Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Geriatrics
Published in: BMC Geriatrics 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Study protocol

Evaluating an integrated primary care approach to improve well-being among frail community-living older people: A theory-guided study protocol

Authors: Lotte Vestjens, Jane M. Cramm, Erwin Birnie, Anna P. Nieboer

Published in: BMC Geriatrics | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

A major challenge in primary healthcare is the substantial increase in the proportion of frail community-dwelling older persons with long-term conditions and multiple complex needs. Consequently, a fundamental transformation of current models of primary care by means of implementing proactive integrated care is necessary. Therefore, an understanding of the effects of integrated primary care approaches and underlying mechanisms is essential. This article presents the design of a theory-based evaluation of an integrated primary care approach to improve well-being among frail community-living older adults, which is called “Finding and Follow-up of Frail older persons” (FFF).
First, we present a theoretical model to facilitate a sound theory-guided evaluation of integrated primary care approaches for frail community-dwelling older people. The model incorporates interrelated elements of integrated primary care approaches (e.g. proactive case finding and self-management support). Efforts to improve primary care should integrate these promising components to assure productive patient-professional interactions and to improve well-being. Moreover, cognitive and behavioral components of healthcare professionals and patients are assumed to be important. Second, we present the design of the study to evaluate the FFF approach which consists of the following key components: (1) proactive case finding, (2) case management, (3) medication review, (4) self-management support, and (5) working in multidisciplinary care teams.

Methods

The longitudinal evaluation study has a matched quasi-experimental design with one pretest and one posttest (12 month follow-up) and is conducted in the Netherlands between 2014 and 2017. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are used to evaluate effectiveness, processes, and cost-effectiveness. In total, 250 frail older persons (75 years and older) of 11 GP (general practitioner) practices that implemented the FFF approach are compared with 250 frail older patients of 4 GP practices providing care as usual. In addition, data are collected from healthcare professionals. Outcome measures are based on our theoretical model.

Discussion

The proposed evaluation study will reveal insight into the (cost)effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of the proactive integrated primary care approach FFF. A major strength of the study is the comprehensive evaluation based on a theoretical framework. The quasi-experimental design presents some challenges.
Literature
1.
CBS. Prognose bevolking kerncijfers, 2014-2060. The Hague/Heerlen: Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek; 2014.
2.
Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Olde Rikkert M, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013;381(9868):752–62.PubMedCrossRef
3.
4.
Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, McBurnie MA. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146–56.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Lipsitz LA, Goldberger AL. Loss of 'complexity' and aging. Potential applications of fractals and chaos theory to senescence. JAMA. 1992;267(13):1806–9.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Gobbens RJ, Luijkx KG, Wijnen-Sponselee MT, Schols JM. Towards an integral conceptual model of frailty. J Nutr Health Aging. 2010;14(3):175–81.PubMedCrossRef
7.
de Vries NM, Staal JB, van Ravensberg CD, Hobbelen JSM, Olde Rikkert MGM, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MWG. Outcome instruments to measure frailty: a systematic review. Ageing Res Rev. 2011;10(1):104–14.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Rockwood K, Stadnyk K, MacKnight C, McDowell I, Hébert R, Hogan DB. A brief clinical instrument to classify frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 1999;353(9148):205–6.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Puts MTE, Lips P, Deeg DJH. Sex differences in the risk of frailty for mortality independent of disability and chronic diseases. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(1):40–7.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Cawthon PM, Fink HA, Taylor BC, Cauley JA, Dam TT, Marshall LM, Orwoll ES, Cummings SR. A comparison of frailty indexes for the prediction of falls, disability, fractures, and mortality in older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(3):492–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
11.
Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC, Fink HA, Cawthon PM, Stone KL, Hillier TA, Cauley JA, Hochberg MC, Rodondi N, Tracy JK, Cummings SR. Comparison of 2 frailty indexes for prediction of falls, disability, fractures, and death in older women. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(4):382–9.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Darer J, Williamson JD, Anderson G. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: implications for improved targeting and care. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59(3):255–63.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Markle-Reid M, Browne G. Conceptualizations of frailty in relation to older adults. J Adv Nurs. 2003;44(1):58–68.PubMedCrossRef
14.
15.
van Campen C, Broese van Groenou M, Deeg D, Iedema J. Met zorg ouder worden. Zorgtrajecten van ouderen in tien jaar [Ageing with care. Care trajectories of older persons over a decade]. The Hague: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau; 2013.
16.
de Klerk M. Zorg in de laatste jaren. Gezondheid en hulpgebruik in verzorgings- en verpleeghuizen 2000-2008. The Hague: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau; 2011.
17.
van Dijk HM, Cramm JM, Lötters FJB, Nieboer AP. Even Buurten: Een wijkgerichte aanpak voor thuiswonende ouderen in Rotterdam. Rotterdam: Erasmus University Rotterdam; 2013.
18.
Wiles JL, Leibing A, Guberman N, Reeve J, Allen RES. The meaning of "aging in place" to older people. Gerontologist. 2012;52(3):357–66.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Schäfer W, Kroneman M, Boerma W, van den Berg M, Westert G, Devillé W, van Ginneken E. The Netherlands: health system review. Health Syst Transit. 2010;12(1):1–229.
20.
Bodenheimer T. The future of primary care: transforming practice. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(20):2086–9.PubMedCrossRef
21.
WHO. People-centred and integrated health services: an overview of the evidence. In: Interim report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
22.
Grol R. Between evidence-based practice and total quality management: the implementation of cost-effective care. Int J Qual Health Care. 2000;12(4):297–304.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Dodge R, Daly AP, Huyton J, Sanders LD. The challenge of defining wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing. 2012;2(3):222–35.CrossRef
24.
Huss A, Stuck AE, Rubenstein LZ, Egger M, Clough-Gorr KM. Multidimensional preventive home visit programs for community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008;63(3):298–307.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Bouman A, van Rossum E, Nelemans P, Kempen GIJM, Knipschild P. Effects of intensive home visiting programs for older people with poor health status: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2008;8:74.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
26.
Stuck AE, Egger M, Hammer A, Minder CE, Beck JC. Home visits to prevent nursing home admission and functional decline in elderly people. Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. JAMA. 2002;287(8):1022–8.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Markle-Reid M, Browne G, Weir R, Gafni A, Roberts J, Henderson SR. The effectiveness and efficiency of home-based nursing health promotion for older people: a review of the literature. Med Care Res Rev. 2006;63(5):531–69.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Eklund K, Wilhelmson K. Outcomes of coordinated and integrated interventions targeting frail elderly people: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Health Soc Care Community. 2009;17(5):447–58.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Low LF, Yap M, Brodaty H. A systematic review of different models of home and community care services for older persons. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11:93.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
30.
Smith SM, Wallace E, O'Dowd T, Fortin M. Interventions for improving outcomes in patients with multimorbidity in primary care and community settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;
31.
Grol R, Bosch MC, Hulscher ME, Eccles MP, Wensing M. Planning and studying improvement in patient care: the use of theoretical perspectives. Milbank Q. 2007;85(1):93–138.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
Ormel J, Lindenberg S, Steverink N, Von Korff M. Quality of life and social production functions: a framework for understanding health effects. Soc Sci Med. 1997;45(7):1051–63.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Ormel J, Lindenberg S, Steverink N, Verbrugge LM. Subjective well-being and social production functions. Soc Indic Res. 1999;46(1):61–90.CrossRef
34.
Nieboer AP, Lindenberg S, Boomsma A, van Bruggen AC. Dimensions of well-being and their measurement: The SPF-IL scale. Soc Indic Res. 2005;73(3):313–53.CrossRef
35.
Cramm JM, Jolani S, van Buuren S, Nieboer AP. Better experiences with quality of care predict well-being of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the Netherlands. Int J Integr Care. 2015;15:e028.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
36.
Nies H, Berman PC. Integrating services for older people: a resource book for managers. Dublin, European Health Management Association; 2004.
37.
WHO. WHO global strategy on people-centred and integrated health services. Interim report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
38.
Wagner EH, Austin BT, Davis C, Hindmarsh M, Schaefer J, Bonomi A. Improving chronic illness care: translating evidence into action. Health Aff (Millwood). 2001;20(6):64–78.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Hartgerink JM, Cramm JM, van Wijngaarden JD, Bakker TJ, Mackenbach JP. Nieboer AP. A framework for understanding outcomes of integrated care programs for the hospitalised elderly. Int J Integr Care. 2013;13(4):e047.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
40.
Hartgerink JM, Cramm JM, de Vos AJ, Bakker TJ, Steyerberg EW, Mackenbach JP, Nieboer AP. Situational awareness, relational coordination and integrated care delivery to hospitalized elderly in the Netherlands: a comparison between hospitals. BMC Geriatr. 2014;14:3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
Hartgerink JM, Cramm JM, Bakker TJ, van Eijsden AM, Mackenbach JP, Nieboer AP. The importance of multidisciplinary teamwork and team climate for relational coordination among teams delivering care to older patients. J Adv Nurs. 2014;70(4):791–9.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Hartgerink JM, Cramm JM, Bakker TJ, Mackenbach JP, Nieboer AP. The importance of older patients' experiences with care delivery for their quality of life after hospitalization. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15:311.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
Hartgerink JM, Cramm JM, Bakker TJ, van Eijsden RA, Mackenbach JP, Nieboer AP. The importance of relational coordination for integrated care delivery to older patients in the hospital. J Nurs Manag. 2014;22(2):248–56.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Cramm JM, Hartgerink JM, Steyerberg EW, Bakker TJ, Mackenbach JP, Nieboer AP. Understanding older patients' self-management abilities: functional loss, self-management, and well-being. Qual Life Res. 2013;22(1):85–92.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Wagner EH, Bennett SM, Austin BT, Greene SM, Schaefer JK, Von Korff M. Finding common ground: patient-centeredness and evidence-based chronic illness care. J Altern Complement Med. 2005;11:S7–15.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Barr VJ, Robinson S, Marin-Link B, Underhill L, Dotts A, Ravensdale D, Salivaras S. The expanded Chronic Care Model: an integration of concepts and strategies from population health promotion and the Chronic Care Model. Hosp Q. 2003;7(1):73–82.PubMed
47.
Jayadevappa R, Chhatre S. Patient centered care - a conceptual model and review of the state of the art. Open Health Serv Policy J. 2011;4:15–25.CrossRef
48.
Gittell JH. Relational coordination: coordinating work through relationships of shared goals, shared knowledge and mutual respect. Relational perspectives in organizational studies: a research companion. Edited by Kyriakidou O, Özbilgin MF. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2006. p. 74-94.
49.
Gittell JH, Douglass A. Relational bureaucracy: structuring reciprocal relationships into roles. Academy of Management Review. 2012;37(4):709–33.CrossRef
50.
Gittell JH. Relationships between service providers and their impact on customers. Journal of Service Research. 2002;4(4):299–311.CrossRef
51.
Cramm JM, Nieboer AP. The importance of productive patient-professional interaction for the well-being of chronically ill patients. Qual Life Res. 2015;24(4):897–903.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Lindenberg S. The paradox of privatization in consumption. In: Diekmann A, Mitter P, editors. Paradoxical effects of social behavior. Essays in honor of anatol rapoport. Heidelberg/Wien: Physica-Verlag; 1986. p. 297–310.CrossRef
53.
Lindenberg S. Social approval, fertility and female labour market. In: Siegers JJ, de Jong-Gierveld J, van Imhoff E, editors. Female labour market behaviour and fertility: a rational-choice approach. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 1991. p. 32–58.CrossRef
54.
Lindenberg S, Frey BS. Alternatives, frames, and relative prices: a broader view of rational choice theory. Acta Sociol. 1993;36(3):191–205.CrossRef
55.
Nieboer AP, Koolman X, Stolk EA. Preferences for long-term care services: willingness to pay estimates derived from a discrete choice experiment. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70(9):1317–25.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Nieboer AP, Schulz R, Matthews KA, Scheier MF, Ormel J, Lindenberg SM. Spousal caregivers' activity restriction and depression: a model for changes over time. Soc Sci Med. 1998;47(9):1361–71.PubMedCrossRef
57.
58.
Bodenheimer T, Lorig K, Holman H, Grumbach K. Patient self-management of chronic disease in primary care. JAMA. 2002;288(19):2469–75.PubMedCrossRef
59.
MacStravic S. Optimising the patient's role. An essential component in disease management. Disease Management and Health Outcomes. 1999;6(1):1–7.CrossRef
60.
Schuurmans H, Steverink N, Frieswijk N, Buunk BP, Slaets JPJ, Lindenberg S. How to measure self-management abilities in older people by self-report. The development of the SMAS-30. Qual Life Res. 2005;14(10):2215–28.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Bandura A. Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman; 1997.
62.
Baltes MM. Dependency in old age: gains and losses. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 1995;4(1):14–9.CrossRef
63.
Lindenberg S. Social rationality versus rational egoism. Handbook of sociological theory. Edited by Turner J. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum; 2001. p. 635-668.
64.
Nieboer AP, Lindenberg S. Substitution, buffers and subjective well-Being: A hierarchical approach. The universality of subjective wellbeing indicators. A multi-disciplinary and multi-national perspective. Edited by Gullone E, Cummins RA. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2002. p. 175-189.
65.
Salas E, Stagl KC, Burke CS. 25 years of team effectiveness in organizations: research themes and emerging needs. In International review of industrial and organizational psychology. Volume 19. Edited by Cooper CL, Robertson IT. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2004. p. 47-91.
66.
Endsley MR. Situation awareness. In The oxford handbook of cognitive engineering. Edited by Lee JD, Kirlik A. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013. p. 88-108.
67.
Endsley MR. Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Hum Factors. 1995;37(1):32–64.CrossRef
68.
Endsley MR. Designing for situation awareness in complex systems. Proceedings of the second international workshop on symbiosis of humans, artifacts and environment. Kyoto; 2001.
69.
Wright MC, Endsley MR, Building shared situation awareness in healthcare settings. In Improving healthcare team communication. In: Nemeth CP, editor. Building on lessons from aviation and aerospace. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing; 2008. p. 97–114.
70.
Mosier KL, Fischer UM. Judgment and decision making by individuals and teams: issues, models, and applications. Rev Hum Factors Ergon. 2010;6(1):198–256.CrossRef
71.
Reader TW, Flin R, Mearns K, Cuthbertson BH. Team situation awareness and the anticipation of patient progress during ICU rounds. BMJ Qual Saf. 2011;20(12):1035–42.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Miller CC, Burke LM, Glick WH. Cognitive diversity among upper-echelon executives: implications for strategic decision processes. Strategic Manage J. 1998;19(1):39–58.CrossRef
73.
Mitchell R, Nicholas S. Knowledge creation in groups: the value of cognitive diversity, transactive memory and open-mindedness norms. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management. 2006;4(1):67–74.
74.
75.
Gittell JH. New directions for relational coordination theory. In The oxford handbook of positive organizational scholarship. Edited by Cameron KS, Spreitzer GM. New York: Oxford University Press; 2012. p. 400-411.
76.
Cramm JM, Nieboer AP. Relational coordination promotes quality of chronic care delivery in Dutch disease-management programs. Health Care Manage Rev. 2012;37(4):301–9.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Cramm JM, Nieboer AP. In the Netherlands, rich interaction among professionals conducting disease management led to better chronic care. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012;31(11):2493–500.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Koopmans RTCM, Lavrijsen JCM, Hoek JF, Went PBM, Schols JMGA. Dutch elderly care physician: a new generation of nursing home physician specialists. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(9):1807–9.PubMedCrossRef
79.
80.
Morley JE, Vellas B, van Kan GA, Anker SD, Bauer JM, Bernabei R, Cesari M, Chumlea WC, Doehner W, Evans J, Fried LP, Guralnik JM, Katz PR, Malmstrom TK, McCarter RJ, Gutierrez Robledo LM, Rockwood K, von Haehling S, Vandewoude MF, Walston J. Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(6):392–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
81.
van Maurik-Brandon S, ten Dam VH, PLJ D. Protocollaire ouderenzorg. Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap: Utrecht; 2015.
82.
Gobbens RJJ, van Assen MALM, Luijkx KG, Wijnen-Sponselee MT, Schols JMGA. The Tilburg Frailty Indicator: psychometric properties. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010;11(5):344–55.PubMedCrossRef
83.
van Dijk HM. Neighbourhoods for ageing in place. PhD thesis. Rotterdam: Erasmus University Rotterdam; 2015.
84.
85.
Dekker FPS, Stavenuiter MMJ, Tierolf B. Kwetsbare ouderen in tel. De balans tussen lokale zorgvraag en lokale ondersteuning. Utrecht: Verwey-Jonker Instituut; 2012.
86.
Rockwood K, Howlett SE, MacKnight C, Beattie BL, Bergman H, Hébert R, Hogan DB, Wolfson C, McDowell I. Prevalence, attributes, and outcomes of fitness and frailty in community-dwelling older adults: Report from the Canadian study of health and aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59(12):1310–7.PubMedCrossRef
87.
88.
Metzelthin SF, Daniëls R, van Rossum E, de Witte L, van den Heuvel WJA, Kempen GIJM. The psychometric properties of three self-report screening instruments for identifying frail older people in the community. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:176.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
Stuart EA, Rubin DB. Best practices in quasi-experimental designs. Matching methods for causal inference. In: Osborne JW, editor. Best practices in quantitative methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications; 2008. p. 155–76.CrossRef
90.
91.
Gittell JH, Fairfield KM, Bierbaum B, Head W, Jackson R, Kelly M, Laskin R, Lipson S, Siliski J, Thornhill T, Zuckerman J. Impact of relational coordination on quality of care, postoperative pain and functioning, and length of stay. A nine-hospital study of surgical patients. Med Care. 2000;38(8):807–19.PubMed
92.
Gittell JH, Godfrey M, Thistlethwaite J. Interprofessional collaborative practice and relational coordination: improving healthcare through relationships. J Interprof Care. 2013;27(3):210–3.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Gittell JH. Organizing work to support relational co-ordination. Int J of Human Resource Management. 2000;11(3):517–39.CrossRef
94.
Cramm JM, Strating MMH, de Vreede PL, Steverink N, Nieboer AP. Validation of the self-management ability scale (SMAS) and development and validation of a shorter scale (SMAS-S) among older patients shortly after hospitalisation. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2012;10:9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
Gilmartin HM, Pogorzelska-Maziarz M, Thompson S, Sousa KH. Confirmation of the validity of the relational coordination survey as a measure of the work environment in a national sample of infection preventionists. J Nurs Meas. 2015;23(3):379–92.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
96.
Cramm JM, Nieboer AP. Factorial validation of the Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) and PACIC short version (PACIC-S) among cardiovascular disease patients in the Netherlands. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2012;10:104.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
97.
Bodenheimer T, Wagner EH, Grumbach K. Improving primary care for patients with chronic illness. JAMA. 2002;288(14):1775–9.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Von Korff M, Gruman J, Schaefer J, Curry SJ, Wagner EH. Collaborative management of chronic illness. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127(12):1097–102.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Glasgow RE, Davis CL, Funnell MM, Beck A. Implementing practical interventions to support chronic illness self-management. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2003;29(11):563–74.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Glasgow RE, Funnell MM, Bonomi AE, Davis C, Beckham V, Wagner EH. Self-management aspects of the improving chronic illness care breakthrough series: implementation with diabetes and heart failure teams. Ann Behav Med. 2002;24(2):80–7.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Cramm JM, Strating MM, Tsiachristas A, Nieboer AP. Development and validation of a short version of the Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (ACIC) in Dutch Disease Management Programs. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2011;9:49.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
102.
Bonomi AE, Wagner EH, Glasgow RE, Von Korff M. Assessment of chronic illness care (ACIC): a practical tool to measure quality improvement. Health Serv Res. 2002;37(3):791–820.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
Lutomski JE, Baars MAE, Schalk BWM, Boter H, Buurman BM, den Elzen WPJ, Jansen APD, Kempen GIJM, Steunenberg B, Steyerberg EW, Olde Rikkert MGM, Melis RJF. The development of the Older Persons and Informal Caregivers Survey Minimum DataSet (TOPICS-MDS): a large-scale data sharing initiative. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e81673.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
104.
Weinberger M, Samsa GP, Schmader K, Greenberg SM, Carr DB, Wildman DS. Comparing proxy and patients' perceptions of patients' functional status: results from an outpatient geriatric clinic. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40(6):585–8.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Katz S, Ford AB, Moskowitz RW, Jackson BA, Jaffe MW. Studies of illness in the aged. The index of ADL: A standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. JAMA. 1963;185(12):914–9.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Kempen GIJM, Brilman EI, Ormel J. The Mini Mental Status Examination. Normative data and a comparison of a 12-item and 20-item version in a sample survey of community-based elderly. Tijdschr Gerontol Geriatr. 1995;26(4):163–72.PubMed
107.
Braekhus A, Laake K, Engedal K. The Mini-Mental State Examination: identifying the most efficient variables for detecting cognitive impairment in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40(11):1139–45.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Kempen GIJM. Assessment of health status of the elderly. Application of a Dutch version of the MOS scale. Tijdschr Gerontol Geriatr. 1992;23(4):132–40.PubMed
109.
Carver DJ, Chapman CA, Thomas VS, Stadnyk KJ, Rockwood K. Validity and reliability of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-20 questionnaire as a measure of quality of life in elderly people living at home. Age Ageing. 1999;28(2):169–74.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Stewart AL, Hays RD, Ware JE Jr. The MOS short-form general health survey. Reliability and validity in a patient population. Med Care. 1988;26(7):724–35.
111.
Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Michie S, Nazareth I, Petticrew M. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ. 2008;337:1655.CrossRef
112.
113.
Oakley A, Strange V, Bonell C, Allen E, Stephenson J. Process evaluation in randomised controlled trials of complex interventions. BMJ. 2006;332(7538):413–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
114.
Patton MQ. Qualitative research and evaluation methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2002.
115.
Creswell JW, Plano Clark VL. Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2011.
116.
Graneheim UH, Lundman B. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today. 2004;24(2):105–12.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Hsieh HF, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 2005;15(9):1277–88.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Babbie ER. The practice of social research. Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage. Learning. 2010;
119.
Berg BL. Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Boston: Allyn & Bacon; 2001.
120.
Wisdom J, Creswell JW. Mixed Methods: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis While Studying Patient-Centered Medical Home Models. AHRQ Publication No: 13-0028-EF; 2013.
121.
Palinkas LA, Aarons GA, Horwitz S, Chamberlain P, Hurlburt M, Landsverk J. Mixed method designs in implementation research. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2011;38(1):44–53.PubMedCrossRef
122.
OECD. Health at a glance 2015. OECD indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2015.
123.
van der Horst A, van Erp F, de Jong J. CPB policy brief 2011/11. Trends in gezondheid en zorg. The Hague: Centraal Planbureau; 2011.
124.
Glick HA, Doshi JA, Sonnad SS, Polsky D. Economic evaluation in clinical trials. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007.
125.
Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Claxton K, Stoddart GL, Torrance GW. Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015.
126.
127.
Whitehead SJ, Ali S. Health outcomes in economic evaluation: the QALY and utilities. Br Med Bull. 2010;96:5–21.PubMedCrossRef
128.
EuroQol Group. EuroQol - a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy. 1990;16(3):199–208.CrossRef
129.
130.
Lamers LM, Stalmeier PFM, McDonnell J, Krabbe PFM, van Busschbach JJ. Measuring the quality of life in economic evaluations: the Dutch EQ-5D tariff. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2005;149(28):1574–8.PubMed
131.
Manca A, Hawkins N, Sculpher MJ. Estimating mean QALYs in trial-based cost-effectiveness analysis: the importance of controlling for baseline utility. Health Econ. 2005;14(5):487–96.PubMedCrossRef
132.
133.
Hakkaart-van Roijen L, van der Linden N, Bouwmans C, Kanters T, Tan SS. Kostenhandleiding: Methodologie van kostenonderzoek en referentieprijzen voor economische evaluaties in de gezondheidszorg. Rotterdam: Erasmus University Rotterdam; 2015.
134.
Makai P. Moving beyond the QALY. Economic evaluation in health and social care for elderly populations. PhD thesis. Rotterdam: Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam; 2014.
135.
Drummond MF, Brixner D, Gold M, Kind P, McGuire A, Nord E. Toward a consensus on the QALY. Value Health. 2009;12:S31–5.PubMedCrossRef
136.
Makai P, Brouwer WBF, Koopmanschap MA, Stolk EA, Nieboer AP. Quality of life instruments for economic evaluations in health and social care for older people: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2014;102:83–93.PubMedCrossRef
137.
138.
139.
Eccles M, Grimshaw J, Campbell M, Ramsay C. Research designs for studies evaluating the effectiveness of change and improvement strategies. Qual Saf Health Care. 2003;12(1):47–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
140.
Deeks JJ, Dinnes J, D'Amico R, Sowden AJ, Sakarovitch C, Song F, Petticrew M, Altman DG. Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies. Health Technol Assess. 2003;7(27)
141.
Aussems ME, Boomsma A, Snijders TAB. The use of quasi-experiments in the social sciences: a content analysis. Qual Quan. 2011;45(1):21–42.CrossRef
142.
Moses LE. Measuring effects without randomized trials? Options, problems, challenges. Med Care. 1995;33(4):AS8–AS14.PubMed
143.
Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Blinding in randomised trials: hiding who got what. Lancet. 2002;359(9307):696–700.PubMedCrossRef
144.
Harris R, Dyson E. Recruitment of frail older people to research: lessons learnt through experience. J Adv Nurs. 2001;36(5):643–51.PubMedCrossRef
145.
Metadata
Title
Evaluating an integrated primary care approach to improve well-being among frail community-living older people: A theory-guided study protocol
Authors
Lotte Vestjens
Jane M. Cramm
Erwin Birnie
Anna P. Nieboer
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Geriatrics / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2318
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-0832-1

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

BMC Geriatrics 1/2018 Go to the issue

Research article

Predictors of recovering ambulation after hip fracture inpatient rehabilitation

Study protocol

Randomized controlled trial to evaluate a prevention program for frail community-dwelling older adults: a D-SCOPE protocol

Research article

A need to improve the assessment of environmental hazards for falls on stairs and in bathrooms: results of a scoping review

Research article

Minimally invasive anterior muscle-sparing versus a transgluteal approach for hemiarthroplasty in femoral neck fractures-a prospective randomised controlled trial including 190 elderly patients

Study protocol

A digitally supported home-based exercise training program and dietary protein intervention for community dwelling older adults: protocol of the cluster randomised controlled VITAMIN trial

Research Article

Low patient activation levels in frail older adults: a cross-sectional study

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch now

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits