Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
Published in: BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 1/2012

Open Access 01-12-2012 | Research article

Effect of statin therapy on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis

Authors: Jinwei Tian, Xia Gu, Yanli Sun, Xiang Ban, Yun Xiao, Sining Hu, Bo Yu

Published in: BMC Cardiovascular Disorders | Issue 1/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

An increasing number of authors employing intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and virtual histology (VH-IVUS) have investigated the effect of statin use on plaque volume (PV) and plaque composition. However, inconsistent results have been reported. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to determine the appropriate regimen of statins to effectively stabilize vulnerable coronary plaques.

Methods

Online electronic databases were carefully searched for all relevant studies. We compared mean values of PV and plaque composition between baseline and follow-up in patients receiving statin therapy. We pooled treatment effects and calculated mean differences (MD) with the 95% confidence interval (CI) using a random-effects model. By stratified analyses, we explored the influence of clinical presentation, dose and duration of statin treatment, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels on the effects of statins.

Results

Seventeen studies involving 2,171 patients were analyzed. Statin therapy significantly decreased PV (−5.3 mm3; 95% CI: –3.3 mm3 to −7.2 mm3; P < 0.001), without heterogeneity. When considering the dose and duration of statins used, only subgroups employing a high dose and long duration demonstrated a significant reduction in PV (p < 0.001). A significant decrease in PV was noted if achieved LDL-C levels were <100 mg/dL (p < 0.001). Statin treatment could induce a twofold decrease in PV in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) compared with that observed in patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP). A regressive trend was seen for necrotic core volume (MD: –2.1 mm3; 95% CI: –4.7 mm3 to 0.5 mm3, P = 0.11). However, statin use did not induce a significant change for fibrotic, fibro-fatty, or dense calcium compositions.

Conclusions

Our meta-analysis demonstrated that statin therapy (especially that involving a high dose and long duration and achieving <100 mg/dL LDL-C levels) can significantly decrease PV in patients with SAP or ACS. These data suggested that statins can be used to reduce the atheroma burden for secondary prevention by appropriately selecting the statin regimen. No significant change in plaque composition was seen after statin therapy.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R: MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003, 361: 2005-2016.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Rader DJ, Rouleau JL, Belder R, Joyal SV, Hill KA, Pfeffer MA, Skene AM: Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004, 350: 1495-1504. 10.1056/NEJMoa040583.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM, Kastelein JJ, Koenig W, Libby P, Lorenzatti AJ, Macfadyen JG, Nordestgaard BG, Shepherd J, Willerson JT, Glynn RJ: Reduction in C-reactive protein and LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular event rates after initiation of rosuvastatin: a prospective study of the JUPITER trial. Lancet. 2009, 373: 1175-1182. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60447-5.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Scott G, Diane B, Luther C, Richard C, Margo D, Wm H, Donald H, Illingworth DR, Russell L, Patrick M, James M, Richard P, Neil S, Linda H: Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001, 285: 2486-2497. 10.1001/jama.285.19.2486.CrossRef
5.
Simoons L, Saelman M: Effect of simvastatin on coronary atheroma: the Multicentre Anti-Atheroma Study (MAAS). Lancet. 1994, 344: 633-638. 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92082-6.CrossRef
6.
Rodriguez-Granillo GA, Agostoni P, Garcia-Garcia HM, Biondi-Zoccai GG, McFadden E, Amoroso G, de Jaegere P, Bruining N, de Feyter P, Serruys PW: Meta-analysis of the studies assessing temporal changes in coronary plaque volume using intravascular ultrasound. Am J Cardiol. 2007, 99: 5-10. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.07.054.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Shiota M, Kusakabe H, Hikita Y, Nakao T, Izumi Y, Iwao H: Pharmacogenomics of cardiovascular pharmacology: molecular network analysis in pleiotropic effects of statin – an experimental elucidation of the pharmacologic action from protein-protein interaction analysis. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008, 107: 15-19. 10.1254/jphs.08R01FM.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Toi T, Taguchi I, Yoneda S, Kageyama M, Kikuchi A, Tokura M, Kanaya T, Abe S, Matsuda R, Kaneko N: Early effect of lipid-lowering therapy with pitavastatin on regression of coronary atherosclerotic plaque. Comparison with atorvastatin. Circ J. 2009, 73: 1466-1472. 10.1253/circj.CJ-08-1051.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Luscher TF, Pieper M, Tendera M, Vrolix M, Rutsch W, van den Branden F, Gil R, Bischoff KO, Haude M, Fischer D, Meinertz T, Münzel T: A randomized placebo-controlled study on the effect of nifedipine on coronary endothelial function and plaque formation in patients with coronary artery disease: the ENCORE II study. Eur Heart J. 2009, 30: 1590-1597. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp151.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Takayama T, Hiro T, Yamagishi M, Daida H, Hirayama A, Saito S, Yamaguchi T, Matsuzaki M: Effect of rosuvastatin on coronary atheroma in stable coronary artery disease: multicenter coronary atherosclerosis study measuring effects of rosuvastatin using intravascular ultrasound in Japanese subjects (COSMOS). Circ J. 2009, 73: 2110-2117. 10.1253/circj.CJ-09-0358.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Rodes-Cabau J, Tardif JC, Cossette M, Bertrand OF, Ibrahim R, Larose E, Gregoire J, L'Allier PL, Guertin MC: Acute effects of statin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis following an acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2009, 104: 750-757. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.05.009.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Hiro T, Kimura T, Morimoto T, Miyauchi K, Nakagawa Y, Yamagishi M, Ozaki Y, Kimura K, Saito S, Yamaguchi T, Daida H, Matsuzaki M: Effect of intensive statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a multicenter randomized trial evaluated by volumetric intravascular ultrasound using pitavastatin versus atorvastatin (JAPAN-ACS [Japan assessment of pitavastatin and atorvastatin in acute coronary syndrome] study). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009, 54: 293-302. 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.033.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Nasu K, Tsuchikane E, Katoh O, Tanaka N, Kimura M, Ehara M, Kinoshita Y, Matsubara T, Matsuo H, Asakura K, Asakura Y, Terashima M, Takayama T, Honye J, Hirayama A, Saito S, Suzuki T: Effect of fluvastatin on progression of coronary atherosclerotic plaque evaluated by virtual histology intravascular ultrasound. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2009, 2: 689-696.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Hong MK, Park DW, Lee CW, Lee SW, Kim YH, Kang DH, Song JK, Kim JJ, Park SW, Park SJ: Effects of statin treatments on coronary plaques assessed by volumetric virtual histology intravascular ultrasound analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2009, 2: 679-688. 10.1016/j.jcin.2009.03.015.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Yamada T, Azuma A, Sasaki S, Sawada T, Matsubara H: Randomized evaluation of atorvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease: a serial intravascular ultrasound study. Circ J. 2007, 71: 1845-1850. 10.1253/circj.71.1845.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I, Libby P, Raichlen JS, Ballantyne CM, Davignon J, Erbel R, Fruchart JC, Tardif JC, Schoenhagen P, Crowe T, Cain V, Wolski K, Goormastic M, Tuzcu EM: Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis: the ASTEROID trial. JAMA. 2006, 295: 1556-1565. 10.1001/jama.295.13.jpc60002.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Tani S, Watanabe I, Anazawa T, Kawamata H, Tachibana E, Furukawa K, Sato Y, Nagao K, Kanmatsuse K, Kushiro T: Effect of pravastatin on malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein levels and coronary plaque regression as determined by three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound. Am J Cardiol. 2005, 96: 1089-1094. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.05.069.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Yokoyama M, Komiyama N, Courtney BK, Nakayama T, Namikawa S, Kuriyama N, Koizumi T, Nameki M, Fitzgerald PJ, Komuro I: Plasma low-density lipoprotein reduction and structural effects on coronary atherosclerotic plaques by atorvastatin as clinically assessed with intravascular ultrasound radio-frequency signal analysis: a randomized prospective study. Am Heart J. 2005, 150: 287-CrossRefPubMed
19.
Kawasaki M, Sano K, Okubo M, Yokoyama H, Ito Y, Murata I, Tsuchiya K, Minatoguchi S, Zhou X, Fujita H, Fujiwara H: Volumetric quantitative analysis of tissue characteristics of coronary plaques after statin therapy using three-dimensional integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005, 45: 1946-1953. 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.09.081.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Petronio AS, Amoroso G, Limbruno U, Papini B, De Carlo M, Micheli A, Ciabatti N, Mariani M: Simvastatin does not inhibit intimal hyperplasia and restenosis but promotes plaque regression in normocholesterolemic patients undergoing coronary stenting: a randomized study with intravascular ultrasound. Am Heart J. 2005, 149: 520-526. 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.10.032.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Nishioka H, Shimada K, Kataoka T, Hirose M, Asawa K, Hasegawa T, Yamashita H, Ehara S, Kamimori K, Sakamoto T, Kobayashi Y, Yoshimura T, Yoshiyama M, Takeuchi K, Yoshikawa J: Impact of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors for non-treated coronary segments. Osaka City Med J. 2004, 50: 61-68.PubMed
22.
Okazaki S, Yokoyama T, Miyauchi K, Shimada K, Kurata T, Sato H, Daida H: Early statin treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome: demonstration of the beneficial effect on atherosclerotic lesions by serial volumetric intravascular ultrasound analysis during half a year after coronary event: the ESTABLISH Study. Circulation. 2004, 110: 1061-1068. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000140261.58966.A4.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Jensen LO, Thayssen P, Pedersen KE, Stender S, Haghfelt T: Regression of coronary atherosclerosis by simvastatin: a serial intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation. 2004, 110: 265-270. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000135215.75876.41.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Brown BG, Ganz P, Vogel RA, Crowe T, Howard G, Cooper CJ, Brodie B, Grines CL, DeMaria AN: Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004, 291: 1071-1080. 10.1001/jama.291.9.1071.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Schartl M, Bocksch W, Koschyk DH, Voelker W, Karsch KR, Kreuzer J, Hausmann D, Beckmann S, Gross M: Use of Intravascular Ultrasound to Compare Effects of Different Strategies of Lipid-Lowering Therapy on Plaque Volume and Composition in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Circulation. 2001, 104: 387-392. 10.1161/hc2901.093188.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Nissen SE, Tardif JC, Nicholls SJ, Revkin JH, Shear CL, Duggan WT, Ruzyllo W, Bachinsky WB, Lasala GP, Tuzcu EM: Effect of torcetrapib on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2007, 356: 1304-1316. 10.1056/NEJMoa070635.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Lee K, Ahn TH, Kang WC, Han SH, Choi IS, Shin EK: The effects of statin and niacin on plaque stability, plaque regression, inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with mild to moderate coronary artery stenosis. Korean Circ J. 2011, 41: 641-648. 10.4070/kcj.2011.41.11.641.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Kovarnik T, Mintz GS, Skalicka H, Kral A, Horak J, Skulec R, Uhrova J, Martasek P, Downe RW, Wahle A, Sonka M, Mrazek V, Aschermann M, Linhart A: Virtual histology evaluation of atherosclerosis regression during atorvastatin and ezetimibe administration: HEAVEN study. Circ J. 2012, 76: 176-183. 10.1253/circj.CJ-11-0730.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Hirayama A, Saito S, Ueda Y, Takayama T, Honye J, Komatsu S, Yamaguchi O, Li Y, Yajima J, Nanto S, Takazawa K, Kodama K: Plaque-stabilizing effect of atorvastatin is stronger for plaques evaluated as more unstable by angioscopy and intravenous ultrasound. Circ J. 2011, 75: 1448-1454. 10.1253/circj.CJ-10-1035.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Hong YJ, Jeong MH, Hachinohe D, Ahmed K, Choi YH, Cho SH, Hwang SH, Ko JS, Lee MG, Park KH, Sim DS, Yoon NS, Yoon HJ, Kim KH, Park HW, Kim JH, Ahn Y, Cho JG, Park JC, Kang JC: Comparison of effects of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin on plaque regression in Korean patients with untreated intermediate coronary stenosis. Circ J. 2011, 75: 398-406. 10.1253/circj.CJ-10-0658.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Nicholls SJ, Ballantyne CM, Barter PJ, Chapman MJ, Erbel RM, Libby P, Raichlen JS, Uno K, Borgman M, Wolski K, Nissen SE: Effect of two intensive statin regimens on progression of coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2011, 365: 2078-2087. 10.1056/NEJMoa1110874.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Nair A, Kuban BD, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Nissen SE, Vince DG: Coronary plaque classification with intravascular ultrasound radiofrequency data analysis. Circulation. 2002, 106: 2200-2206. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000035654.18341.5E.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Nasu K, Tsuchikane E, Katoh O, Vince DG, Virmani R, Surmely JF, Murata A, Takeda Y, Ito T, Ehara M, Matsubara T, Terashima M, Suzuki T: Accuracy of in vivo coronary plaque morphology assessment: a validation study of in vivo virtual histology compared with in vitro histopathology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 47: 2405-2412. 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.02.044.CrossRefPubMed
34.
DerSimonian R, Laird N: Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986, 7: 177-188. 10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Rosenberg MS: The file-drawer problem revisited: a general weighted method for calculating fail-safe numbers in meta-analysis. Evolution. 2005, 59: 464-468.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zhao XQ, Dong L, Hatsukami T, Phan BA, Chu B, Moore A, Lane T, Neradilek MB, Polissar N, Monick D, Lee C, Underhill H, Yuan C: MR imaging of carotid plaque composition during lipid-lowering therapy a prospective assessment of effect and time course. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011, 4: 977-986. 10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.06.013.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Williams JK, Sukhova GK, Herrington DM, Libby P: Pravastatin has cholesterol-lowering independent effects on the artery wall of atherosclerotic monkeys. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998, 31: 684-691. 10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00537-8.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Shiomi M, Ito T, Tsukada T, Yata T, Watanabe Y, Tsujita Y, Fukami M, Fukushige J, Hosokawa T, Tamura A: Reduction of serum cholesterol levels alters lesional composition of atherosclerotic plaques. Effect of pravastatin sodium on atherosclerosis in mature WHHL rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995, 15: 1938-1944. 10.1161/01.ATV.15.11.1938.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zhou G, Ge S, Liu D, Xu G, Zhang R, Yin Q, Zhu W, Chen J, Liu X: Atorvastatin reduces plaque vulnerability in an atherosclerotic rabbit model by altering the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Cardiology. 2010, 115: 221-228. 10.1159/000296017.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Jang IK, Tearney GJ, MacNeill B, Takano M, Moselewski F, Iftima N, Shishkov M, Houser S, Aretz HT, Halpern EF, Bouma BE: In vivo characterization of coronary atherosclerotic plaque by use of optical coherence tomography. Circulation. 2005, 111: 1551-1555. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000159354.43778.69.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Burke AP, Farb A, Malcom GT, Liang YH, Smialek J, Virmani R: Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddenly. N Engl J Med. 1997, 336: 1276-1282. 10.1056/NEJM199705013361802.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Motoyama S, Kondo T, Sarai M, Sugiura A, Harigaya H, Sato T, Inoue K, Okumura M, Ishii J, Anno H, Virmani R, Ozaki Y, Hishida H, Narula J: Multislice computed tomographic characteristics of coronary lesions in acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007, 50: 319-326. 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.044.CrossRefPubMed
43.
van Lammeren GW, Reichmann BL, Moll FL, Bots ML, de Kleijn DP, de Vries JP, Pasterkamp G, de Borst GJ: Atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability as an explanation for the increased risk of stroke in elderly undergoing carotid artery stenting. Stroke. 2011, 42: 2550-2555. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.607382.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Falk E, Shah PK, Fuster V: Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation. 1995, 92: 657-671. 10.1161/01.CIR.92.3.657.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Virmani R, Burke AP, Farb A, Kolodgie FD: Pathology of the vulnerable plaque. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 47 (8 Suppl): C13-C18.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Hattori K, Ozaki Y, Ismail TF, Okumura M, Naruse H, Kan S, Ishikawa M, Kawai T, Ohta M, Kawai H, Hashimoto T, Takagi Y, Ishii J, Serruys PW, Narula J: Impact of statin therapy on plaque characteristics as assessed by serial OCT, grayscale and integrated backscatter-IVUS. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012, 5: 169-177. 10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.11.012.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Fabbri G, Maggioni AP: Cardiovascular risk reduction: what do recent trials with rosuvastatin tell us?. Adv Ther. 2009, 26: 469-487. 10.1007/s12325-009-0025-6.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Kjekshus J, Pedersen TR: Reducing the risk of coronary events: evidence from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Am J Cardiol. 1995, 76: 64C-68C. 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80473-1.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Pedersen TR, Olsson AG, Faergeman O, Kjekshus J, Wedel H, Berg K, Wilhelmsen L, Haghfelt T, Thorgeirsson G, Pyorala K, Miettinen T, Christophersen B, Tobert JA, Musliner TA, Cook TJ: Lipoprotein changes and reduction in the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Circulation. 1998, 97: 1453-1460. 10.1161/01.CIR.97.15.1453.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Brewer HB, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, Pasternak RC, Smith SC, Stone NJ: Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004, 110: 227-239. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000133317.49796.0E.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Tikkanen MJ, Szarek M, Fayyad R, Holme I, Cater NB, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ, Olsson AG, Larsen ML, Lindahl C, Pedersen TR: Total cardiovascular disease burden: comparing intensive with moderate statin therapy insights from the IDEAL (Incremental Decrease in End Points Through Aggressive Lipid Lowering) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009, 54: 2353-2357. 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.08.035.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Cannon CP, Steinberg BA, Murphy SA, Mega JL, Braunwald E: Meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcomes trials comparing intensive versus moderate statin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 48: 438-445. 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.04.070.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Crowe T, Sasiela WJ, Tsai J, Orazem J, Magorien RD, O'Shaughnessy C, Ganz P: Statin therapy, LDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005, 352: 29-38. 10.1056/NEJMoa042000.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Wenger NK, Lewis SJ, Herrington DM, Bittner V, Welty FK: Outcomes of using high- or low-dose atorvastatin in patients 65 years of age or older with stable coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. 2007, 147: 1-9.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Pucci A, Sheiban I, Formato L, Celeste A, Brscic E, Moretti C, De Bernardi A, Alberti A, Bergamasco L, Trevi G, Fuster V: In vivo coronary plaque histology in patients with stable and acute coronary syndromes: relationships with hyperlipidemic status and statin treatment. Atherosclerosis. 2007, 194: 189-195. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.07.026.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Tokgozoglu L: Dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and vulnerable plaques: the effect of atorvastatin on atherosclerosis and plaque structure. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2009, 37: 11-16.PubMed
57.
Imanishi T, Ikejima H, Tsujioka H, Kuroi A, Ishibashi K, Komukai K, Tanimoto T, Ino Y, Takeshita T, Akasaka T: Association of monocyte subset counts with coronary fibrous cap thickness in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Atherosclerosis. 2010, 212: 628-635. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.06.025.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Kubo T, Akasaka T: Recent advances in intracoronary imaging techniques: focus on optical coherence tomography. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2008, 5: 691-697. 10.1586/17434440.5.6.691.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Sharif F, Murphy RT: Current status of vulnerable plaque detection. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2010, 75: 135-144.CrossRefPubMed
60.
61.
Davidson MH: Clinical significance of statin pleiotropic effects: hypotheses versus evidence. Circulation. 2005, 111: 2280-2281. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000167560.93138.E7.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Wang CY, Liu PY, Liao JK: Pleiotropic effects of statin therapy: molecular mechanisms and clinical results. Trends Mol Med. 2008, 14: 37-44. 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.11.004.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
63.
64.
Koutouzis M, Nomikos A, Nikolidakis S, Tzavara V, Andrikopoulos V, Nikolaou N, Barbatis C, Kyriakides Z: Statin treated patients have reduced intraplaque angiogenesis in carotid endarterectomy specimens. Atherosclerosis. 2007, 192: 457-463. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.01.035.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Arnaud C, Mach F: Pleiotropic effects of statins in atherosclerosis: role on endothelial function, inflammation and immunomodulation. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 2005, 98: 661-666.PubMed
66.
Vincent L, Chen W, Hong L, Mirshahi F, Mishal Z, Mirshahi-Khorassani T, Vannier JP, Soria J, Soria C: Inhibition of endothelial cell migration by cerivastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor: contribution to its anti-angiogenic effect. FEBS Lett. 2001, 495: 159-166. 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02337-7.CrossRefPubMed
67.
68.
Fujita M, Yamazaki T, Hayashi D, Kohro T, Okada Y, Nagai R: Pleiotropic effects of statins on cardiovascular events in the Japanese Coronary Artery Disease study. Int J Cardiol. 2008, 129: 294-296. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.06.054.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Boodhwani M: High-dose atorvastatin improves hypercholesterolemic coronary endothelial dysfunction without improving the angiogenic response. Circulation. 2006, 114: I402-I408.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Mays ME, Dujovne CA: Pleiotropic effects: should statins be considered an essential component in the treatment of dyslipidemia?. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2008, 10: 45-52. 10.1007/s11883-008-0008-0.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, Ganz P, Oliver MF, Waters D, Zeiher A, Chaitman BR, Leslie S, Stern T: Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001, 285: 1711-1718. 10.1001/jama.285.13.1711.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Wiviott SD, de Lemos JA, Cannon CP, Blazing M, Murphy SA, McCabe CH, Califf R, Braunwald E: A tale of two trials: a comparison of the post-acute coronary syndrome lipid-lowering trials A to Z and PROVE IT-TIMI 22. Circulation. 2006, 113: 1406-1414. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.586347.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Ray KK, Cannon CP: Early time to benefit with intensive statin treatment: could it be the pleiotropic effects?. Am J Cardiol. 2005, 96: 54F-60F. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.06.027.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Effect of statin therapy on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis
Authors
Jinwei Tian
Xia Gu
Yanli Sun
Xiang Ban
Yun Xiao
Sining Hu
Bo Yu
Publication date
01-12-2012
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders / Issue 1/2012
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2261
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-12-70

Other articles of this Issue 1/2012

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 1/2012 Go to the issue

Research article

In vitro and clinical studies examining the expression of osteopontin in cigarette smoke-exposed endothelial cells and cigarette smokers

Case report

Cardiac tamponade related to a coronary injury by a pericardial calcification: an unusual complication

Research article

Downregulation of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in two-kidney one-clip hypertensive rats

Research article

Effects of betel nut on cardiovascular risk factors in a rat model

Research article

The effect of a comprehensive lifestyle intervention on cardiovascular risk factors in pharmacologically treated patients with stable cardiovascular disease compared to usual care: a randomised controlled trial

Research article

The burden of antenatal heart disease in South Africa: a systematic review

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits