe SM, Gendrot M, Diallo MN, Madamet M, Kounta MB, et al. Absence of association between polymorphisms in the pfcoronin and pfk13 genes and the presence of Plasmodium falciparum parasites after treatment with artemisinin derivatives in Senegal. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56:106190.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Velavan TP, Nderu D, Agbenyega T, Ntoumi F, Kremsner PG. An alternative dogma on reduced artemisinin susceptibility: a new shadow from east to west. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116:12611–2.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
22.
Jambou R, Legrand E, Niang M, Khim N, Lim P, Volney B, et al. Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates to in-vitro artemether and point mutations of the SERCA-type PfATPase6. Lancet. 2005;366:1960–3.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Uhlemann AC, Cameron A, Eckstein-Ludwig U, Fischbarg J, Iserovich P, Zuniga FA, et al. A single amino acid residue can determine the sensitivity of SERCAs to artemisinins. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2005;12:628–9.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Eckstein-Ludwig U, Webb RJ, Van Goethem ID, East JM, Lee AG, Kimura M, et al. Artemisinins target the SERCA of Plasmodium falciparum. Nature. 2003;424:957–61.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Krishna S, Woodrow CJ, Staines HM, Haynes RK, Mercereau-Puijalon OJTimm. Re-evaluation of how artemisinins work in light of emerging evidence of in vitro resistance. Trends Mol Med. 2006;12:200–5.
26.
Toyoshima C, Inesi GJ. Structural basis of ion pumping by Ca2+-ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Annu Rev Biochem. 2004;73:269–92.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Toyoshima CJ. How Ca2+-ATPase pumps ions across the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1793:941–6.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Wuytack F, Raeymaekers L, Missiaen LJC. Molecular physiology of the SERCA and SPCA pumps. Cell Calcium. 2002;32:279–305.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Kimura M, Yamaguchi Y, Takada S, Tanabe KJ. Cloning of a Ca (2+)-ATPase gene of Plasmodium falciparum and comparison with vertebrate Ca (2+)-ATPases. J Cell Sci. 1993;104:1129–36.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Chilongola J, Ndaro A, Tarimo H, Shedrack T, Barthazary S, Kaaya R, et al. Occurrence of pfatpase6 single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with artemisinin resistance among field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum in North-Eastern Tanzania. Malar Res Treat. 2015;2015:279028.PubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Cui L, Wang Z, Jiang H, Parker D, Wang H, Su XZ, et al. Lack of association of the S769N mutation in Plasmodium falciparum SERCA (PfATP6) with resistance to artemisinins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:2546–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000097.
33.
34.
Abubakar UF, Adam R, Mukhtar MM, Muhammad A, Yahuza AA, Ibrahim SS. Identification of mutations in antimalarial resistance gene kelch13 from Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Kano. Nigeria Trop Med Infect Dis. 2020;5:85.CrossRef
35.
Ahouidi A, Oliveira R, Lobo L, Diedhiou C, Mboup S, Nogueira F. Prevalence of pfk13 and pfmdr1 polymorphisms in Bounkiling Southern Senegal. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0249357.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
36.
Balikagala B, Mita T, Ikeda M, Sakurai M, Yatsushiro S, Takahashi N, et al. Absence of in vivo selection for K13 mutations after artemether-lumefantrine treatment in Uganda. Malar J. 2017;16:23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
Conrad MD, Nsobya SL, Rosenthal PJ. The Diversity of the Plasmodium falciparum K13 propeller domain did not increase after implementation of artemisinin-based combination therapy in Uganda. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63:e01234-e1319.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
Djaman JA, Olefongo D, Ako AB, Roman J, Ngane VF, Basco LK, et al. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon and Côte d'Ivoire XXXI. Kelch 13 propeller sequences in Plasmodium falciparum isolates before and after implementation of artemisinin-based combination therapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;97:222–4.
39.
Uwimana A, Legrand E, Stokes BH, Ndikumana JM, Warsame M, Umulisa N, et al. Emergence and clonal expansion of in vitro artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 R561H mutant parasites in Rwanda. Nat Med. 2020;26:1602–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
40.
Tornyigah B, Coppée R, Houze P, Kusi KA, Adu B, Quakyi I, et al. Effect of drug pressure on promoting the emergence of antimalarial-resistant parasites among pregnant women in Ghana. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64:e02029-e2119.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
Pacheco MA, Schneider KA, Cheng Q, Munde EO, Ndege C, Onyango C, et al. Changes in the frequencies of Plasmodium falciparum dhps and dhfr drug-resistant mutations in children from Western Kenya from 2005 to 2018: the rise of Pfdhps S436H. Malar J. 2020;19:378.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
Ocan M, Bwanga F, Okeng A, Katabazi F, Kigozi E, Kyobe S, et al. Prevalence of K13-propeller gene polymorphisms among Plasmodium falciparum parasites isolated from adult symptomatic patients in northern Uganda. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:428.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
Oboh MA, Ndiaye D, Antony HA, Badiane AS, Singh US, Ali NA, et al. Status of artemisinin resistance in malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum from molecular analyses of the Kelch13 gene in Southwestern Nigeria. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:2305062.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
44.
Nzoumbou-Boko R, Panté-Wockama CG, Ngoagoni C, Petiot N, Legrand E, Vickos U, et al. Molecular assessment of kelch13 non-synonymous mutations in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Central African Republic (2017–2019). Malar J. 2020;19:191.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
Mayengue PI, Niama RF, Kouhounina Batsimba D, Malonga-Massanga A, Louzolo I, Loukabou Bongolo NC, et al. No polymorphisms in K13-propeller gene associated with artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolated from Brazzaville. Republic of Congo BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:538.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Castaneda-Mogollon DR, Bayih AG, Abere A, Amarasekara R, Tesfa H, Pillai DR. Using amplicon deep sequencing to characterize clonal expansion of a kelch 13 r622i mutant in Gondar. Ethiopia Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;101:102.
47.
Chebore W, Zhou Z, Westercamp N, Otieno K, Shi YP, Sergent SB, et al. Prevalence of Pfmdr1, Pfk13 and Pfcrt polymorphisms during a therapeutic efficacy study in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;99:85–6.
48.
de Laurent ZR, Chebon LJ, Ingasia LA, Akala HM, Andagalu B, Ochola-Oyier LI, et al. Polymorphisms in the K13 gene in Plasmodium falciparum from different malaria transmission areas of Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98:1360–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
49.
Hemming-Schroeder E, Umukoro E, Lo E, Fung B, Tomás-Domingo P, Zhou G, et al. Impacts of antimalarial drugs on Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance markers, Western Kenya, 2003–2015. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98:692–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
Ikeda M, Kaneko M, Tachibana SI, Balikagala B, Sakurai-Yatsushiro M, Yatsushiro S, et al. Artemisinin-resistant plasmodium falciparum with high survival rates, uganda, 2014–2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24:718–26.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
Gaye A, Sy M, Ndiaye T, Siddle KJ, Park DJ, Deme AB, et al. Amplicon deep sequencing of kelch13 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Senegal. Malar J. 2020;19:134.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
52.
Guerra M, Neres R, Salgueiro P, Mendes C, Ndong-Mabale N, Berzosa P, et al. Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity in continental Equatorial Guinea before and after introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61:e02556-e2615.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Gupta H, Galatas B, Chidimatembue A, Huijben S, Cisteró P, Matambisso G, et al. Effect of mass dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine administration in southern Mozambique on the carriage of molecular markers of antimalarial resistance. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0240174.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
54.
Hussien M, Abdel Hamid MM, Elamin EA, Hassan AO, Elaagip AH, Salama AHA, et al. Antimalarial drug resistance molecular makers of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Sudan during 2015–2017. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0235401.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
55.
Kakolwa MA, Mahende MK, Ishengoma DS, Mandara CI, Ngasala B, Kamugisha E, et al. Efficacy and safety of artemisinin-based combination therapy, and molecular markers for artemisinin and piperaquine resistance in Mainland Tanzania. Malar J. 2018;17:369.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
56.
Ishengoma DS, Mandara CI, Francis F, Talundzic E, Lucchi NW, Ngasala B, et al. Efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria and prevalence of Pfk13 and Pfmdr1 polymorphisms after a decade of using artemisinin-based combination therapy in mainland Tanzania. Malar J. 2019;18:88.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
57.
Kayiba NK, Yobi DM, Tshibangu-Kabamba E, Tuan VP, Yamaoka Y, Devleesschauwer B, et al. Spatial and molecular mapping of Pfkelch13 gene polymorphism in Africa in the era of emerging Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21:e82–92.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Yobi DM, Kayiba NK, Mvumbi DM, Boreux R, Kabututu PZ, Situakibanza HNT, et al. Assessment of Plasmodium falciparum anti-malarial drug resistance markers in pfk13-propeller, pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes in isolates from treatment failure patients in Democratic Republic of Congo, 2018–2019. Malar J. 2021;20:144.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
Talundzic E, Ndiaye YD, Deme AB, Olsen C, Patel DS, Biliya S, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 mutations in Senegal determined by using targeted amplicon deep sequencing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61:144.CrossRef
60.
L’Episcopia M, Kelley J, Patel D, Schmedes S, Ravishankar S, Menegon M, et al. Targeted deep amplicon sequencing of kelch 13 and cytochrome b in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from an endemic African country using the Malaria Resistance Surveillance (MaRS) protocol. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:137.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
61.
Boussaroque A, Fall B, Madamet M, Camara C, Benoit N, Fall M, et al. Emergence of Mutations in the K13 propeller gene of Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from Dakar, Senegal, in 2013–2014. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60:624–7.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Torrentino-Madamet M, Fall B, Benoit N, Camara C, Amalvict R, Fall M, et al. Limited polymorphisms in k13 gene in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Dakar, Senegal in 2012–2013. Malar J. 2014;13:472.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
63.
Bwire GM, Ngasala B, Mikomangwa WP, Kilonzi M, Kamuhabwa AAR. Detection of mutations associated with artemisinin resistance at k13-propeller gene and a near complete return of chloroquine susceptible falciparum malaria in Southeast of Tanzania. Sci Rep. 2020;10:3500.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
Xu C, Wei Q, Yin K, Sun H, Li J, Xiao T, et al. Surveillance of antimalarial resistance Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, and Pfkelch13 polymorphisms in African Plasmodium falciparum imported to Shandong Province. China Sci Rep. 2018;8:12951.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Heuchert A, Abduselam N, Zeynudin A, Eshetu T, Loscher T, Wieser A, et al. Molecular markers of anti-malarial drug resistance in southwest Ethiopia over time: regional surveillance from 2006 to 2013. Malar J. 2015;14:208.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
Koukouikila-Koussounda F, Jeyaraj S, Nguetse CN, Nkonganyi CN, Kokou KC, Etoka-Beka MK, et al. Molecular surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance in the Republic of Congo: four and nine years after the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy. Malar J. 2017;16:155.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
67.
Kwansa-Bentum B, Ayi I, Suzuki T, Otchere J, Kumagai T, Anyan WK, et al. Plasmodium falciparum isolates from southern Ghana exhibit polymorphisms in the SERCA-type PfATPase6 though sensitive to artesunate in vitro. Malar J. 2011;10:187.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
Li J, Chen J, Xie D, Eyi UM, Matesa RA, Ondo Obono MM, et al. Limited artemisinin resistance-associated polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum K13-propeller and PfATPase6 gene isolated from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2016;6:54–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
Zakeri S, Hemati S, Pirahmadi S, Afsharpad M, Raeisi A, Djadid ND. Molecular assessment of atpase6 mutations associated with artemisinin resistance among unexposed and exposed Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates to artemisinin-based combination therapy. Malar J. 2012;11:373.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
70.
Kone A, Sissoko S, Fofana B, Sangare CO, Dembele D, Haidara AS, et al. Different Plasmodium falciparum clearance times in two Malian villages following artesunate monotherapy. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;95:399–405.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
Oyebola KM, Aina OO, Idowu ET, Olukosi YA, Ajibaye OS, Otubanjo OA, et al. A barcode of multilocus nuclear DNA identifies genetic relatedness in pre- and post-Artemether/Lumefantrine treated Plasmodium falciparum in Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:392.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
Li GQ, Guo XB, Fu LC, Jian HX, Wang XH. Clinical trials of artemisinin and its derivatives in the treatment of malaria in China. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1994;88(Suppl 1):S5-6.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Tacoli C, Gai PP, Bayingana C, Sifft K, Geus D, Ndoli J, et al. Artemisinin resistance-associated K13 polymorphisms of Plasmodium falciparum in Southern Rwanda, 2010–2015. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;95:1090–3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
74.
Escobar C, Pateira S, Lobo E, Lobo L, Teodosio R, Dias F, et al. Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum K13-propeller in Angola and Mozambique after the introduction of the ACTs. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0119215.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
75.
Ouattara A, Kone A, Adams M, Fofana B, Walling-Maiga A, Gil JP, et al. K13-propeller, MAL10 and MAL13 and polymorphisms in in vivo artemisinin susceptible Plasmodium falciparum parasites from bougoula-hameau Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91:97.
76.
Tahar R, Ringwald P, Basco LK. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon XXVIII. In vitro activity of dihydroartemisinin against clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum and sequence analysis of the P. falciparum ATPase 6 gene. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;81:13–8.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Henrici RC, Sutherland CJ. Alternative pathway to reduced artemisinin susceptibility in Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115:12556–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Prevalence of potential mediators of artemisinin resistance in African isolates of Plasmodium falciparum
Authors
Afolabi Owoloye
Michael Olufemi
Emmanuel T. Idowu
Kolapo M. Oyebola
Publication date
01-12-2021
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Malaria Journal / Issue 1/2021
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2875
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03987-6

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

Malaria Journal 1/2021 Go to the issue

Review

Insights from modelling malaria vaccines for policy decisions: the focus on RTS,S

Research

Leveraging phone-based mobile technology to improve data quality at health facilities in rural Malawi: a best practice project

Opinion

Unlocking the human factor to increase effectiveness and sustainability of malaria vector control

Research

Drug resistance markers within an evolving efficacy of anti-malarial drugs in Cameroon: a systematic review and meta-analysis (1998–2020)

Research

Family, social and cultural determinants of long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) use in Madagascar: secondary analysis of three qualitative studies focused on children aged 5–15 years

Case study

Strengthening community and stakeholder participation in the implementation of integrated vector management for malaria control in western Kenya: a case study
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits