Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2019

Open Access 01-12-2019 | Study protocol

The effectiveness of exercise intervention for academic achievement, cognitive function, and physical health among children in Mongolia: a cluster RCT study protocol

Authors: Kenji Takehara, Togoobaatar Ganchimeg, Akihito Kikuchi, Lkagvasuren Gundegmaa, Lkagvasuren Altantsetseg, Ai Aoki, Takemune Fukuie, Kazuya Suwabe, Shagdar Bat-Erdene, Masashi Mikami, Rintaro Mori, Hideaki Soya

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Many studies have demonstrated positive effects of physical activity on children’s health such as improved cardiorespiratory function and decreased obesity. Physical activity has also been found to have positive effects on academic achievement and cognitive function. However, there are few high quality RCT studies on this topic at present and the findings remain controversial.

Methods

This protocol describes cluster randomized controlled trials assessing the impact of school-based exercise intervention among children in Mongolia. The intervention consists of 3-min sessions of high intensity interval training combined with music implemented two times a week at school during study periods. The participants are children in the fourth grade in public elementary schools in the Sukhbaatar district in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The participants are cluster randomized by school and allocated either to the intervention or control group. The primary outcome is academic achievement. Secondary outcomes are obesity/overweight, physical fitness function, lifestyle, mental health, and cognitive function.

Discussion

This cluster-RCT is designed and implemented to assess the effectiveness of exercise intervention on academic achievement, cognitive function, and physical and mental health among school-age children in Mongolia. This study will provide evidence to promote physical activities among children in low- and middle- income countries.

Trial registration

UMIN: UMIN000031062. Registered on 1st February 2018.
Literature
1.
go back to reference World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2014. 2014. World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2014. 2014.
2.
go back to reference Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair S, Katzmarzyk P. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):219–29.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair S, Katzmarzyk P. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):219–29.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
3.
go back to reference World Health Organization. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health: Physical Activity and Young People. World Health Organization. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health: Physical Activity and Young People.
4.
5.
go back to reference Marmeleira J. An examination of the mechanisms underlying the effects of physical activiety on brain and cognition. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act. 2013;10:83–94.CrossRef Marmeleira J. An examination of the mechanisms underlying the effects of physical activiety on brain and cognition. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act. 2013;10:83–94.CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Biddle SJH, Asare M. Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(11):886–95.PubMedCrossRef Biddle SJH, Asare M. Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(11):886–95.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Harvey SB, Hotopf M, Overland S, Mykletun A. Physical activity and common mental disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197(5):357–64.PubMedCrossRef Harvey SB, Hotopf M, Overland S, Mykletun A. Physical activity and common mental disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197(5):357–64.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Watson A, Timperio A, Brown H, Best K, Hesketh KD. Effect of classroom-based physical activity interventions on academic and physical activity outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):114.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Watson A, Timperio A, Brown H, Best K, Hesketh KD. Effect of classroom-based physical activity interventions on academic and physical activity outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):114.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Howie EK, Pate RR. Physical activity and academic achievement in children: a historical perspective. J Sport Health Sci. 2012;1:160–9.CrossRef Howie EK, Pate RR. Physical activity and academic achievement in children: a historical perspective. J Sport Health Sci. 2012;1:160–9.CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Sardinha LB, Marques A, Martins S, Palmeira A, Minderico C. Fitness, fatness, and academic performance in seventh-grade elementary school students. BMC Pediatr. 2014;14:176.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sardinha LB, Marques A, Martins S, Palmeira A, Minderico C. Fitness, fatness, and academic performance in seventh-grade elementary school students. BMC Pediatr. 2014;14:176.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Ahn S, Fedewa AL. A meta-analysis of the relationship between children's physical activity and mental health. J Pediatr Psychol. 2011;36(4):385–97.PubMedCrossRef Ahn S, Fedewa AL. A meta-analysis of the relationship between children's physical activity and mental health. J Pediatr Psychol. 2011;36(4):385–97.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Donnelly JE, Hillman CH, Castelli D, Etnier JL, Lee S, Tomporowski P, et al. Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children: a systematic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(6):1197–222.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Donnelly JE, Hillman CH, Castelli D, Etnier JL, Lee S, Tomporowski P, et al. Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children: a systematic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(6):1197–222.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Have M, Nielsen JH, Gejl AK, Thomsen Ernst M, Fredens K, Stockel JT, et al. Rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial examining the effect of classroom-based physical activity on math achievement. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:304.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Have M, Nielsen JH, Gejl AK, Thomsen Ernst M, Fredens K, Stockel JT, et al. Rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial examining the effect of classroom-based physical activity on math achievement. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:304.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Wright CM, Duquesnay PJ, Anzman-Frasca S, Chomitz VR, Chui K, Economos CD, et al. Study protocol: the fueling learning through exercise (FLEX) study - a randomized controlled trial of the impact of school-based physical activity programs on children's physical activity, cognitive function, and academic achievement. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1078.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wright CM, Duquesnay PJ, Anzman-Frasca S, Chomitz VR, Chui K, Economos CD, et al. Study protocol: the fueling learning through exercise (FLEX) study - a randomized controlled trial of the impact of school-based physical activity programs on children's physical activity, cognitive function, and academic achievement. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1078.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Smedegaard S, Christiansen LB, Lund-Cramer P, Bredahl T, Skovgaard T. Improving the well-being of children and youths: a randomized multicomponent, school-based, physical activity intervention. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1127.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Smedegaard S, Christiansen LB, Lund-Cramer P, Bredahl T, Skovgaard T. Improving the well-being of children and youths: a randomized multicomponent, school-based, physical activity intervention. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1127.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Hillman CH, Castelli DM, Buck SM. Aerobic fitness and neurocognitive function in healthy preadolescent children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(11):1967–74.PubMedCrossRef Hillman CH, Castelli DM, Buck SM. Aerobic fitness and neurocognitive function in healthy preadolescent children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(11):1967–74.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Jager K, Schimidt M, Conzelmann A, Roebers CM. Cognitive and physiological effects of an acute physical activity intervention in elementary school children. Front Psychol. 2014;5:1473.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jager K, Schimidt M, Conzelmann A, Roebers CM. Cognitive and physiological effects of an acute physical activity intervention in elementary school children. Front Psychol. 2014;5:1473.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Verburgh L, Konigs M, Scherder EJ, Oosterlaan J. Physical exercise and executive functions in preadolescent children, adolescents and young adults: a meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(12):973–9.PubMedCrossRef Verburgh L, Konigs M, Scherder EJ, Oosterlaan J. Physical exercise and executive functions in preadolescent children, adolescents and young adults: a meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(12):973–9.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, Khan NA, Raine LB, Scudder MR, Drollette ES, et al. The negative Association of Childhood Obesity to cognitive control of action monitoring. Cereb Cortex. 2014;24:654–62.PubMedCrossRef Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, Khan NA, Raine LB, Scudder MR, Drollette ES, et al. The negative Association of Childhood Obesity to cognitive control of action monitoring. Cereb Cortex. 2014;24:654–62.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, O’Leary KC, Scudder MR, Wu CT, Castelli DM, et al. The effects of an afterschool physical activity program on working memory in preadolescent children. Dev Sci. 2011;14(5):1046–58.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, O’Leary KC, Scudder MR, Wu CT, Castelli DM, et al. The effects of an afterschool physical activity program on working memory in preadolescent children. Dev Sci. 2011;14(5):1046–58.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Moffitt TE, Arseneault L, Belsky D, Dickson N, Hancox RJ, Harrington H, et al. A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth and public safety. PNAS. 2011;108:2693–8.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Moffitt TE, Arseneault L, Belsky D, Dickson N, Hancox RJ, Harrington H, et al. A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth and public safety. PNAS. 2011;108:2693–8.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
22.
go back to reference Ekeland E, Heian F, Hagen KB. Can exercise improve self esteem in children and young people? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(11):792–8; discussion -8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ekeland E, Heian F, Hagen KB. Can exercise improve self esteem in children and young people? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(11):792–8; discussion -8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
go back to reference van der Niet AG, Smith J, Scherder EJA, Oosterlaan J, Hartman E, Visscher C. Associations between daily physical activity and executive functioning in primary school-aged children. J Sci Med Sport. 2015;18:673–7.PubMedCrossRef van der Niet AG, Smith J, Scherder EJA, Oosterlaan J, Hartman E, Visscher C. Associations between daily physical activity and executive functioning in primary school-aged children. J Sci Med Sport. 2015;18:673–7.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Castelli DM, Hillman CH, Buck SM, Erwin HE. Physical fitness and academic achievement in third- and fifth-grade students. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2007. Castelli DM, Hillman CH, Buck SM, Erwin HE. Physical fitness and academic achievement in third- and fifth-grade students. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2007.
25.
go back to reference Hyodo K, Dan I, Kyutoku Y, Suwabe K, Byun K, Ochi G, et al. The association between aerobic fitness and cognitive function in older men mediated by frontal lateralization. Neuroimage. 2016;125:291–300.PubMedCrossRef Hyodo K, Dan I, Kyutoku Y, Suwabe K, Byun K, Ochi G, et al. The association between aerobic fitness and cognitive function in older men mediated by frontal lateralization. Neuroimage. 2016;125:291–300.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Suwabe K, Hyodo K, Byun K, Ochi G, Fukuie T, Shimizu T, et al. Aerobic fitness associates with mnemonic discrimination as a mediator of physical activity effects: evidence for memory flexibility in young adults. Sci Rep. 2017;7:5140.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Suwabe K, Hyodo K, Byun K, Ochi G, Fukuie T, Shimizu T, et al. Aerobic fitness associates with mnemonic discrimination as a mediator of physical activity effects: evidence for memory flexibility in young adults. Sci Rep. 2017;7:5140.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Rasberry CN, Lee SM, Robin L, Laris BA, Russell LA, Coyle KK, et al. The association between school-based physical activity, including physical education, and academic performance: a systematic review of the literature. Prev Med. 2011;52(Supplement:S10–20.PubMedCrossRef Rasberry CN, Lee SM, Robin L, Laris BA, Russell LA, Coyle KK, et al. The association between school-based physical activity, including physical education, and academic performance: a systematic review of the literature. Prev Med. 2011;52(Supplement:S10–20.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Martin A, Booth J, Laird Y, Sproule J, Reilly J, Saunders D. Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018. Martin A, Booth J, Laird Y, Sproule J, Reilly J, Saunders D. Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018.
29.
go back to reference Ganchimeg U. Global school-based student health survey, Mongolia, 2013. 2013. Ganchimeg U. Global school-based student health survey, Mongolia, 2013. 2013.
31.
go back to reference Alves CRR, Tessaro VH, Teixeira LA, Murakava K, Roschel H, Gualano B, et al. Influence of acute high-intensity aerobic interval exercise bout on selective attention and short-term memory tasks. Percept Mot Skills. 2014;118:63–72.PubMedCrossRef Alves CRR, Tessaro VH, Teixeira LA, Murakava K, Roschel H, Gualano B, et al. Influence of acute high-intensity aerobic interval exercise bout on selective attention and short-term memory tasks. Percept Mot Skills. 2014;118:63–72.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Gibala MJ, Little JP, MacDonald MJ, Hawley JA. Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease. J Physiol. 2012;590:1077–84.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gibala MJ, Little JP, MacDonald MJ, Hawley JA. Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease. J Physiol. 2012;590:1077–84.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Kujach S, Byun K, Hyodo K, Suwabe K, Fukuie T, Laskowski R, et al. A transferable high-intensity intermittent exercise improves executive performance in association with dorsolateral prefrontal activation in young adults. Neuroimage. 2018;169:117–25.PubMedCrossRef Kujach S, Byun K, Hyodo K, Suwabe K, Fukuie T, Laskowski R, et al. A transferable high-intensity intermittent exercise improves executive performance in association with dorsolateral prefrontal activation in young adults. Neuroimage. 2018;169:117–25.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Lambrick D, Stoner L, Grigg R, Faulkner J. Effects of continuous and intermittent exercise on executive function in children aged 8-10 years. Psychophysiology. 2016;53(9):1335–42.PubMedCrossRef Lambrick D, Stoner L, Grigg R, Faulkner J. Effects of continuous and intermittent exercise on executive function in children aged 8-10 years. Psychophysiology. 2016;53(9):1335–42.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Karageorghis CI, Priest DL. Music in the exercise domain: a review and synthesis (part II). Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2012;5(1):67–84.PubMedCrossRef Karageorghis CI, Priest DL. Music in the exercise domain: a review and synthesis (part II). Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2012;5(1):67–84.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Wininger SR, Pargman D. Assessment of factors associated with exercise enjoyment. J Music Ther. 2003;40:57–73.PubMedCrossRef Wininger SR, Pargman D. Assessment of factors associated with exercise enjoyment. J Music Ther. 2003;40:57–73.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Vanchindorj B, Naidansuren T, Bayartsogt B, Yerlan G, Narmandakh A, Batdelger S, et al. Using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) to screen for child mental health status in Mongolia. Journal of Mental Disorders and Treatment. 2017;(01):03. Vanchindorj B, Naidansuren T, Bayartsogt B, Yerlan G, Narmandakh A, Batdelger S, et al. Using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) to screen for child mental health status in Mongolia. Journal of Mental Disorders and Treatment. 2017;(01):03.
38.
go back to reference Youthinmind. Information for researchers and professionals about the Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaires 2016 [Available from: http://www.sdqinfo.com. Accessed 20 Mar 2018. Youthinmind. Information for researchers and professionals about the Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaires 2016 [Available from: http://​www.​sdqinfo.​com. Accessed 20 Mar 2018.
40.
go back to reference Heo M, Leon AC. Sample size requirements to detect an intervention by time interaction in longitudinal cluster randomized clinical trials. Stat Med. 2009;28(6):1017–27.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Heo M, Leon AC. Sample size requirements to detect an intervention by time interaction in longitudinal cluster randomized clinical trials. Stat Med. 2009;28(6):1017–27.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Borg G. Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1970;2(2):92–8.PubMed Borg G. Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1970;2(2):92–8.PubMed
Metadata
Title
The effectiveness of exercise intervention for academic achievement, cognitive function, and physical health among children in Mongolia: a cluster RCT study protocol
Authors
Kenji Takehara
Togoobaatar Ganchimeg
Akihito Kikuchi
Lkagvasuren Gundegmaa
Lkagvasuren Altantsetseg
Ai Aoki
Takemune Fukuie
Kazuya Suwabe
Shagdar Bat-Erdene
Masashi Mikami
Rintaro Mori
Hideaki Soya
Publication date
01-12-2019
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2019
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6986-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2019

BMC Public Health 1/2019 Go to the issue