Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Oral Health
Published in: BMC Oral Health 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Research article

Oral hygiene practices and their socio-demographic correlates among Nepalese adult: evidence from non communicable diseases risk factors STEPS survey Nepal 2013

Authors: Pushpa Thapa, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Suresh Mehata, Abhinav Vaidya, Bijay Kumar Jha, Meghnath Dhimal, Shaili Pradhan, Purushottam Dhakal, Arpana Pandit, Achyut Raj Pandey, Bihungum Bista, Ava Upadhyay Pokhrel, Khem Bahadur Karki

Published in: BMC Oral Health | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Oral diseases remain a significant public health problem in Nepal, as do oral health behaviours. Socio-demographic factors play a crucial role in driving oral hygiene practices. This study aims to identify oral hygiene practices and associated socio-demographic factors in Nepalese population.

Methods

This descriptive, cross-sectional study recruited 4200 adults (15–69 years) through multistage cluster sampling. Data obtained from the WHO NCD STEPS instrument version 2.2 were analysed in STATA 13.0 using complex sample weighted analysis.

Results

Prevalence of cleaning teeth at least once a day was 94.9 % (95 % CI: 93.7–95.9), while that of cleaning teeth at least twice a day was 9.9 % (95 % CI: 8.2–11.9). Use of fluoridated toothpaste was seen among 71.4 % (95 % CI: 67.9–74.7) respondents. A 3.9 % (95 % CI: 3.1–5.0) made a dental visit in the last 6 months.
The 45–69 years age group had lesser odds of cleaning teeth at least once a day (AOR: 0.4; 95 % CI: 0.2–0.8), in comparison to 15–29 years age group. Women had greater odds of cleaning teeth at least twice a day (AOR: 1.7; 95 % CI: 1.1–2.4) and having visited a dentist in the last 6 months (AOR: 2.2; 95 % CI: 1.2–3.8) compared to men. With reference to rural residents, urban population had higher odds of using fluoridated toothpaste (AOR: 2.3; 95 % CI: 1.4–3.4) and making a dental visit within the last 6 months (AOR: 1.9; 95 % CI:1.1–3.6). Inhabitants of the Terai had five-fold (AOR: 4.9; 95 % CI: 3.1–7.8) greater odds of cleaning teeth once per day than did hill residents. Those with higher education had greater odds than non-formal education holders of cleaning teeth at least once a day (AOR: 9.0; 95 % CI: 2.9–27.7), cleaning teeth at least twice a day (AOR: 5.6; 95 % CI: 2.9–10.6), using fluoridated toothpaste (AOR: 13.9; 95 % CI: 8.4–23.1), and having visited a dentist in the last 6 months (AOR: 2.8; 95 % CI: 1.4–5.4).

Conclusions

Cleaning teeth at least once a day is widely prevalent in Nepal and a substantial number of population use fluoridated toothpaste. However, cleaning teeth twice a day and visiting a dentist is less common. Being women, Terai residents, urban residents, and educated were significantly associated with oral hygiene practices assessed in this study.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century–the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2003;31(s1):3–24.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Petersen PE, Bourgeois D, Ogawa H, Estupinan-Day S, Ndiaye C. The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83(9):661–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
3.
4.
Al-Shammari KF, Al-Ansari JM, Al-Khabbaz AK, Dashti A, Honkala EJ. Self-reported oral hygiene habits and oral health problems of Kuwaiti adults. Med Princ Pract. 2007;16(1):15–21.CrossRefPubMed
5.
World Health Organization. The world health report 2003: shaping the future. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
6.
Hjern A, Grindefjord M, Sundberg H, Rosén M. Social inequality in oral health and use of dental care in Sweden. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2001;29(3):167–74.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Olusile AO, Adeniyi AA, Orebanjo O. Self-rated oral health status, oral health service utilization, and oral hygiene practices among adult Nigerians. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14(1):140.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
8.
Varenne B, Petersen PE, Ouattara S. Oral health behaviour of children and adults in urban and rural areas of Burkina Faso, Africa. Int Dent J. 2006;56(2):61–70.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Department of Health Services: National Oral Health Policy 2014. Kathmandu: Oral Health Focal Point, Management Division, Department of Health Services; 2014.
10.
Yee R, Mishra P. Nepal National Oral Pathfinder Survey 2004. J Nepal Dent Assoc. 2005;7(1):64–8.
11.
Aryal K, Neupane S, Mehata S, Vaidya A, Singh S, Paulin F, et al. Non communicable diseases risk factors: STEPS survey Nepal 2013. Kathmandu: Nepal Health Research Council; 2014.
12.
Central Bureau of Statistics. Nepal Living Standards Survey 2010/11. Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics; 2011.
13.
Aryal KK, Mehata S, Neupane S, Vaidya A, Dhimal M, Dhakal P, et al. The burden and determinants of non communicable diseases risk factors in Nepal: findings from a Nationwide STEPS survey. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0134834.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Nongkynrih B, Acharya A, Ramakrishnan L, Ritvik, Anand K, Shah B. Profile of biochemical risk factors for non communicable diseases in urban, rural and periurban Haryana, India. J Assoc Physicians India. 2008;56:165–70.PubMed
15.
Ezzati M, Vander Hoorn S, Lawes CM, Leach R, James WP, Lopez AD, et al. Rethinking the “diseases of affluence” paradigm: global patterns of nutritional risks in relation to economic development. PLoS Med. 2005;2(5):e133.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) [Nepal], New ERA, ICF International Inc.: Nepal Demographic Health Survey 2011. Kathmandu: Ministry of Health and Population, New ERA, and ICF International; 2012.
17.
Doifode V, Ambadekar N, Lanewar A. Assessment of oral health status and its association with some epidemiological factors in population of Nagpur, India. Indian J Med Sci. 2000;54(7):261.PubMed
18.
Balaram P, Sridhar H, Rajkumar T, Vaccarella S, Herrero R, Nandakumar A, et al. Oral cancer in southern India: The influence of smoking, drinking, paan-chewing and oral hygiene. Int J Cancer. 2002;98(3):440–5.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Moreno-Lopez L, Esparza-Gomez G, Gonzalez-Navarro A, Cerero-Lapiedra R, Gonzalez-Hernandez M, Domınguez-Rojas V. Risk of oral cancer associated with tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and oral hygiene: a case-control study in Madrid, Spain. Oral Oncol. 2000;36(2):170–4.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Christensen LB, Petersen PE, Krustrup U, Kjøller M. Self-reported oral hygiene practices among adults in Denmark. Community Dent Health. 2003;20(4):229–35.PubMed
21.
Zhu L, Petersen PE, Wang HY, Bian JY, Zhang BX. Oral health knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of adults in China. Int Dent J. 2005;55(4):231–41.CrossRefPubMed
22.
23.
24.
Jensen O, Gabre P, Sköld UM, Birkhed D. Is the use of fluoride toothpaste optimal? Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour concerning fluoride toothpaste and toothbrushing in different age groups in Sweden. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2012;40(2):175–84.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Tseveenjav B, Suominen AL, Hausen H, Vehkalahti MM. The role of sugar, xylitol, toothbrushing frequency, and use of fluoride toothpaste in maintenance of adults’ dental health: findings from the Finnish National Health 2000 Survey. Eur J Oral Sci. 2011;119(1):40–7.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Kumar S, Nigam A, Choudhary A, Tadakamadla J, Tibdewal H, Duraiswamy P, et al. Influence of lifestyle on oral health behavior among rural residents of Udaipur district, India. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011;16:e828–33.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Abegg C, Croucher R, Marcenes WS, Sheiham A. How do routines of daily activities and flexibility of daily activities affect tooth-cleaning behavior? J Public Health Dent. 2000;60(3):154–8.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Lo E, Lin H, Wang Z, Wong M, Schwarz E. Utilization of dental services in Southern China. J Dent Res. 2001;80(5):1471–4.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Kronström M, Palmqvist S, Söderfeldt B, Vigild M. Utilization of dental health services among middle-aged people in Sweden and Denmark. Acta Odontol. 2002;60(5):276–80.CrossRef
30.
Petersen P, Baez R, Lennon M. Community-oriented Administration of fluoride for the prevention of dental caries a summary of the current situation in Asia. Adv Dent Res. 2012;24(1):5–10.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Petersen PE, Yamamoto T. Improving the oral health of older people: the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2005;33(2):81–92.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Petersen PE, Lennon MA. Effective use of fluorides for the prevention of dental caries in the 21st century: the WHO approach. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004;32(5):319–21.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Oral hygiene practices and their socio-demographic correlates among Nepalese adult: evidence from non communicable diseases risk factors STEPS survey Nepal 2013
Authors
Pushpa Thapa
Krishna Kumar Aryal
Suresh Mehata
Abhinav Vaidya
Bijay Kumar Jha
Meghnath Dhimal
Shaili Pradhan
Purushottam Dhakal
Arpana Pandit
Achyut Raj Pandey
Bihungum Bista
Ava Upadhyay Pokhrel
Khem Bahadur Karki
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Oral Health / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1472-6831
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-016-0294-9

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

BMC Oral Health 1/2016 Go to the issue

Erratum

Erratum to: An oral health optimized diet can reduce gingival and periodontal inflammation in humans - a randomized controlled pilot study

Research article

Significance bias: an empirical evaluation of the oral health literature

Research article

Intraoral photobiomodulation-induced orthodontic tooth alignment: a preliminary study

Research article

Efficacy of an aluminium triformate mouthrinse during the maintenance phase in periodontal patients: a pilot double blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial

Research article

Consequences of orthodontic treatment in malocclusion patients: clinical and microbial effects in adults and children

Debate

A plea for the development of an universally accepted modular tooth wear evaluation system