Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

LIVE: Thursday 2nd May 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Quality sleep is essential for health. But what happens to our brains when sleep patterns are disturbed? Join our experts to explore the interplay between sleep disruption and neurological diseases, and the questions that you need to be asking your patients to help you prevent the harmful effects of sleep deprivation.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Public Health
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Research article

Global prevalence and distribution of coinfection of malaria, dengue and chikungunya: a systematic review

Authors: Nasir Salam, Shoeb Mustafa, Abdul Hafiz, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Farah Deeba, Shama Parveen

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Malaria, Dengue and Chikungunya are vector borne diseases with shared endemic profiles and symptoms. Coinfections with any of these diseases could have fatal outcomes if left undiagnosed. Understanding the prevalence and distribution of coinfections is necessary to improve diagnosis and designing therapeutic interventions.

Methods

We have carried out a systematic search of the published literature based on PRISMA guidelines to identify cases of Malaria, Dengue and Chikungunya coinfections. We systematically reviewed the literature to identify eligible studies and extracted data regarding cases of coinfection from cross sectional studies, case reports, retrospective studies, prospective observational studies and surveillance reports.

Results

Care full screening resulted in 104 publications that met the eligibility criteria and reported Malaria/Dengue, Dengue/Chikungunya, Malaria/Chikungunya and Malaria/Dengue/Chikungunya coinfections. These coinfections were spread over six geographical locations and 42 different countries and are reported more frequently in the last 15 years possibly due to expanding epidemiology of Dengue and Chikungunya. Few of these reports have also analysed distinguishing features of coinfections. Malaria/Dengue coinfections were the most common coinfection followed by Dengue/Chikungunya, Malaria/Chikungunya and Malaria/Dengue/Chikungunya coinfections. P. falciparum and P. vivax were the commonest species found in cases of malaria coinfections and Dengue serotype-4 commonest serotype in cases of dengue coinfections. Most studies were reported from India. Nigeria and India were the only two countries from where all possible combinations of coinfections were reported.

Conclusion

We have comprehensively reviewed the literature associated with cases of coinfections of three important vector borne diseases to present a clear picture of their prevalence and distribution across the globe. The frequency of coinfections presented in the study suggests proper diagnosis, surveillance and management of cases of coinfection to avoid poor prognosis of the underlying etiology.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Deeba F, Islam A, Kazim SN, Naqvi IH, Broor S, et al. Chikungunya virus: recent advances in epidemiology, host pathogen interaction and vaccine strategies. Pathog Dis. 2016;74
9.
Mayer SV, Tesh RB, Vasilakis N. The emergence of arthropod-borne viral diseases: a global prospective on dengue, chikungunya and zika fevers. Acta Trop. 2017;166:155–63.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Furuya-Kanamori L, Liang S, Milinovich G, Soares Magalhaes RJ, Clements AC, et al. Co-distribution and co-infection of chikungunya and dengue viruses. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:84.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
11.
Halsey ES, Baldeviano GC, Edgel KA, Vilcarromero S, Sihuincha M, et al. Symptoms and immune markers in Plasmodium/dengue virus co-infection compared with mono-infection with either in Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:e0004646.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
12.
Hisam A, Mahmood ur R, Khan MB, Kadir E, Azam N. Frequency of co-existence of dengue and malaria in patients presenting with acute febrile illness. J Pak Med Assoc. 2014;64:247–51.PubMed
13.
Weaver SC, Lecuit M. Chikungunya Virus Infections. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:94–5.PubMed
14.
Randolph SE, Rogers DJ. The arrival, establishment and spread of exotic diseases: patterns and predictions. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8:361–71.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Waggoner J, Brichard J, Mutuku F, Ndenga B, Heath CJ, et al. Malaria and chikungunya detected using molecular diagnostics among febrile Kenyan children. In: Open forum infect dis 4: ofx110; 2017.
16.
Dondorp AM, MNT H, Mer M. Recommendations for the management of severe malaria and severe dengue in resource-limited settings. In: Sepsis in Resource-Limited Settings-Expert Consensus Recommendations Group of the European Society of Intensive Care M, the Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit in Bangkok T: Intensive care med; 2016.
17.
Abbasi A, Butt N, Sheikh QH, Bhutto AR, Munir SM, et al. Clinical features, diagnostic techniques and Management of Dual Dengue and Malaria Infection. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2009;19:25–9.PubMed
18.
Ahmad S, Dhar M, Mittal G, Bhat NK, Shirazi N, Kalra V, Sati HC, Gupta V. A comparative hospital-based observational study of mono- and co-infections of malaria, dengue virus and scrub typhus causing acute undifferentiated fever. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;35:705–11.PubMedCrossRef
19.
20.
Ali N, Nadeem A, Anwar M, Tariq WU, Chotani RA. Dengue fever in malaria endemic areas. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2006;16:340–2.PubMed
21.
Arya AC, Mehta LK, Agarwal N, Agarwal BK, Mathai G, et al. Episodes of concurrent dengue and malaria. Dengue Bulletin. 2005;29:208–9.
22.
Assir MZK, Masood MA, Ahmad HI. Concurrent dengue and malaria infection in Lahore, Pakistan during the 2012 dengue outbreak. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;18:41–6.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Barua A, Yeolekar ME (2016) Concurrent dengue and malaria coinfection: observations from a Central Mumbai hospital. Int J Infect Dis 45: 165–165.
24.
Bhagat M, Kanhere S, Phadke V, George R. Concurrent malaria and dengue fever: a need for rapid diagnostic methods. J Family Med Prim Care. 2014;3:446–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Bhalla A, Sharma N, Sharma A, Suri V. Concurrent infection with dengue and malaria. Indian J Med Sci. 2006;60:330–1.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Chander J, Singla N, Singh R. Concurrent presence of dengue and Plasmodium falciparum. Trop Med health. 2009;37:69–70.CrossRef
27.
28.
Faruque LI, Zaman RU, Alamgir AS, Gurley ES, Haque R, et al. Hospital-based prevalence of malaria and dengue in febrile patients in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;86:58–64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
29.
Hati AK, Bhattacharjee I, Mukherjee H, Bandyopadhayay B, Bandyopadhyay D, et al. Concurrent dengue and malaria in an area in Kolkata. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2012;5:315–7.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Kaushik RM, Varma A, Kaushik R, Gaur KJ. Concurrent dengue and malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum and P. Vivax. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;101:1048–50.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Malhotra V. Concurrent malaria and dengue infection. Int Jour Health Allie Sci. 2012;1:181–2.CrossRef
32.
Mittal G, Ahmad S, Agarwal RK, Dhar M, Mittal M, Sharma S. Aetiologies of acute undifferentiated febrile illness in adult patients an experience from a tertiary care hospital in northern India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9:DC22–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
Mohapatra MK, Patra P, Agrawala R. Manifestation and outcome of concurrent malaria and dengue infection. J Vector Borne Dis. 2012;49:262–5.PubMed
34.
Morch K, Manoharan A, Chandy S, Chacko N, Alvarez-Uria G, Patil S, Henry A, Nesaraj J, Kuriakose C, Singh A, et al. Acute undifferentiated fever in India: a multicentre study of aetiology and diagnostic accuracy. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17:665.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
35.
36.
Pande A, Guharoy D. A case report of Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum and dengue co-infection in a 6 months pregnancy. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2013;3:S16–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
Raja, J. M., Mary, A., Usha, S. (2016) A Study on Dual Infections in Pyrexia Cases International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences 5:150–155.
38.
Rani PK, Chhablani J, Bhargava A. Frosted branch Angiitis in a patient Coinfected with dengue hemorrhagic fever and malaria. JAMA ophthalmology. 2015;133:e1568.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Rao MRK, Padhy RN, Das MK. Prevalence of dengue viral and malaria parasitic co-infections in an epidemic district, Angul of Odisha, India: an eco-epidemiological and cross-sectional study for the prospective aspects of public health. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2016;9:421–8.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Singh R, Singh SP, Ahmad N. A study of etiological pattern in an epidemic of acute febrile illness during monsoon in a tertiary health Care Institute of Uttarakhand, India. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research. 2014; JCDR 8, Mc01–03
41.
Saksena R, Matlani M, Singh V, Kumar A, Anveshi A, Kumar D, Gaind R. Early treatment failure in concurrent dengue and mixed malaria species infection with suspected resistance to artemisinin combination therapy from a tertiary care center in Delhi: a case report. International medical case reports journal. 2017;10:289–94.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
Singla N, Arora S, Goel P, Chander J, Huria A. Dengue in pregnancy: an under-reported illness, with special reference to other existing co-infections. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2015;8:206–8.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Shah PD, Mehta TK. Evaluation of concurrent malaria and dengue infections among febrile patients. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2017;35:402–5.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Thangaratham PS, Jeevan MK, Rajendran R, Samuel PP, Tyagi BK. Dual infection by dengue virus and Plasmodium vivax in Alappuzha District, Kerala. India Jpn J Infect Dis. 2006;59:211–2.PubMed
45.
Yasir S, Rashid MO, Moin F, Owais K. Co-existence of dengue fever & malaria in thrombocytopenic patients presented with acute febrile illness. Pak Jour Med Dent. 2014;3:19–23.
46.
Ayorinde AF, Oyeyiga AM, Nosegbe NO, Folarin OA. A survey of malaria and some arboviral infections among suspected febrile patients visiting a health Centre in Simawa, Ogun state, Nigeria. J Infect Public Health. 2016;9:52–9.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Baba M, Logue CH, Oderinde B, Abdulmaleek H, Williams J, et al. Evidence of arbovirus co-infection in suspected febrile malaria and typhoid patients in Nigeria. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2013;7:51–9.PubMedCrossRef
48.
49.
Chipwaza B, Mugasa JP, Selemani M, Amuri M, Mosha F, et al. Dengue and chikungunya fever among viral diseases in outpatient febrile children in Kilosa District hospital. Tanzania Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2014;8
50.
Dariano DF, Taitt CR, Jacobsen KH, Bangura U, Bockarie AS, Bockarie MJ, Lahai J, Lamin JM, Leski TA, Yasuda C, et al. Surveillance of vector-borne infections (chikungunya, dengue, and malaria) in Bo, Sierra Leone, 2012-2013. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 2017;97:1151–4.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
51.
Kolawole OM, Seriki AA, Irekeola AA, Bello KE, Adeyemi OO. Dengue virus and malaria concurrent infection among febrile subjects within Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria. J Med Virol. 2017;89:1347–53.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Oyero OG, Ayukekbong JA. High dengue NS1 antigenemia in febrile patients in Ibadan, Nigeria. Virus Res. 2014;191:59–61.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Sow A, Loucoubar C, Diallo D, Faye O, Ndiaye Y, et al. Concurrent malaria and arbovirus infections in Kedougou, southeastern Senegal. Malar J. 2016;15:47.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
54.
Stoler J, Delimini RK, Bonney JHK, Oduro AR, Owusu-Agyei S, et al. Evidence of recent dengue exposure among malaria parasite-positive children in three urban centers in Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92:497–500.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
55.
Vu KR, Mutai N, Ndenga BA, Heath C, LaBeaud AD. Dengue virus and malaria co-infection in Kenyan children. Annals of Global Health. 2016;82:397–436.CrossRef
56.
Serre N, Franco L, Sulleiro E, Rubio JM, Zarzuela F, et al. Concurrent infection with dengue type 4 and Plasmodium falciparum acquired in Haiti. J Travel Med. 2015;22:345–7.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Che Rahim MJ, Mohammad N, Besari AM, Wan Ghazali WS. Severe Plasmodium knowlesi with dengue coinfection. BMJ case reports. 2017;2017
58.
Chong SE, Mohamad Zaini RH, Suraiya S, Lee KT, Lim JA. The dangers of accepting a single diagnosis: case report of concurrent Plasmodium knowlesi malaria and dengue infection. Malar J. 2017;16:2.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
Issaranggoon na ayuthaya S, Wangjirapan A, Oberdorfer P. An 11-year-old boy with Plasmodium falciparum malaria and dengue co-infection. BMJ Case Rep. 2014:2014.
60.
McGready R, Ashley EA, Wuthiekanun V, Tan SO, Pimanpanarak M, Viladpai-Nguen SJ, Jesadapanpong W, Blacksell SD, Peacock SJ, Paris DH, et al. Arthropod borne disease: the leading cause of fever in pregnancy on the Thai-Burmese border. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4:e888.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
61.
Mueller TC, Siv S, Khim N, Kim S, Fleischmann E, et al. Acute undifferentiated febrile illness in rural Cambodia: a 3-year prospective observational study. PLoS One. 2014;9:e95868.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
62.
Thaha M, Pranawa, Yogiantoro M, Tanimoto M, Tomino Y. Acute renal failure in a patient with severe malaria and dengue shock syndrome. Clin Nephrol. 2008;70:427–30.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Ward DI. A case of fatal Plasmodium falciparum malaria complicated by acute dengue fever in East Timor. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;75:182–5.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Yong KP, Tan BH, Low CY. Severe falciparum malaria with dengue coinfection complicated by rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury: an unusual case with myoglobinemia, myoglobinuria but normal serum creatine kinase. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:364.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
65.
Carme B, Matheus S, Donutil G, Raulin O, Nacher M, et al. Concurrent dengue and malaria in cayenne hospital, French Guiana. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:668–71.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
Epelboin L, Hanf M, Dussart P, Ouar-Epelboin S, Djossou F, et al. Is dengue and malaria co-infection more severe than single infections? A retrospective matched-pair study in French Guiana. Malar J. 2012;11:142.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
67.
Lupi O, Ridolfi F, da Silva S, Zanini GM, Lavigne A, et al. Dengue infection as a potential trigger of an imported Plasmodium ovale malaria relapse or a long incubation period in a non-endemic malaria region. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;44:20–4.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Magalhaes BM, Alexandre MA, Siqueira AM, Melo GC, Gimaque JB, et al. Clinical profile of concurrent dengue fever and Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Brazilian Amazon: case series of 11 hospitalized patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87:1119–24.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
Magalhaes BML, Siqueira AM, Alexandre MAA, Souza MS, Gimaque JB, et al. P. Vivax malaria and dengue fever co-infection: a cross-sectional study in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8
70.
Mendonca VRR, Andrade BB, Souza LCL, Magalhaes BML, Mourao MPG, et al. Unravelling the patterns of host immune responses in Plasmodium vivax malaria and dengue co-infection. Malar J. 2015;14
71.
Santana Vdos S, Lavezzo LC, Mondini A, Terzian AC, Bronzoni RV, et al. Concurrent dengue and malaria in the Amazon region. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2010;43:508–11.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Afreen N, Deeba F, Khan WH, Haider SH, Kazim SN, et al. Molecular characterization of dengue and chikungunya virus strains circulating in New Delhi, India. Microbiol Immunol. 2014;58:688–96.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Carey DE, Myers RM, DeRanitz CM, Jadhav M, Reuben R. The 1964 chikungunya epidemic at Vellore, South India, including observations on concurrent dengue. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1969;63:434–45.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Chahar HS, Bharaj P, Dar L, Guleria R, Kabra SK, et al. Co-infections with chikungunya virus and dengue virus in Delhi, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1077–80.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
75.
Galate LB, Agrawal SR, Shastri JS, Londhey V. Chikungunya fever among patients with acute febrile illness attending a tertiary Care Hospital in Mumbai. Journal of laboratory physicians. 2016;8:85–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
Hapuarachchi HA, Bandara KB, Hapugoda MD, Williams S, Abeyewickreme W. Laboratory confirmation of dengue and chikungunya co-infection. Ceylon Med J. 2008;53:104–5.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Kalawat U, Sharma KK, Reddy SG. Prevalence of dengue and chickungunya fever and their co-infection. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2011;54:844–6.PubMed
78.
Kaur N, Jain J, Kumar A, Narang M, Zakaria MK, Marcello A, Kumar D, Gaind R, Sunil S. Chikungunya outbreak in Delhi, India, 2016: report on coinfection status and comorbid conditions in patients. New microbes and new infections. 2017;20:39–42.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
Londhey V, Agrawal S, Vaidya N, Kini S, Shastri JS, et al. Dengue and chikungunya virus co-infections: the inside story. J Assoc Physicians India. 2016;64:36–40.PubMed
80.
Mukherjee S, Dutta SK, Sengupta S, Tripathi A. Evidence of dengue and chikungunya virus co-infection and circulation of multiple dengue serotypes in a recent Indian outbreak. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017;
81.
Neeraja M, Lakshmi V, Dash PK, Parida MM, Rao PV. The clinical, serological and molecular diagnosis of emerging dengue infection at a tertiary care institute in southern, India. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2013;7:457–61.PubMedPubMedCentral
82.
Paulo CO, Ze-Ze L, Jordao S, Pena ER, Neves I, et al. Dengue virus serotype 3 and chikungunya virus co-infection in a traveller returning from India to Portugal. November 2016 IDCases. 2017;9:30–3.PubMed
83.
Rahim MA, Zaman S, Sultana N, Islam A, Uddin KN. Chikungunya-dengue co-infection during pregnancy requiring preterm caesarean section: first case report from Bangladesh. Trop Dr. 2017;49475517747431
84.
Saswat T, Kumar A, Kumar S, Mamidi P, Muduli S, et al. High rates of co-infection of dengue and chikungunya virus in Odisha and Maharashtra, India during 2013. Infect Genet Evol. 2015;35:134–41.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Shaikh N, Raut CG, Manjunatha M. Co-infections with chikungunya and dengue viruses: a serological study in Karnataka state, India. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2015;33:459–60.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Schilling S, Emmerich P, Gunther S, Schmidt-Chanasit J. Dengue and chikungunya virus co-infection in a German traveller. J Clin Virol. 2009;45:163–4.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Taraphdar D, Sarkar A, Mukhopadhyay BB, Chatterjee S. A comparative study of clinical features between monotypic and dual infection cases with chikungunya virus and dengue virus in West Bengal, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;86:720–3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
Kularatne SAM, Gihan MC, Weerasinghe SC, Gunasena S. Concurrent outbreaks of chikungunya and dengue fever in Kandy, Sri Lanka, 2006-07: a comparative analysis of clinical and laboratory features. Postgrad Med J. 2009;85:342–6.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Caron M, Paupy C, Grard G, Becquart P, Mombo I, et al. Recent introduction and rapid dissemination of chikungunya virus and dengue virus serotype 2 associated with human and mosquito coinfections in Gabon. Central Africa Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2012;55:E45–53.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Leroy EM, Nkoghe D, Ollomo B, Nze-Nkogue C, Becquart P, et al. Concurrent chikungunya and dengue virus infections during simultaneous outbreaks, Gabon, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:591–3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
Nkoghe D, Kassa RF, Bisvigou U, Caron M, Grard G, Leroy EM. No clinical or biological difference between chikungunya and dengue fever during the 2010 Gabonese outbreak. Infectious disease reports. 2012;4:e5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
92.
Parreira R, Centeno-Lima S, Lopes A, Portugal-Calisto D, Constantino A, et al. Dengue virus serotype 4 and chikungunya virus coinfection in a traveller returning from Luanda, Angola, January 2014. Euro Surveill. 2014;19
93.
Ratsitorahina M, Harisoa J, Ratovonjato J, Biacabe S, Reynes JM, et al. Outbreak of dengue and chikungunya fevers, Toamasina, Madagascar, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1135–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
94.
Edwards T, Signor LD, Williams C, Donis E, Cuevas LE, et al. Co-infections with chikungunya and dengue viruses, Guatemala, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22:2003–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
Omarjee R, Prat C, Flusin O, Boucau S, Tenebray B, et al. Importance of case definition to monitor ongoing outbreak of chikungunya virus on a background of actively circulating dengue virus, St Martin, December 2013 to January 2014. Euro Surveill. 2014;19
96.
Cha GW, Cho JE, Lee EJ, Ju YR, Han MG, Park C, Jeong YE. Travel-associated chikungunya cases in South Korea during 2009-2010. Osong public health and research perspectives. 2013;4:170–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
97.
Chang SF, Su CL, Shu PY, Yang CF, Liao TL, Cheng CH, Hu HC, Huang JH. Concurrent isolation of chikungunya virus and dengue virus from a patient with coinfection resulting from a trip to Singapore. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:4586–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
98.
Khai Ming C, Thain S, Thaung U, Tin U, Myint KS, Swe T, Halstead SB, Diwan AR. Clinical and laboratory studies on haemorrhagic fever in Burma, 1970–72. Bulletin of the, vol. 51: World Health Organization; 1974. p. 227–35.
99.
Laoprasopwattana K, Kaewjungwad L, Jarumanokul R, Geater A. Differential diagnosis of chikungunya, dengue viral infection and other acute febrile illnesses in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31:459–63.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Nayar SK, Noridah O, Paranthaman V, Ranjit K, Norizah I, et al. Co-infection of dengue virus and chikungunya virus in two patients with acute febrile illness. Med J Malaysia. 2007;62:335–6.PubMed
101.
Ooi MK, Gan HM, Rohani A, Syed Hassan S (2016) First Complete Genome Sequence of a Chikungunya Virus Strain Isolated from a Patient Diagnosed with Dengue Virus Infection in Malaysia. 4.
102.
Phommanivong V, Kanda S, Shimono T, Lamaningao P, Darcy AW, Mishima N, Phaytanavanh B, Nishiyama T. Co-circulation of the dengue with chikungunya virus during the 2013 outbreak in the southern part of Lao PDR. Tropical medicine and health. 2016;44:24.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
Tun MM, Thant KZ, Inoue S, Nabeshima T, Aoki K, et al. Detection of east/central/south African genotype of chikungunya virus in Myanmar, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:1378–81.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
104.
Kariyawasam R, Lau R, Eshaghi A, Patel SN, Sider D, Gubbay JB, Boggild AK. Spectrum of viral pathogens in blood of malaria-free ill travelers returning to Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22:854–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
105.
Lindholm DA, Myers T, Widjaja S, Grant EM, Telu K, Lalani T, Fraser J, Fairchok M, Ganesan A, Johnson MD, et al. Mosquito exposure and chikungunya and dengue infection among travelers during the chikungunya outbreak in the Americas. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 2017;96:903–12.PubMedPubMedCentral
106.
Bocanegra C, Anton A, Sulleiro E, Pou D, Salvador F, Roure S, Gimferrer L, Espasa M, Franco L, Molina I, et al. Imported cases of chikungunya in Barcelona in relation to the current American outbreak. Journal of travel medicine. 2016;23
107.
Brooks JBB, Ruiz CAC, Fragoso YD. Acute illness with neurological findings caused by coinfection of dengue and chikungunya viruses in a Brazilian patient. Journal of infection and public health. 2017;10:359–60.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Calvo EP, Coronel-Ruiz C, Velazco S, Velandia-Romero M, Castellanos JE. Dengue and chikungunya differential diagnosis in pediatric patients. Biomedica: revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud. 2015;36:35–43.CrossRef
109.
Carrillo-Hernandez MY, Ruiz-Saenz J, Villamizar LJ, Gomez-Rangel SY, Martinez-Gutierrez M. Co-circulation and simultaneous co-infection of dengue, chikungunya, and zika viruses in patients with febrile syndrome at the Colombian-Venezuelan border. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
110.
Farrell DF, Lupone CD, Kenneson A, Cueva C, Heydari N, Barzallo Aguilera JH, Polhemus M, Endy TP, Stewart-Ibarra AM. Case report: an acute chikungunya infection and a recent secondary dengue infection in a Peripartum case in Ecuador. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 2018;98:838–40.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Gomez-Govea MA, Zamudio-Osuna MD, Murillo KDT, Ponce G, Cavazos MED, Tavitas-Aguilar MI, Flores-Suarez AE, Villarreal-Perez JZ, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP. Chikungunya fever in patients from northeastern Mexico. Southwestern Entomologist. 2017;42:143–52.CrossRef
112.
Mercado M, Acosta-Reyes J, Parra E, Pardo L, Rico A, Campo A, Navarro E, Viasus D. Clinical and histopathological features of fatal cases with dengue and chikungunya virus co-infection in Colombia. 2014 to 2015 Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin. 2016;21
113.
Rosso F, Pacheco R, Rodriguez S, Bautista D. Co-infection by chikungunya virus (CBIK-V) and dengue virus (DEN-V) during a recent outbreak in Cali, Colombia. Report of a fatal case. Revista Chilena De Infectologia. 2016;33:464–7.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Malik MR, Mnzava A, Mohareb E, Zayed A, Al Kohlani A, Thabet AA, El Bushra H. Chikungunya outbreak in Al-Hudaydah, Yemen, 2011: epidemiological characterization and key lessons learned for early detection and control. Journal of epidemiology and global health. 2014;4:203–11.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Rezza G, El-Sawaf G, Faggioni G, Vescio F, Al Ameri R, et al. Co-circulation of dengue and chikungunya viruses, Al Hudaydah, Yemen, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:1351–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
116.
Mugabe VA, Ali S, Chelene I, Monteiro VO, Guiliche O, Muianga AF, Mula F, Antonio V, Chongo I, Oludele J, et al. Evidence for chikungunya and dengue transmission in Quelimane, Mozambique: results from an investigation of a potential outbreak of chikungunya virus. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0192110.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
117.
Abdullah M, Tazeen A, Hisamuddin M, Naqvi IH, Verma HN, et al. Indian. J. In: Virol; 2017.
118.
Gupta N, Gupta C, Gomber A. Concurrent mosquito-borne triple infections of dengue, malaria and chikungunya: a case report. J Vector Borne Dis. 2017;54:191–3.PubMed
119.
Tazeen A, Abdullah M, Hisamuddin M, Ali S, Naqvi IH, et al. Concurrent infection with Plasmodium vivax and the dengue and chikungunya viruses in a Paediatric patient from New Delhi, India in 2016. Intervirology. 2017;
120.
Raut CG, Rao NM, Sinha DP, Hanumaiah H, Manjunatha MJ. Chikungunya, dengue, and malaria co-infection after travel to Nigeria, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21:908–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
121.
Sinka ME, Bangs MJ, Manguin S, Chareonviriyaphap T, Patil AP, et al. The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Asia-Pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic precis. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4:89.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
122.
Corbel V, Nosten F, Thanispong K, Luxemburger C, Kongmee M, et al. Challenges and prospects for dengue and malaria control in Thailand, Southeast Asia. Trends Parasitol. 2013;29:623–33.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Kraemer MU, Sinka ME, Duda KA, Mylne AQ, Shearer FM, et al. The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus Elife. 2015;4:e08347.PubMedCrossRef
124.
Ruan S, Wang W, Levin SA. The effect of global travel on the spread of sars. Math Biosci Eng. 2006;3:205–18.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Shaqha WM, Fareed M, Chaudhary AA, Azzi A, Shaqha MW, et al. Immunopathogenesis and epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Journal of Applied Medical Sciences. 2016;5:53–64.
126.
Chen LH, Wilson ME. Dengue and chikungunya infections in travelers. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2010;23:438–44.PubMedCrossRef
127.
Weltman MD, Brotodihardjo A, Crewe EB, Farrell GC, Bilous M, et al. Coinfection with hepatitis B and C or B, C and delta viruses results in severe chronic liver disease and responds poorly to interferon-alpha treatment. J Viral Hepat. 1995;2:39–45.PubMedCrossRef
128.
129.
Xiang J, Wunschmann S, Diekema DJ, Klinzman D, Patrick KD, et al. Effect of coinfection with GB virus C on survival among patients with HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:707–14.PubMedCrossRef
130.
Ruiz Silva M, Aguilar Briseno JA, Upasani V, van der Ende-Metselaar H, Smit JM, et al. Suppression of chikungunya virus replication and differential innate responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells during co-infection with dengue virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;e0005712:11.
131.
132.
133.
Waldock J, Parham PE, Lelieveld J, Christophides GK. Climate and human health: the impact of climate change on vector-borne diseases, Paphos, Cyprus (17-19 October 2012). Pathog Glob Health. 2013;107:387–92.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Global prevalence and distribution of coinfection of malaria, dengue and chikungunya: a systematic review
Authors
Nasir Salam
Shoeb Mustafa
Abdul Hafiz
Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
Farah Deeba
Shama Parveen
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5626-z

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

BMC Public Health 1/2018 Go to the issue

Research article

Year-round effects of a four-week randomized controlled trial using different types of feedback on employees’ physical activity

Study protocol

Protocol: a multi-level intervention program to reduce stress in 9-1-1 telecommunicators

Research article

A 12-month follow-up of a mobile-based (mHealth) obesity prevention intervention in pre-school children: the MINISTOP randomized controlled trial

Research article

Housing conditions of urban households with Aboriginal children in NSW Australia: tenure type matters

Research article

Trends of socioeconomic inequality in using maternal health care services in Lao People’s Democratic Republic from year 2000 to 2012

Research article

Teenage recommendations to improve physical activity for their age group: a qualitative study