Top

BMC Psychiatry

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2021 | Research article

Time of onset and/or diagnosis of ADHD in European children: a systematic review

Authors: Ilaria Rocco, Barbara Corso, Maurizio Bonati, Nadia Minicuci

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2021

Abstract

Background

Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood neurobehavioral conditions. Symptoms related to this disorder cause a significant impairment in school tasks and in the activities of children’s daily lives; an early diagnosis and appropriate treatment could almost certainly help improve their outcomes.

The current study, part of the Models Of Child Health Appraised (MOCHA) project, aims to explore the age at which children experience the onset or diagnosis of ADHD in European countries.

Methods

A systematic review was done examining the studies reporting the age of onset/diagnosis (AO/AD) of ADHD in European countries (28 European Member States plus 2 European Economic Area countries), published between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2019. Of the 2276 identified studies, 44 met all the predefined criteria and were included in the review.

Results

The lowest mean AO in the children diagnosed with ADHD alone was 2.25 years and the highest was 7.5 years. It was 15.3 years in the children with ADHD and disruptive behaviour disorder. The mean AD ranges between 6.2 and 18.1 years.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that there is a wide variability in both the AO and AD of ADHD, and a too large distance between AO and AD. Since studies in the literature suggest that an early identification of ADHD symptoms may facilitate early referral and treatment, it would be important to understand the underlying reasons behind the wide variability found.

Trial registration

PROSPERO registration: CRD42017070631.

Available only for authorised users

Boyle CA, Boulet S, Schieve LA, Cohen RA, Blumberg SJ, Yeargin-Allsopp M, et al. Trends in the prevalence of developmental disabilities in US children, 1997–2008. Pediatrics. 2011;127:1034–42.CrossRefPubMed

Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, et al. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(6):942–8. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942.CrossRefPubMed

Willcutt EG. The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Neurotherapeutics. 2012;9(3):490–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Reale L, Bonati M. ADHD prevalence estimates in Italian children and adolescents: a methodological issue. Ital J Pediatr. 2018;44(1):108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-018-0545-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Batstra L, Nieweg EH, Pijl S, Van Tol DG, Hadders-Algra M. Childhood ADHD: a stepped diagnosis approach. J Psychiatr Pract. 2014;20(3):169–77. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pra.0000450316.68494.20.CrossRefPubMed

Visser SN, Danielson ML, Bitsko RH, Holbrook JR, Kogan MD, Ghandour RM, et al. Trends in the parent-report of health care provider-diagnosed and medicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: United States, 2003-2011. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53(34–46):e32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.001.CrossRef

Hamed AM, Kauer AJ, Stevens HE. Why the diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder matters. Front Psychiatry. 2015;6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00168.

Caci H, Asherson P, Donfrancesco R, Faraone SV, Hervas A, Fitzgerald M, et al. Daily life impairments associated with childhood/adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as recalled by adults: results from the European lifetime impairment survey. CNS Spectr. 2015;20(2):112–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852914000078.CrossRefPubMed

Biederman J, Monuteaux M, Mick E, et al. Young adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 10 year follow-up study. Psychol Med. 2006;36(2):167–79. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291705006410.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity D, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management, Wolraich M, Brown L, Brown RT, Du Paul G, et al. ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011;128(5):1007–22. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2654.CrossRef

11.

Faraone SV, Sergeant J, Gillberg C, Biederman J. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition? World Psychiatry. 2003;2(2):104–13.PubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Bussing R, Gary FA, Mills TL, Garvan CW. Parental explanatory models of ADHD: gender and cultural variations. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2003;38(10):563–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-003-0674-8.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Able SL, Johnston JA, Adler LA, Swindle RW. Functional and psychosocial impairment in adults with undiagnosed ADHD. Psychol Med. 2007;37(1):97–107. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291706008713.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Zwaanswijk M, Verhaak PF, Bensing JM, van der Ende J, Verhulst FC. Help seeking for emotional and behavioural problems in children and adolescents: a review of recent literature. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;12(4):153–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-003-0322-6.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Ford-Jones P. Misdiagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: ‘Normal behaviour’ and relative maturity. Paediatr Child Health. 2015;20(4):200–2. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/20.4.200.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Taylor E. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: overdiagnosed or diagnoses missed? Arch Dis Child. 2016;102(4):376–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-310487.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Conners CK, Erhardt D, Sparrow E. Conners’ adult ADHD rating scales technical manual. North Tonawanda: Multi-Health Systems; 1999.

18.

World Health Organization. Hyperkinetic disorder. In: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and related health problems. 10th ed; 1992.

19.

Smyth AC, Meier ST. Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Conners adult ADHD rating scales. J Atten Disord. 2019;23(10):1111–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715624230.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Bell AS. A critical review of ADHD diagnostic criteria: what to address in the DSM-V. J Atten Disord. 2011;15(1):3–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054710365982.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Levy F, Hay DA, Bennett KS, McStephen M. Gender differences in ADHD subtype comorbidity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44(4):368–76. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000153232.64968.c1.CrossRefPubMed

22.

MOCHA Project www.childhealthservicemodels.eu, access date: 27 November 2018.

23.

Minicuci N, Corso B, Rocco I. (2016) Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Literature – Part 2. Retrieved from: http://www.childhealthservicemodels.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/D1.1-part-2-Systematic-review.pdf

24.

Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and Meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

25.

Wolraich ML, Hagan JF, Allan C, et al. Subcommittee on Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2019;144(4):e20192528. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-2528.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Bernardi S, Cortese S, Solanto M, Hollander E, Pallanti S. Bipolar disorder and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A distinct clinical phenotype? Clinical characteristics and temperamental traits. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2010;11(4):656–66. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622971003653238.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Kopp S, Kelly KB, Gillberg C. Girls with social and/or attention deficits: a descriptive study of 100 clinic attendees. J Atten Disord. 2010;14(2):157–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054709332458.CrossRef

28.

Polanczyk G, Caspi A, Houts R, Kollins SH, Rohde LA, Moffitt TE. Implications of extending the ADHD age-of-onset criterion to age 12: results from a prospectively studied birth cohort. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49(3):210–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2009.12.014.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Prihodova I, Paclt I, Kemlink D, Skibova J, Ptacek R, Nevsimalova S. Sleep disorders and daytime sleepiness in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a two-night polysomnographic study with a multiple sleep latency test. Sleep Med. 2010;11(9):922–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2010.03.017.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Berek M, Kordon A, Hargarter L, Mattejat F, Slawik L, Rettig K, et al. Improved functionality, health related quality of life and decreased burden of disease in patients with ADHD treated with OROS® MPH: is treatment response different between children and adolescents? Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2011;5(1):26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-5-26.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Gustafsson P, Källén K. Perinatal, maternal, and fetal characteristics of children diagnosed with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: results from a population-based study utilizing the Swedish Medical Birth Register. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011;53(3):263–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03820.x Erratum in: Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011 May;53(5):478.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Müller UC, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar JK, Ebstein RP, Eisenberg J, et al. The impact of study design and diagnostic approach in a large multi-Centre ADHD study. Part 1: ADHD symptom patterns. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-11-54.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

33.

Durá-Travé T, Yoldi-Petri ME, Gallinas-Victoriano F, Zardoya-Santos P. Effects of osmotic-release methylphenidate on height and weight in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) following up to four years of treatment. J Child Neurol. 2012;27(5):604–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073811422752.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Garbe E, Mikolajczyk RT, Banaschewski T, Petermann U, Petermann F, Kraut AA, et al. Drug treatment patterns of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents in Germany: results from a large population-based cohort study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2012;22(6):452–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2012.0022.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Kirov R, Uebel H, Albrecht B, Banaschewski T, Yordanova J, Rothenberger A. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and adaptation night as determinants of sleep patterns in children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;21(12):681–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-012-0308-3.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Tuithof M, ten Have M, van den Brink W, Vollebergh WAM, de Graaf R. The role of conduct disorder in the association between ADHD and alcohol use (disorder). Results from the Netherlands mental health survey and incidence Study-2. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;123(2012):115–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.030.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Andreou G, Trott K. Verbal fluency in adults diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood. ADHD Atten Deficit Hyperactivity Disord. 2013;5(4):343–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-013-0112-z.CrossRef

38.

Bahmanyar S, Sundström A, Kaijser M, von Knorring AL, Kieler H. Pharmacological treatment and demographic characteristics of pediatric patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder, Sweden. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;23(12):1732–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.07.009.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Hodgkins P, Setyawan J, Mitra D, Davis K, Quintero J, Fridman M, et al. Management of ADHD in children across Europe: patient demographics, physician characteristics and treatment patterns. Eur J Pediatr. 2013;172(7):895–906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-013-1969-8 Epub 2013 Feb 26.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

McCarthy H, Skokauskas N, Mulligan A, Donohoe G, Mullins D, Kelly J, et al. Attention network hypoconnectivity with default and affective network hyperconnectivity in adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(12):1329–37. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2174.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Nordström T, Hurtig T, Moilanen I, Taanila A, Ebeling H. Disruptive behaviour disorder with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a risk of psychiatric hospitalization. Acta Paediatr. 2013;102(11):1100–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.12383 Epub 2013 Aug 30.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Socanski D, Aurlien D, Herigstad A, Thomsen PH, Larsen TK. Epilepsy in a large cohort of children diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD). Seizure. 2013;22(8):651–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2013.04.021 Epub 2013 May 24.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Caci H, Doepfner M, Asherson P, Donfrancesco R, Faraone SV, Hervas A, et al. Daily life impairments associated with self-reported childhood/adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and experiences of diagnosis and treatment: results from the European lifetime impairment survey. Eur Psychiatry. 2014;29(5):316–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.10.007 Epub 2013 Dec 16.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Dalsgaard S, Leckman JF, Nielsen HS, Simonsen M. Gender and injuries predict stimulant medication use. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2014;24(5):253–9. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2013.0101 Epub 2014 May 9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Genuneit J, Braig S, Brandt S, Wabitsch M, Florath I, Brenner H, et al. Infant atopic eczema and subsequent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder--a prospective birth cohort study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2014;25(1):51–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12152 Epub 2013 Dec 1.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Steinhausen HC, Bisgaard C. Substance use disorders in association with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, co-morbid mental disorders, and medication in a nationwide sample. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24(2):232–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.11.003 Epub 2013 Nov 18.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Sucksdorff M, Lehtonen L, Chudal R, Suominen A, Joelsson P, Gissler M, et al. Preterm birth and poor fetal growth as risk factors of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2015;136(3):e599–608. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-1043.CrossRefPubMed

48.

van den Ban EF, Souverein PC, van Engeland H, Swaab H, Egberts TC, Heerdink ER. Differences in ADHD medication usage patterns in children and adolescents from different cultural backgrounds in the Netherlands. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2015;50(7):1153–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1068-4 Epub 2015 May 28.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Caci H, Cohen D, Bonnot O, Kabuth B, Raynaud JP, Paillé S, et al. Health Care Trajectories for Children With ADHD in France: Results From the QUEST Survey. J Atten Disord. 2016; Epub ahead of print.

50.

Lemcke S, Parner ET, Bjerrum M, Thomsen PH, Lauritsen MB. Early development in children that are later diagnosed with disorders of attention and activity: a longitudinal study in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016; Epub ahead of print.

51.

Rheims S, Herbillon V, Villeneuve N, Auvin S, Napuri S, Cances C, et al. ADHD in childhood epilepsy: clinical determinants of severity and of the response to methylphenidate. Epilepsia. 2016;57(7):1069–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.13420 Epub 2016 May 29.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Sollie H, Larsson B. Parent-reported symptoms, impairment, helpfulness of treatment, and unmet service needs in a follow-up of outpatient children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nord J Psychiatry. 2016;70(8):582–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2016.1187204 Epub 2016 Jun 7.CrossRefPubMed

53.

van Lieshout M, Luman M, Twisk JW, van Ewijk H, Groenman AP, Thissen AJ, et al. A 6-year follow-up of a large European cohort of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-combined subtype: outcomes in late adolescence and young adulthood. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016; Epub ahead of print.

54.

Abel MH, Ystrom E, Caspersen IH, Meltzer HM, Aase H, Torheim LE, et al. Maternal Iodine Intake and Offspring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Results from a Large Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2017;9(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111239.

55.

Bachmann CJ, Philipsen A, Hoffmann F. ADHD in Germany: trends in diagnosis and pharmacotherapy. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2017;114(9):141–8. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2017.0141.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Balboni G, Incognito O, Belacchi C, Bonichini S, Cubelli R. Vineland-II adaptive behavior profile of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or specific learning disorders. Res Dev Disabil. 2017;61:55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.12.003 Epub 2017 Jan 2.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Chen Q, Brikell I, Lichtenstein P, Serlachius E, Kuja-Halkola R, Sandin S, et al. Familial aggregation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017;58(3):231–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12616 Epub 2016 Aug 22.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Pohlabeln H, Rach S, De Henauw S, Eiben G, Gwozdz W, Hadjigeorgiou C, et al. IDEFICS consortium. Further evidence for the role of pregnancy-induced hypertension and other early life influences in the development of ADHD: results from the IDEFICS study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(8):957–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-0966-2 Epub 2017 Mar 3.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Sayal K, Chudal R, Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S, Joelsson P, Sourander A. Relative age within the school year and diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide population-based study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(11):868–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30394-2 Epub 2017 Oct 9.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Bonati M, Cartabia M, Zanetti M, Reale L, Didoni A, Costantino MA, et al. Age level vs grade level for the diagnosis of ADHD and neurodevelopmental disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1180-6 Epub ahead of print.

61.

Cornu C, Mercier C, Ginhoux T, Masson S, Mouchet J, Nony P, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomised trial of omega-3 supplementation in children with moderate ADHD symptoms. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018;27(3):377–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-1058-z Epub 2017 Oct 5.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Prasad V, West J, Sayal K, Kendrick D. Injury among children and young people with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the community: the risk of fractures, thermal injuries, and poisonings. Child Care Health Dev. 2018;44(6):871–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12591 Epub 2018 Jul 24.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Dalsgaard S, Thorsteinsson E, Trabjerg BB, Schullehner J, Plana-Ripoll O, Brikell I, et al. Incidence Rates and Cumulative Incidences of the Full Spectrum of Diagnosed Mental Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3523 Epub ahead of print.

64.

Granström AL, Skoglund C, Wester T. No increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorders in patients with Hirschsprung disease. J Pediatr Surg. 2019;54(10):2024–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.10.067 Epub 2018 Nov 7.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Hoang U, James AC, Liyanage H, Jones S, Joy M, Blair M, et al. Determinants of inter-practice variation in ADHD diagnosis and stimulant prescribing: cross-sectional database study of a national surveillance network. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2019;24(4):155–61. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2018-111133 Epub 2019 Feb 14.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Root A, Brown JP, Forbes HJ, Bhaskaran K, Hayes J, Smeeth L, et al. Association of Relative Age in the School Year With Diagnosis of Intellectual Disability, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Depression. JAMA Pediatr. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3194 Epub ahead of print.

67.

Sun S, Kuja-Halkola R, Faraone SV, D'Onofrio BM, Dalsgaard S, Chang Z, et al. Association of psychiatric comorbidity with the risk of premature death among children and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1944 Epub ahead of print.

68.

Sourander A, Sucksdorff M, Chudal R, Surcel HM, Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S, Gyllenberg D, et al. Prenatal cotinine levels and ADHD among offspring. Pediatrics. 2019;143(3). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-3144.

69.

Taylor MJ, Larsson H, Gillberg C, Lichtenstein P, Lundström S. Investigating the childhood symptom profile of community-based individuals diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as adults. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2019;60(3):259–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12988 Epub 2018 Oct 19.CrossRefPubMed

70.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders text revision. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1987.

71.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.

72.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.CrossRef

73.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revision. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349.CrossRef

74.

Haro JM, Arbabzadeh-Bouchez S, Brugha TS, De Girolamo G, Guyer ME, Jin R, et al. Concordance of the composite international diagnostic interview version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) with standardized clinical assessments in the WHO world mental health surveys. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2006;15(4):167–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.196.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

75.

World Health Organization. International classification of diseases, ninth revision (ICD-9). Geneva: World Health Organization; 1977.

76.

World Health Organization. International classification of diseases, tenth revision (ICD-10). Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992.

77.

Coghill D, Seth S. Effective management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) through structurated re-assessment: the Dundee ADHD clinical care pathway. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2015;9(1):52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-015-0083-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

78.

Chandra S, Biederman J, Faraone SV. Assessing the validity of the age at onset criterion for diagnosing ADHD in DSM-5. J Atten Disord. 2016;25(2):143–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054716629717.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Coghill D, Seth S. Do the diagnostic criteria for ADHD need to change? Comments on the preliminary proposals of the DSM-5 ADHD and disruptive behavior disorders Committee. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:75–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-010-0142-4.CrossRefPubMed

80.

Epstein JN, Loren RE. Changes in the definition of ADHD in DSM-5: subtle but important. Neuropsychiatry. 2013;3:455–8. https://doi.org/10.2217/npy.13.59.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

81.

Foy JM, Earls MF. A process for developing community consensus regarding the diagnosis and management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2005;115(1):e97–e104. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-0953.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Klein RG, Mannuzza S, Olazagasti MA, Roizen E, Hutchison JA, Lashua EC, et al. Clinical and functional outcome of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 33 years later. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(12):1295–303. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.271.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

83.

Bonati M, Cartabia M, Zanetti M, Lombardy ADHD Group. Waiting times for diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents referred to Italian ADHD centers must be reduced. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19:673. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4524-0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Title: Time of onset and/or diagnosis of ADHD in European children: a systematic review
Authors: Ilaria Rocco
Barbara Corso
Maurizio Bonati
Nadia Minicuci
Publication date: 01-12-2021
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2021
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03547-x

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Time of onset and/or diagnosis of ADHD in European children: a systematic review

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Trial registration

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Trial registration

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

Post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth

Mapping the PHQ-8 to EQ-5D, HUI3 and SF6D in patients with depression

Psychiatric symptoms and moral injury among US healthcare workers in the COVID-19 era

Temporal relationships between happiness and psychiatric disorders and their symptom severity in a large cohort study: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA)

The psychometric properties of the Bergen–Yale sex addiction scale for the Iranian population

Associations of FKBP5 polymorphisms and methylation and parenting style with depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents