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Malaria Journal
Published in: Malaria Journal 1/2015

Open Access 01-12-2015 | Research

Do holes in long-lasting insecticidal nets compromise their efficacy against pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus? Results from a release–recapture study in experimental huts

Authors: Sanjiarizaha Randriamaherijaona, Olivier J T Briët, Sébastien Boyer, Aziz Bouraima, Raphael N’Guessan, Christophe Rogier, Vincent Corbel

Published in: Malaria Journal | Issue 1/2015

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Abstract

Background

Resistance of malaria vectors to pyrethroids threatens the effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) as a tool for malaria control. Recent experimental hut and observational studies in Benin show that pyrethroid resistance reduces the insecticidal effect and personal protection of LLINs especially when they become torn. The World Health Organization has proposed a threshold for when nets are “too torn” at 1,000 cm2 for rectangular holes and 790 cm2 for round holes. This study examines whether there is a threshold above which LLINs no longer reduce malaria transmission.

Methods

Intact and artificially-holed LLINs under three months old and untreated nets were tested by releasing mosquitoes from a susceptible Anopheles gambiae colony, a pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae population and a resistant Culex quinquefasciatus population in closed experimental huts in Southern Benin, West Africa. The efficacy of LLINs and untreated nets was evaluated in terms of protection against blood feeding, insecticidal effect and potential effect on malaria transmission.

Results

Personal protection by both LLINs and untreated nets decreased exponentially with increasing holed surface area, without evidence for a specific threshold beyond which LLINs could be considered as ineffective. The insecticidal effect of LLINs was lower in resistant mosquitoes than in susceptible mosquitoes, but holed surface area had little or no impact on the insecticidal effect of LLINs. LLINs with 22,500 cm2 holed surface area and target insecticide content provided a personal protection of 0.60 (95 % CI 0.44–0.73) and a low insecticidal effect of 0.20 (95 % CI 0.12–0.30) against resistant An. gambiae. Nevertheless, mathematical models suggested that if 80 % of the population uses such nets, they could still prevent 94 % (95 % CI 89–97 %) of transmission by pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae.

Conclusions

Even though personal protection by LLINs against feeding mosquitoes is strongly reduced by holes, the insecticidal effect of LLINs is independent of the holed surface area, but strongly dependent on insecticide resistance. Badly torn nets that still contain insecticide have potential to reduce malaria transmission. The relationship between LLIN integrity and efficacy needs to be understood in order to guide LLIN distribution policy.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
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Metadata
Title
Do holes in long-lasting insecticidal nets compromise their efficacy against pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus? Results from a release–recapture study in experimental huts
Authors
Sanjiarizaha Randriamaherijaona
Olivier J T Briët
Sébastien Boyer
Aziz Bouraima
Raphael N’Guessan
Christophe Rogier
Vincent Corbel
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Malaria Journal / Issue 1/2015
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2875
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0836-7

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