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BMC Geriatrics
Published in: BMC Geriatrics 1/2014

Open Access 01-12-2014 | Debate

Atherosclerosis and Alzheimer - diseases with a common cause? Inflammation, oxysterols, vasculature

Authors: Richard Lathe, Alexandra Sapronova, Yuri Kotelevtsev

Published in: BMC Geriatrics | Issue 1/2014

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Abstract

Background

Aging is accompanied by increasing vulnerability to pathologies such as atherosclerosis (ATH) and Alzheimer disease (AD). Are these different pathologies, or different presentations with a similar underlying pathoetiology?

Discussion

Both ATH and AD involve inflammation, macrophage infiltration, and occlusion of the vasculature. Allelic variants in common genes including APOE predispose to both diseases. In both there is strong evidence of disease association with viral and bacterial pathogens including herpes simplex and Chlamydophila. Furthermore, ablation of components of the immune system (or of bone marrow-derived macrophages alone) in animal models restricts disease development in both cases, arguing that both are accentuated by inflammatory/immune pathways. We discuss that amyloid β, a distinguishing feature of AD, also plays a key role in ATH. Several drugs, at least in mouse models, are effective in preventing the development of both ATH and AD. Given similar age-dependence, genetic underpinnings, involvement of the vasculature, association with infection, Aβ involvement, the central role of macrophages, and drug overlap, we conclude that the two conditions reflect different manifestations of a common pathoetiology.

Mechanism

Infection and inflammation selectively induce the expression of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). Acutely, the production of ‘immunosterol’ 25-hydroxycholesterol (25OHC) defends against enveloped viruses. We present evidence that chronic macrophage CH25H upregulation leads to catalyzed esterification of sterols via 25OHC-driven allosteric activation of ACAT (acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase/SOAT), intracellular accumulation of cholesteryl esters and lipid droplets, vascular occlusion, and overt disease.

Summary

We postulate that AD and ATH are both caused by chronic immunologic challenge that induces CH25H expression and protection against particular infectious agents, but at the expense of longer-term pathology.
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Metadata
Title
Atherosclerosis and Alzheimer - diseases with a common cause? Inflammation, oxysterols, vasculature
Authors
Richard Lathe
Alexandra Sapronova
Yuri Kotelevtsev
Publication date
01-12-2014
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Geriatrics / Issue 1/2014
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2318
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-14-36

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BMC Geriatrics 1/2014 Go to the issue

Research article

Potential for alcohol and drug interactions in older adults: evidence from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing

Research article

Towards personalized integrated dementia care: a qualitative study into the implementation of different models of case management

Research article

Risk of death or hospital admission among community-dwelling older adults living with dementia in Australia

Research article

Screening for frailty in primary care: a systematic review of the psychometric properties of the frailty index in community-dwelling older people

Study protocol

Home based exercise to improve turning and mobility performance among community dwelling older adults: protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Research article

Cognitive function in a general population of men and women: a cross sectional study in the European Investigation of Cancer–Norfolk cohort (EPIC-Norfolk)

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

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Watch official videos from the ACC congress summarizing key highlights from the last year in heart failure, cardiomyopathies, valvular disease, pulmonary vascular disease, and pediatric cardiology.

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

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