Improving chronic kidney disease detection and treatment in the United States: the chronic kidney disease cascade of care (C³) study protocol

There are major gaps in the implementation of guideline-concordant care for persons with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The CKD Cascade of Care (C³) initiative seeks to improve CKD care by improving detection and treatment of CKD in primary care.

C³ is a multi-modal initiative deployed in three major academic medical centers within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System: San Francisco VA, San Diego VA, and Houston VA. The main objective of the first phase of C³ described in this protocol is to establish the infrastructure for universal CKD detection among primary care patients at high-risk for CKD with a triple-marker screen comprising cystatin C, creatinine, and albuminuria. Across the three sites, a comprehensive educational intervention and the integration of primary care-based clinical champions will be employed with the goal of improving CKD detection and treatment. The San Francisco VA will also implement a practice-facilitation intervention leveraging telehealth and health informatics tools and capabilities for enhanced CKD detection. Parallel formative evaluation across the three sites will assess the feasibility and acceptability of integrating cystatin C as part of routine CKD detection in primary care practice. The effectiveness of the interventions will be assessed using a pre-post observational design for change in the proportion of patients tested annually for CKD. Secondary outcomes will assess change in the initiation of cardio-kidney protective therapies and in nephrology referrals of high-risk patients.

The first phase of C³ is a multi-facility multi-modal initiative that aims to improve CKD care by implementing a triple-marker screen for enhanced CKD detection in primary care.