Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Public Health
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2021

Open Access 01-12-2021 | Hepatitis B | Research article

Determinants of overall knowledge and health behaviours in relation to hepatitis B and C among ever-married women in Pakistan: evidence based on Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18

Authors: Sidra Maqsood, Sarosh Iqbal, Rubeena Zakar, Muhammad Zakria Zakar, Florian Fischer

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

In 2019, around 5 million and 10 million people were affected by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) respectively in Pakistan. On World Hepatitis Day 2019, Pakistan’s Government announced the Prime Minister’s Plan to eliminate HBV and HCV from the country by 2030. In order to achieve this goal, adequate knowledge about HBV and HCV regarding mode of transmission, symptoms of the disease, and awareness about available treatments and vaccines is imperative. The present study aims to investigate the determinants related to overall knowledge about and behaviour in relation to HBV and HCV amongst married women in Pakistan.

Methods

Secondary data analysis was carried out using the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2017–18. A series of questions regarding women’s knowledge about how to avoid HBV and HCV and their health behaviour in relation to HBV and HCV were posed to 12,364 ever-married women of reproductive age (15–49 years). Bivariate and multivariable logistic and linear regression was applied to examine the effects of sociodemographic characteristics and covariates on women’s overall knowledge and health behaviour regarding HBV and HCV.

Results

The findings highlight that the majority of women (88.3%) have heard of HBV and HCV. Nonetheless, only 34.8% had comprehensive knowledge about how to avoid HBV and HCV. Few women (11.3%) had been tested for HBV or HCV during the year preceding the survey. Furthermore, the results indicate that women living in urban areas, being older, and having more than 10 years of schooling, reported better knowledge and health behaviours regarding HBV and HCV.

Conclusion

This study provides evidence that women’s sociodemographic characteristics create differences in their overall knowledge about and attitudes towards HBV and HCV. This research emphasized that there is a need to create awareness about the causes and prevention of HBV and HCV in order to achieve the goal of eliminating these diseases in Pakistan by 2030.
Literature
1.
2.
3.
Waheed Y, Shafi T, Safi SZ, Qadri I. Hepatitis C virus in Pakistan: a systematic review of prevalence, genotypes and risk factors. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(45):5647–53.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
4.
Munaf A, Memon MS, Kumar P, Ahmed S, Kumar MB. Comparison of viral hepatitis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma due to HBV and HCV – cohort from liver clinics in Pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(18):7563–7.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Lim AG, Qureshi H, Mahmood H, Hamid S, Davies CF, Trickey A, et al. Curbing the hepatitis C virus epidemic in Pakistan: the impact of scaling up treatment and prevention for achieving elimination. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(2):550–60.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
Ul Haq N, Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Saleem F, Farooqui M, Haseeb A, et al. A cross-sectional assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice among hepatitis-B patients in Quetta, Pakistan. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:448.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
7.
8.
Noreen N, Kumar R, Shaikh BT. Knowledge about hepatitis B vaccination among women of childbearing age: a cross-sectional study from a rural district of Punjab, Pakistan. East Mediterr Health J. 2015;21(2):129–33.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Nankya-Mutyoba J, Aizire J, Makumbi F, Ocama P, Kirk GD. Hepatitis B virus perceptions and health seeking behaviors among pregnant women in Uganda: implications for prevention and policy. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19:760.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
Yelemkoure ET, Yonli AT, Montesano C, Ouattara AK, Diarra B, Zohoncon TM. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus in Burkina Faso: screening, vaccination and evaluation of postvaccination antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen in newborns. J Public Health Afr. 2018;9(3):816.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
11.
Talpur AA, Memon NA, Solangi RA, Ghumro AA. Knowledge and attitude of patients towards hepatitis B and C. Pak J Surg. 2007;23(3):162–5.
12.
Khan N, Ahmed SM, Khalid MM, Siddiqui SH, Merchant AA. Effect of gender and age on the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding hepatitis B and C and vaccination status of hepatitis B among medical students of Karachi. Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2010;60(6):450–5.PubMed
13.
Alam M, Tariq WUZ. Knowledge attitudes and practices about hepatitis B and C among young healthy males. Pak J Pathol. 2006;17(4):147–50.
14.
Ross J, Smith DP. Korea-trends in 4 national KAP surveys, 1964-67. Stud Fam Plan. 1969;43:6–11.
15.
WHO. A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
16.
Rogers EM. Diffusion of innovations. New York: Free Press; 2003.
17.
Ezeruigbo Chinwe R, UdeNebonta AR. Impact of health education on knowledge, attitude and practice of cervical cancer screening among secondary school teachers in Enugu state. J Women’s Health Care. 2015;4:1–7.
18.
Nganwai P, Truadpon P, Inpa C, Sangpetngam B, Mekjarasnapa M, Apirakarn M, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice vis-à-vis cervical cancer among registered nurses at the faculty of medicine Khon Kaen University, Thailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2008;9(1):15–8.PubMed
19.
Gimenez-Sanchez F, Butler JC, Jernigan DB, Strausbaugh LJ, Slemp CC, Perilla MJ, et al. Treating cardiovascular disease with antimicrobial agents: a survey of knowledge, attitudes, and practices among physicians in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(2):171–6.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Bansal AB, Pakhare AP, Kapoor N, Mehrotra R, Kokane AM. Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to cervical cancer among adult women: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2015;6(2):324–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
Khalil A, Abdalrahim M. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards prevention and early detection of chronic kidney disease. Int Nurs Rev. 2014;61(2):237–45.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Rana M, Sayem A, Karim R, Islam N, Islam R, Zaman TK, et al. Assessment of knowledge regarding TB among non-medical university students in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:716.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
Blas E, Sommerfeld J, Sivasankara KA. Social determinants approaches to public health: from concept to practice. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
24.
Arrivillaga M, Ross M, Useche B, Alzate ML, Correa D. Social position, gender role, and treatment adherence among Colombian women living with HIV/AIDS: social determinants of health approach. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2009;26(6):502–10.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Poundstone KE, Strathdee SA, Celentano DD. The social epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Epidemiol Rev. 2004;26:22–35.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Roberts KJ, Mann T. Barriers to antiretroviral medication adherence in HIV-infected women. AIDS Care. 2000;12(4):377–86.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Ickovics JR, Meade CS. Adherence to HAART among patients with HIV: breakthroughs and barriers. AIDS Care. 2002;14(3):309–18.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Ahmad A, Sann LM, Rahman HA. Factors associated with knowledge, attitude and practice related to hepatitis B and C among international students of University Putra Malaysia. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:611.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
29.
Shaghaghian S, Pardis S, Mansoori Z. Knowledge, attitude and practice of dentists towards prophylaxis after exposure to blood and body fluids. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2014;5(3):146–54.PubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Zhang X, Yu P, Yan J, Spil ITA. Using diffusion of innovation theory to understand the factors impacting patient acceptance and use of consumer e-health innovations: a case study in a primary care clinic. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15:71.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
31.
Stephenson R, Phelps A, Colburn J. Diffusion of innovations and program implementation in areas of health behavior/education/promotion, physical activity, and physical education. ICHPER-SD J Res. 2018;10(1):3–11.
32.
Lien ASY, Jiang YD. Integration of diffusion of innovation theory into diabetes care. J Diabetes Investig. 2017;8(3):259.PubMedCrossRef
33.
National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS). Pakistan demographic and health survey (PDHS) 2017–18. Maryland: Macro International Inc; 2018.
34.
Hair JF Jr, Anderson RE, Tatham RL, Black WC. Multivariate Data Analysis. New York: Macmillan; 1995.
35.
Gebrecherkos T, Girmay G, Lemma M, Negash M. Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards hepatitis B virus among pregnant women attending antenatal care at the University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Int J Hepatol. 2020. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1155/​2020/​5617603.
36.
Dun-Dery F, Adokiya MN, Walana W, Yirkyio E, Ziem JB. Assessing the knowledge of expectant mothers on mother-to-child transmission of viral hepatitis B in upper west region of Ghana. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17:416.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
Awan FR, Baig MS. Knowledge of hepatitis prevention among reproductive age group women from Pakistan demographic health survey data 2012–13. Pak J Public Health. 2019;9(3):135–8.CrossRef
38.
Mukherjee PS, Dutta E, Das DK, Ghosh S, Neogi S, Sarkar A. Knowledge about hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection and consequences: a cross-sectional assessment of baseline knowledge among infected patients in West Bengal, India. Hepatol Med Policy. 2017;2:6.CrossRef
39.
Nankya-Mutyoba J, Aizire J, Makumbi F, Atuyambe L, Ocama P, Kirk GD. Correlates of hepatitis B awareness and disease-specific knowledge among pregnant women in northern and Central Uganda: a cross-sectional study. Hepatol Med Policy. 2018;3:14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
40.
Ganczak M, Dmytrzyk-Daniłów G, Korzeń M, Drozd-Dąbrowska M, Szych Z. Prevalence of HBV infection and knowledge of hepatitis B among patients attending primary care clinics in Poland. J Community Health. 2016;41(3):635–44.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Iqbal S, Maqsood S, Zafar A, Zakar R, Zakar MZ, Fischer F. Determinants of overall knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS transmission among ever-married women in Pakistan: evidence from the demographic and health survey 2012–13. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:793.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
43.
44.
Anderson ES, Wagstaff DA, Heckman TG, Winett RA, Roffman RA, Solomon LJ, et al. Information-motivation behavioral skills (IMB) model: testing direct and mediated treatment effects on condom use among women in low-income housing. Ann Behav Med. 2006;31(1):70–9.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Rajamoorthy Y, Taib NM, Munusamy S, Anwar S, Wagner AL, Mudatsir M, et al. Knowledge and awareness of hepatitis B among households in Malaysia: a community-based cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:47.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
46.
Ni YH, Huang LM, Chang MH, Yen CJ, Lu CY, You SL, et al. Two decades of universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan: impact and implication for future strategies. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(4):1287–93.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Qureshi H, Bile KM, Jooma R, Alam SE, Afridi HUR. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C viral infections in Pakistan: findings of a national survey appealing for effective prevention and control measures. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16(Suppl):15–23.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Determinants of overall knowledge and health behaviours in relation to hepatitis B and C among ever-married women in Pakistan: evidence based on Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18
Authors
Sidra Maqsood
Sarosh Iqbal
Rubeena Zakar
Muhammad Zakria Zakar
Florian Fischer
Publication date
01-12-2021
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2021
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12406-z

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

BMC Public Health 1/2021 Go to the issue

Research article

The association between mental-physical multimorbidity and disability, work productivity, and social participation in China: a panel data analysis

Research article

A longitudinal analysis of the progression from normal blood pressure to stage 2 hypertension: A 12-year Korean cohort

Research

The different risk factors for isolated diastolic hypertension and isolated systolic hypertension: a national survey

Research article

Determinants of women’s empowerment in Pakistan: evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys, 2012–13 and 2017–18

Research article

Key challenges to voluntary medical male circumcision uptake in traditionally circumcising settings of Machinga district in Malawi

Research article

Preparedness for self-isolation or quarantine and lockdown in South Africa: results from a rapid online survey