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Malaria Journal
Published in: Malaria Journal 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Research

Does insecticide resistance contribute to heterogeneities in malaria transmission in The Gambia?

Authors: Kevin Ochieng’ Opondo, David Weetman, Musa Jawara, Mathurin Diatta, Amfaal Fofana, Florence Crombe, Julia Mwesigwa, Umberto D’Alessandro, Martin James Donnelly

Published in: Malaria Journal | Issue 1/2016

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Abstract

Background

Malaria hotspots, areas with consistently higher than average transmission, may become increasingly common as malaria declines. This phenomenon, currently observed in The Gambia, may be caused by several factors, including some related to the local vectors, whose contribution is poorly understood.

Methods

Using WHO susceptibility bioassays, insecticide resistance status was determined in vector populations sampled from six pairs of villages across The Gambia, each pair contained a low and high prevalence village.

Results

Three vector species were observed (23.5 % Anopheles arabiensis, 31.2 % Anopheles gambiae, 43.3 % Anopheles coluzzii and 2.0 % An. coluzzii × An. gambiae hybrids). Even at a fine scale, significant differences in species composition were detected within village pairs. Resistance to both DDT and deltamethrin was more common in An. gambiae, most markedly in the eastern part of The Gambia and partly attributable to differing frequencies of resistance mutations. The Vgsc-1014F target site mutation was strongly associated with both DDT (OR = 256.7, (95 % CI 48.6–6374.3, p < 0.001) and deltamethrin survival (OR = 9.14, (95 % CI 4.24–21.4, p < 0.001). A second target site mutation, Vgsc-1575Y, which co-occurs with Vgsc-1014F, and a metabolic marker of resistance, Gste2-114T, conferred additional survival benefits to both insecticides. DDT resistance occurred significantly more frequently in villages with high malaria prevalence (p = 0.025) though this did not apply to deltamethrin resistance.

Conclusion

Whilst causality of relationships requires further investigation, variation in vector species and insecticide resistance in The Gambia is associated with malaria endemicity; with a notably higher prevalence of infection and insecticide resistance in the east of the country. In areas with heterogeneous malaria transmission, the role of the vector should be investigated to guide malaria control interventions.
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Metadata
Title
Does insecticide resistance contribute to heterogeneities in malaria transmission in The Gambia?
Authors
Kevin Ochieng’ Opondo
David Weetman
Musa Jawara
Mathurin Diatta
Amfaal Fofana
Florence Crombe
Julia Mwesigwa
Umberto D’Alessandro
Martin James Donnelly
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Malaria Journal / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2875
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1203-z

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