Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Drugs & Aging
Published in: Drugs & Aging 7/2019

01-07-2019 | Crohn's Disease | Review Article

A Comprehensive Review of the Diagnosis and Pharmacological Management of Crohn’s Disease in the Elderly Population

Authors: David Kim, Sasha Taleban

Published in: Drugs & Aging | Issue 7/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

Crohn’s disease (CD) in the elderly is rising in prevalence, which is related to an increase in its incidence and improving life expectancies. There are differences in the presentation, natural history, and treatment of CD between adult-onset patients who progress to older age and patients who are initially diagnosed at an older age. Presentation at an older age may also delay or make diagnosis challenging due to accumulating co-morbidities that mimic inflammatory bowel disease. Differences exist between adult- and older-onset disease, yet many guidelines do not specifically distinguish the management of these two distinct populations. Identifying patients at high risk for progression or aggressive disease is particularly important as elderly patients may respond differently to medical and surgical treatment, and may be at higher risk for adverse effects. Despite newer agents being approved for CD, the data regarding efficacy and safety in the elderly are currently limited. Balancing symptom management with risks of medical and surgical therapy is an ongoing challenge and requires special consideration in these two distinct populations.
Literature
1.
2.
Jeuring SF, van den Heuvel TR, Zeegers MP, Hameeteman WH, Romberg-Camps MJ, Oostenbrug LE, et al. Epidemiology and long-term outcome of inflammatory bowel disease diagnosed at elderly age-an increasing distinct entity? Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22:1425–34.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Kelsen J, Baldassano RN. Inflammatory bowel disease: the difference between children and adults. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(Suppl 2):S9–11.PubMed
4.
Loftus EV Jr, Silverstein MD, Sandborn WJ, Tremaine WJ, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR. Crohn’s disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1940–1993: incidence, prevalence, and survival. Gastroenterology. 1998;114:1161–8.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, Ghali WA, Ferris M, Chernoff G, et al. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2012;142:46–54.e42 (quiz e30).CrossRefPubMed
6.
Shivashankar R, Tremaine WJ, Harmsen WS, Loftus EV Jr. Incidence and prevalence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota from 1970 through 2010. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(6):857–863.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Benchimol EI, Manuel DG, Guttmann A, Nguyen GC, Mojaverian N, Quach P, et al. Changing age demographics of inflammatory bowel disease in Ontario, Canada: a population-based cohort study of epidemiology trends. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20:1761–9.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Duricova D, Pedersen N, Elkjaer M, Gamborg M, Munkholm P, Jess T. Overall and cause-specific mortality in Crohn’s disease: a meta-analysis of population-based studies. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010;16:347–53.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Charpentier C, Salleron J, Savoye G, Fumery M, Merle V, Laberenne JE, et al. Natural history of elderly-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. Gut. 2014;63:423–32.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Min H, Montecino-Rodriguez E, Dorshkind K. Reduction in the developmental potential of intrathymic T cell progenitors with age. J Immunol. 2004;173:245–50.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Min H, Montecino-Rodriguez E, Dorshkind K. Effects of aging on early B- and T-cell development. Immunol Rev. 2005;205:7–17.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Schiffrin EJ, Morley JE, Donnet-Hughes A, Guigoz Y. The inflammatory status of the elderly: the intestinal contribution. Mutat Res. 2010;690:50–6.CrossRefPubMed
13.
14.
Tiihonen K, Ouwehand AC, Rautonen N. Human intestinal microbiota and healthy ageing. Ageing Res Rev. 2010;9:107–16.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Pilotto A, Franceschi M, Leandro G, Di Mario F. NSAID and aspirin use by the elderly in general practice: effect on gastrointestinal symptoms and therapies. Drugs Aging. 2003;20:701–10.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Felder JB, Korelitz BI, Rajapakse R, Schwarz S, Horatagis AP, Gleim G. Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:1949–54.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Ananthakrishnan AN, Higuchi LM, Huang ES, Khalili H, Richter JM, Fuchs CS, et al. Aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and risk for Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:350–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
18.
Omari AH, Khammash MR, Qasaimeh GR, Shammari AK, Yaseen MK, Hammori SK. Acute appendicitis in the elderly: risk factors for perforation. World J Emerg Surg. 2014;9:6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Kaplan GG, Jackson T, Sands BE, Frisch M, Andersson RE, Korzenik J. The risk of developing Crohn’s disease after an appendectomy: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:2925–31.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Clough J, Mendall M, Braim D, Hong A. PWE-015 inflammatory bowel disease in the elderly: characteristics and risk factors for disease. Gut. 2016;65:A144–5.CrossRef
21.
Pang S, Subramaniam M, Abdin E, Lee SP, Chua BY, Shafie SB, et al. Prevalence and predictors of tobacco use in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31:716–22.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Lugo A, La Vecchia C, Boccia S, Murisic B, Gallus S. Patterns of smoking prevalence among the elderly in Europe. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013;10:4418–31.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
23.
Jamal A, Phillips E, Gentzke AS, Homa DM, Babb SD, King BA, et al. Current cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67:53–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Han DY, Fraser AG, Dryland P, Ferguson LR. Environmental factors in the development of chronic inflammation: a case-control study on risk factors for Crohn’s disease within New Zealand. Mutat Res. 2010;690:116–22.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Corrao G, Tragnone A, Caprilli R, Trallori G, Papi C, Andreoli A, et al. Risk of inflammatory bowel disease attributable to smoking, oral contraception and breastfeeding in Italy: a nationwide case-control study. Cooperative Investigators of the Italian Group for the Study of the Colon and the Rectum (GISC). Int J Epidemiol. 1998;27:397–404.CrossRefPubMed
26.
27.
Hou JK, Feagins LA, Waljee AK. Characteristics and behavior of elderly-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a multi-center US study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22:2200–5.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Manosa M, Calafat M, de Francisco R, Garcia C, Casanova MJ, Huelin P, et al. Phenotype and natural history of elderly onset inflammatory bowel disease: a multicentre, case-control study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;47:605–14.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Sturm A, Maaser C, Mendall M, Karagiannis D, Karatzas P, Ipenburg N, et al. European Crohn’s and colitis organisation topical review on IBD in the elderly. J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11:263–73.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Everhov AH, Halfvarson J, Myrelid P, Sachs MC, Nordenvall C, Soderling J, et al. Incidence and treatment of patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel diseases at 60 years or older in Sweden. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(518–528):e515.
31.
Mayberry JF, Ballantyne KC, Hardcastle JD, Mangham C, Pye G. Epidemiological study of asymptomatic inflammatory bowel disease: the identification of cases during a screening programme for colorectal cancer. Gut. 1989;30:481–3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
32.
Sakata T, Niwa Y, Goto H, Hirooka Y, Hayakawa T, Ohmiya N, et al. Asymptomatic inflammatory bowel disease with special reference to ulcerative colitis in apparently healthy persons. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:735–9.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Rodriguez-Lago I, Merino O, Azagra I, Maiz A, Zapata E, Higuera R, et al. Characteristics and progression of preclinical inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16:1459–66.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Butcher RO, Mehta SJ, Ahmad OF, Boyd CA, Anand RL, Stein J, et al. Mo1302 incidental diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in a British bowel cancer screening cohort: a multi-centre study. Gastroenterology. 2013;144:S-630–1.CrossRef
35.
Ananthakrishnan AN, Shi HY, Tang W, Law CC, Sung JJ, Chan FK, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: phenotype and clinical outcomes of older-onset inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2016;10:1224–36.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Lakatos PL, David G, Pandur T, Erdelyi Z, Mester G, Balogh M, et al. IBD in the elderly population: results from a population-based study in Western Hungary, 1977-2008. J Crohns Colitis. 2011;5:5–13.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Duricova D, Sarter H, Savoye G, Leroyer A, Pariente B, Armengol-Debeir L, EPIMAD Group, et al. Impact of extra-intestinal manifestations at diagnosis on disease outcome in pediatric- and elderly-onset Crohn’s disease: a French population-based study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019;25:394–402.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Fumery M, Pariente B, Sarter H, Charpentier C, Armengol Debeir L, Dupas JL, et al. Natural history of Crohn’s disease in elderly patients diagnosed over the age of 70 years: a population-based study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22:1698–707.CrossRefPubMed
39.
40.
Nguyen GC, Bernstein CN, Benchimol EI. Risk of surgery and mortality in elderly-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2017;23:218–23.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Duncan GW, Tan MP, Newton JL, Reeve P, Parry SW. Vasovagal syncope in the older person: differences in presentation between older and younger patients. Age Ageing. 2010;39:465–70.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Wagtmans MJ, Verspaget HW, Lamers CB, van Hogezand RA. Crohn’s disease in the elderly: a comparison with young adults. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1998;27:129–33.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Harper PC, McAuliffe TL, Beeken WL. Crohn’s disease in the elderly. A statistical comparison with younger patients matched for sex and duration of disease. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146:753–5.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Yoon SY, Jung SA, Na SK, Ryu JI, Yun HW, Lee MJ, et al. What’s the clinical features of colitis in elderly people in long-term care facilities? Intest Res. 2015;13:128–34.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
46.
Cudnik MT, Darbha S, Jones J, Macedo J, Stockton SW, Hiestand BC. The diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2013;20:1087–100.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Hansen KJ, Wilson DB, Craven TE, Pearce JD, English WP, Edwards MS, et al. Mesenteric artery disease in the elderly. J Vasc Surg. 2004;40:45–52.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Wilson DB, Mostafavi K, Craven TE, Ayerdi J, Edwards MS, Hansen KJ. Clinical course of mesenteric artery stenosis in elderly americans. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:2095–100.CrossRefPubMed
49.
van den Heijkant TC, Aerts BA, Teijink JA, Buurman WA, Luyer MD. Challenges in diagnosing mesenteric ischemia. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:1338–41.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
50.
Brandt L, Boley S, Goldberg L, Mitsudo S, Berman A. Colitis in the elderly. A reappraisal. Am J Gastroenterol. 1981;76:239–45.PubMed
51.
Mosele M, Cardin F, Inelmen EM, Coin A, Perissinotto E, Sergi G, et al. Ischemic colitis in the elderly: predictors of the disease and prognostic factors to negative outcome. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2010;45:428–33.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Peery AF, Barrett PR, Park D, Rogers AJ, Galanko JA, Martin CF, et al. A high-fiber diet does not protect against asymptomatic diverticulosis. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(266–272):e261.
53.
Etzioni DA, Mack TM, Beart RW Jr, Kaiser AM. Diverticulitis in the United States: 1998–2005: changing patterns of disease and treatment. Ann Surg. 2009;249:210–7.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Hadithi M, Cazemier M, Meijer GA, Bloemena E, Felt-Bersma RJ, Mulder CJ, et al. Retrospective analysis of old-age colitis in the Dutch inflammatory bowel disease population. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:3183–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
55.
Bokhari M, Vernava AM, Ure T, Longo WE. Diverticular hemorrhage in the elderly—is it well tolerated? Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:191–5.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Olesen M, Eriksson S, Bohr J, Jarnerot G, Tysk C. Microscopic colitis: a common diarrhoeal disease. An epidemiological study in Orebro, Sweden, 1993–1998. Gut. 2004;53:346–50.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
57.
58.
Matteoni CA, Goldblum JR, Wang N, Brzezinski A, Achkar E, Soffer EE. Celiac disease is highly prevalent in lymphocytic colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;32:225–7.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Fernandez-Banares F, Esteve M, Espinos JC, Rosinach M, Forne M, Salas A, et al. Drug consumption and the risk of microscopic colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:324–30.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Fernandez-Banares F, Salas A, Esteve M, Espinos J, Forne M, Viver JM. Collagenous and lymphocytic colitis: evaluation of clinical and histological features, response to treatment, and long-term follow-up. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:340–7.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Chan JL, Tersmette AC, Offerhaus GJ, Gruber SB, Bayless TM, Giardiello FM. Cancer risk in collagenous colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 1999;5:40–3.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Grinvalsky HT, Bowerman CI. Stercoraceous ulcers of the colon: relatively neglected medical and surgical problem. J Am Med Assoc. 1959;171:1941–6.CrossRefPubMed
63.
64.
Edden Y, Shih SS, Wexner SD. Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome and stercoral ulcers. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2009;38:541–5.CrossRef
65.
66.
67.
68.
Soysal P, Stubbs B, Lucato P, Luchini C, Solmi M, Peluso R, et al. Inflammation and frailty in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2016;31:1–8.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Lahousse L, Ziere G, Verlinden VJ, Zillikens MC, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, et al. Risk of frailty in elderly with COPD: a population-based study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71:689–95.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Lasithiotakis K, Petrakis J, Venianaki M, Georgiades G, Koutsomanolis D, Andreou A, et al. Frailty predicts outcome of elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in geriatric patients. Surg Endosc. 2013;27:1144–50.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Mosquera C, Spaniolas K, Fitzgerald TL. Impact of frailty on surgical outcomes: the right patient for the right procedure. Surgery. 2016;160:272–80.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Murali-Krishnan R, Iqbal J, Rowe R, Hatem E, Parviz Y, Richardson J, et al. Impact of frailty on outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: a prospective cohort study. Open Heart. 2015;2:e000294.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
73.
Pedersen M, Cromwell J, Nau P. Sarcopenia is a predictor of surgical morbidity in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2017;23:1867–72.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Bryant RV, Ooi S, Schultz CG, Goess C, Grafton R, Hughes J, et al. Low muscle mass and sarcopenia: common and predictive of osteopenia in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;41:895–906.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Bamba S, Sasaki M, Takaoka A, Takahashi K, Imaeda H, Nishida A, et al. Sarcopenia is a predictive factor for intestinal resection in admitted patients with Crohn’s disease. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0180036.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
76.
Shaughness G, Howard R, Englesbe M. Patient-centered surgical prehabilitation. Am J Surg. 2018;216:636–8.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Lim WC, Wang Y, MacDonald JK, Hanauer S. Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;7:Cd008870.PubMed
78.
Bonovas S, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Danese S. Is mesalamine effective for the induction of remission in Crohn’s disease? Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2017;23:E22–e23.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Ford AC, Kane SV, Khan KJ, Achkar JP, Talley NJ, Marshall JK, et al. Efficacy of 5-aminosalicylates in Crohn’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:617–29.CrossRefPubMed
80.
Lichtenstein GR, Loftus EV, Isaacs KL, Regueiro MD, Gerson LB, Sands BE. ACG clinical guideline: management of Crohn’s disease in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113:481–517.CrossRefPubMed
81.
Lichtenstein GR, Feagan BG, Cohen RD, Salzberg BA, Diamond RH, Langholff W, et al. Drug therapies and the risk of malignancy in Crohn’s disease: results from the TREAT Registry. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:212–23.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Stepaniuk P, Bernstein CN, Targownik LE, Singh H. Characterization of inflammatory bowel disease in elderly patients: a review of epidemiology, current practices and outcomes of current management strategies. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;29:327–33.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
83.
Limdi JK. Aminosalicylates and elderly-onset colonic Crohn’s disease-more than meets the eye? [letter]. J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11:1022.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Jay M, Digenis GA, Foster TS, Antonow DR. Retrograde spreading of hydrocortisone enema in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1986;31:139–44.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Taleban S, Colombel JF, Mohler MJ, Fain MJ. Inflammatory bowel disease and the elderly: a review. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9:507–15.CrossRefPubMed
86.
Schroeder KW. Is mesalamine safe? Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2007;3:878–9.
87.
de Jong DJ, Tielen J, Habraken CM, Wetzels JF, Naber AH. 5-Aminosalicylates and effects on renal function in patients with Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;11:972–6.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Dignass A, Van Assche G, Lindsay JO, Lemann M, Soderholm J, Colombel JF, et al. The second European evidence-based Consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn’s disease: current management. J Crohns Colitis. 2010;4:28–62.CrossRefPubMed
89.
Stein RB, Hanauer SB. Comparative tolerability of treatments for inflammatory bowel disease. Drug Saf. 2000;23:429–48.CrossRefPubMed
90.
Wells PS, Holbrook AM, Crowther NR, Hirsh J. Interactions of warfarin with drugs and food. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:676–83.CrossRefPubMed
91.
de Boer NK, Wong DR, Jharap B, de Graaf P, Hooymans PM, Mulder CJ, et al. Dose-dependent influence of 5-aminosalicylates on thiopurine metabolism. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:2747–53.CrossRefPubMed
92.
Benchimol EI, Seow CH, Steinhart AH, Griffiths AM. Traditional corticosteroids for induction of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008:Cd006792.
93.
Brassard P, Bitton A, Suissa A, Sinyavskaya L, Patenaude V, Suissa S. Oral corticosteroids and the risk of serious infections in patients with elderly-onset inflammatory bowel diseases. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:1795–802 (quiz 1803).CrossRefPubMed
94.
Tilg H, Moschen AR, Kaser A, Pines A, Dotan I. Gut, inflammation and osteoporosis: basic and clinical concepts. Gut. 2008;57:684–94.CrossRefPubMed
95.
Tremaine WJ, Hanauer SB, Katz S, Winston BD, Levine JG, Persson T, et al. Budesonide CIR capsules (once or twice daily divided-dose) in active Crohn’s disease: a randomized placebo-controlled study in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1748–54.CrossRefPubMed
96.
Johnson SL, Bartels CM, Palta M, Thorpe CT, Weiss JM, Smith MA. Biological and steroid use in relationship to quality measures in older patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a US Medicare cohort study. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e008597.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
97.
Akerkar GA, Peppercorn MA, Hamel MB, Parker RA. Corticosteroid-associated complications in elderly Crohn’s disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:461–4.PubMed
98.
Cerullo MA. Expect psychiatric side effects from corticosteroid use in the elderly. Geriatrics. 2008;63:15–8.PubMed
99.
Rushworth RL, Torpy DJ. A descriptive study of adrenal crises in adults with adrenal insufficiency: increased risk with age and in those with bacterial infections. BMC Endocr Disord. 2014;14:79.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
100.
Juneja M, Baidoo L, Schwartz MB, Barrie A 3rd, Regueiro M, Dunn M, et al. Geriatric inflammatory bowel disease: phenotypic presentation, treatment patterns, nutritional status, outcomes, and comorbidity. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57:2408–15.CrossRefPubMed
101.
Greenwald DA, Brandt LJ. Inflammatory bowel disease after age 60. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2003;6:213–25.CrossRefPubMed
102.
Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Reinisch W, Mantzaris GJ, Kornbluth A, Rachmilewitz D, et al. Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1383–95.CrossRefPubMed
103.
Lennard L, Van Loon JA, Weinshilboum RM. Pharmacogenetics of acute azathioprine toxicity: relationship to thiopurine methyltransferase genetic polymorphism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1989;46:149–54.CrossRefPubMed
104.
Ansari A, Patel N, Sanderson J, O’Donohue J, Duley JA, Florin TH. Low-dose azathioprine or mercaptopurine in combination with allopurinol can bypass many adverse drug reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;31:640–7.CrossRefPubMed
105.
Govani SM, Higgins PD. Combination of thiopurines and allopurinol: adverse events and clinical benefit in IBD. J Crohns Colitis. 2010;4:444–9.CrossRefPubMed
106.
Cheddani H, Dauchet L, Fumery M, Charpentier C, Marie Bouvier A, Dupas JL, et al. Cancer in elderly onset inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:1428–36.CrossRefPubMed
107.
Beaugerie L, Brousse N, Bouvier AM, Colombel JF, Lemann M, Cosnes J, et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet. 2009;374:1617–25.CrossRefPubMed
108.
Kandiel A, Fraser AG, Korelitz BI, Brensinger C, Lewis JD. Increased risk of lymphoma among inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Gut. 2005;54:1121–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
109.
Kotlyar DS, Lewis JD, Beaugerie L, Tierney A, Brensinger CM, Gisbert JP, et al. Risk of lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:847–858.e844 (quiz e848–e850).CrossRefPubMed
110.
Siegel CA, Marden SM, Persing SM, Larson RJ, Sands BE. Risk of lymphoma associated with combination anti-tumor necrosis factor and immunomodulator therapy for the treatment of Crohn’s disease: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:874–81.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
111.
Rogers HW, Weinstock MA, Feldman SR, Coldiron BM. Incidence estimate of nonmelanoma skin cancer (keratinocyte carcinomas) in the U.S. population, 2012. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151:1081–6.CrossRefPubMed
112.
Singh H, Nugent Z, Demers AA, Bernstein CN. Increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancers among individuals with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2011;141:1612–20.CrossRefPubMed
113.
114.
Moloney FJ, Comber H, O’Lorcain P, O’Kelly P, Conlon PJ, Murphy GM. A population-based study of skin cancer incidence and prevalence in renal transplant recipients. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154:498–504.CrossRefPubMed
115.
Long MD, Herfarth HH, Pipkin CA, Porter CQ, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD. Increased risk for non-melanoma skin cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8:268–74.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
116.
Abbas AM, Almukhtar RM, Loftus EV Jr, Lichtenstein GR, Khan N. Risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer in ulcerative colitis patients treated with thiopurines: a nationwide retrospective cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:1781–93.CrossRefPubMed
117.
Pasternak B, Svanstrom H, Schmiegelow K, Jess T, Hviid A. Use of azathioprine and the risk of cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177:1296–305.CrossRefPubMed
118.
Bourrier A, Carrat F, Colombel JF, Bouvier AM, Abitbol V, Marteau P, et al. Excess risk of urinary tract cancers in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective observational cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43:252–61.CrossRefPubMed
119.
Patel V, Wang Y, MacDonald JK, McDonald JW, Chande N. Methotrexate for maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014:Cd006884.
120.
Wolfe F, Michaud K. Lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of methotrexate and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in 18,572 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:1740–51.CrossRefPubMed
121.
Mariette X, Matucci-Cerinic M, Pavelka K, Taylor P, van Vollenhoven R, Heatley R, et al. Malignancies associated with tumour necrosis factor inhibitors in registries and prospective observational studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:1895–904.CrossRefPubMed
122.
Saibeni S, Bollani S, Losco A, Michielan A, Sostegni R, Devani M, et al. The use of methotrexate for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in clinical practice. Dig Liver Dis. 2012;44:123–7.CrossRefPubMed
123.
Seinen ML, Ponsioen CY, de Boer NK, Oldenburg B, Bouma G, Mulder CJ, et al. Sustained clinical benefit and tolerability of methotrexate monotherapy after thiopurine therapy in patients with Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:667–72.CrossRefPubMed
124.
Toruner M, Loftus EV Jr, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Orenstein R, Sandborn WJ, et al. Risk factors for opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:929–36.CrossRefPubMed
125.
Desai A, Zator ZA, de Silva P, Nguyen DD, Korzenik J, Yajnik V, et al. Older age is associated with higher rate of discontinuation of anti-TNF therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19:309–15.CrossRefPubMed
126.
Lobaton T, Ferrante M, Rutgeerts P, Ballet V, Van Assche G, Vermeire S. Efficacy and safety of anti-TNF therapy in elderly patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42:441–51.CrossRefPubMed
127.
Cottone M, Kohn A, Daperno M, Armuzzi A, Guidi L, D’Inca R, et al. Advanced age is an independent risk factor for severe infections and mortality in patients given anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9:30–5.CrossRefPubMed
128.
129.
Fidder H, Schnitzler F, Ferrante M, Noman M, Katsanos K, Segaert S, et al. Long-term safety of infliximab for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a single-centre cohort study. Gut. 2009;58:501–8.CrossRefPubMed
130.
Lichtenstein GR, Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ. Management of Crohn’s disease in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:465–83 (quiz 464, 484).CrossRefPubMed
131.
Kwon HJ, Cote TR, Cuffe MS, Kramer JM, Braun MM. Case reports of heart failure after therapy with a tumor necrosis factor antagonist. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:807–11.CrossRefPubMed
132.
Chung ES, Packer M, Lo KH, Fasanmade AA, Willerson JT. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure (ATTACH) trial. Circulation. 2003;107:3133–40.CrossRefPubMed
133.
Mann DL, McMurray JJ, Packer M, Swedberg K, Borer JS, Colucci WS, et al. Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure: results of the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL). Circulation. 2004;109:1594–602.CrossRefPubMed
134.
Sinagra E, Perricone G, Romano C, Cottone M. Heart failure and anti tumor necrosis factor-alpha in systemic chronic inflammatory diseases. Eur J Intern Med. 2013;24:385–92.CrossRefPubMed
135.
Subramaniam K, D’Rozario J, Pavli P. Lymphoma and other lymphoproliferative disorders in inflammatory bowel disease: a review. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28:24–30.CrossRefPubMed
136.
Williams CJ, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Ford AC. Systematic review with meta-analysis: malignancies with anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;39:447–58.CrossRefPubMed
137.
Kopylov U, Vutcovici M, Kezouh A, Seidman E, Bitton A, Afif W. Risk of lymphoma, colorectal and skin cancer in patients with IBD treated with immunomodulators and biologics: a Quebec claims database study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21:1847–53.CrossRefPubMed
138.
Long MD, Martin CF, Pipkin CA, Herfarth HH, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD. Risk of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2012;143(390–399):e391.
139.
Singh S, Nagpal SJ, Murad MH, Yadav S, Kane SV, Pardi DS, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with an increased risk of melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:210–8.CrossRefPubMed
140.
Rogiers A, van den Oord JJ, Garmyn M, Stas M, Kenis C, Wildiers H, et al. Novel therapies for metastatic melanoma: an update on their use in older patients. Drugs Aging. 2015;32:821–34.CrossRefPubMed
141.
Whiteman DC, Green AC, Olsen CM. The growing burden of invasive melanoma: projections of incidence rates and numbers of new cases in six susceptible populations through 2031. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136:1161–71.CrossRefPubMed
142.
Yajnik V, Khan N, Dubinsky M, Axler J, James A, Abhyankar B, et al. Efficacy and safety of vedolizumab in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease patients stratified by age. Adv Ther. 2017;34:542–59.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
143.
Navaneethan U, Edminister T, Zhu X, Kommaraju K, Glover S. Vedolizumab is safe and effective in elderly patients with inflammatory bowel disease [letter]. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2017;23:E17.CrossRefPubMed
144.
Adar T, Faleck D, Sasidharan S, Cushing K, Borren NZ, Nalagatla N, et al. Comparative safety and effectiveness of tumor necrosis factor α antagonists and vedolizumab in elderly IBD patients: a multicentre study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;49(7):873–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
145.
Card T, Xu J, Liang H, Bhayat F. What is the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease treated with vedolizumab? Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24:953–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
146.
Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, Gasink C, Jacobstein D, Lang Y, Friedman JR, et al. Ustekinumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1946–60.CrossRefPubMed
147.
Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Gasink C, Jacobstein D, Zou B, Johanns J, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of ustekinumab for Crohn’s disease through the second year of therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;48:65–77.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
148.
Kalb RE, Fiorentino DF, Lebwohl MG, Toole J, Poulin Y, Cohen AD, et al. Risk of serious infection with biologic and systemic treatment of psoriasis: results from the Psoriasis Longitudinal Assessment and Registry (PSOLAR). JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151:961–9.CrossRefPubMed
149.
Hayashi M, Umezawa Y, Fukuchi O, Ito T, Saeki H, Nakagawa H. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab treatment in elderly patients with psoriasis. J Dermatol. 2014;41:974–80.CrossRefPubMed
150.
Heresbach D, Alexandre JL, Bretagne JF, Cruchant E, Dabadie A, Dartois-Hoguin M, et al. Crohn’s disease in the over-60 age group: a population based study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;16:657–64.CrossRefPubMed
151.
Khan KJ, Ullman TA, Ford AC, Abreu MT, Abadir A, Marshall JK, et al. Antibiotic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:661–73.CrossRefPubMed
152.
Dejaco C, Harrer M, Waldhoer T, Miehsler W, Vogelsang H, Reinisch W. Antibiotics and azathioprine for the treatment of perianal fistulas in Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18:1113–20.CrossRefPubMed
153.
Kim GK. The risk of fluoroquinolone-induced tendinopathy and tendon rupture: what does the clinician need to know? J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2010;3:49–54.PubMedPubMedCentral
154.
Corrao G, Zambon A, Bertu L, Mauri A, Paleari V, Rossi C, et al. Evidence of tendinitis provoked by fluoroquinolone treatment: a case-control study. Drug Saf. 2006;29:889–96.CrossRefPubMed
155.
Pepin J, Saheb N, Coulombe MA, Alary ME, Corriveau MP, Authier S, et al. Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1254–60.CrossRefPubMed
156.
Briasoulis A, Agarwal V, Pierce WJ. QT prolongation and torsade de pointes induced by fluoroquinolones: infrequent side effects from commonly used medications. Cardiology. 2011;120:103–10.CrossRefPubMed
157.
158.
Lopez J, Konijeti GG, Nguyen DD, Sauk J, Yajnik V, Ananthakrishnan AN. Natural history of Crohn’s disease following total colectomy and end ileostomy. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20:1236–41.CrossRefPubMed
159.
Rutgeerts P, Geboes K, Vantrappen G, Beyls J, Kerremans R, Hiele M. Predictability of the postoperative course of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 1990;99:956–63.CrossRefPubMed
160.
Makary MA, Segev DL, Pronovost PJ, Syin D, Bandeen-Roche K, Patel P, et al. Frailty as a predictor of surgical outcomes in older patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210:901–8.CrossRefPubMed
161.
Bollegala N, Jackson TD, Nguyen GC. Increased postoperative mortality and complications among elderly patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: an analysis of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Cohort. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:1274–81.CrossRefPubMed
162.
Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL, Binion DG. Inflammatory bowel disease in the elderly is associated with worse outcomes: a national study of hospitalizations. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15:182–9.CrossRefPubMed
163.
Shung DL, Abraham B, Sellin J, Hou JK. Medical and surgical complications of inflammatory bowel disease in the elderly: a systematic review. Dig Dis Sci. 2015;60:1132–40.CrossRefPubMed
164.
Selby L, Kane S, Wilson J, Balla P, Riff B, Bingcang C, et al. Receipt of preventive health services by IBD patients is significantly lower than by primary care patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14:253–8.CrossRefPubMed
165.
Lichtenstein GR, Feagan BG, Cohen RD, Salzberg BA, Diamond RH, Price S, et al. Serious infection and mortality in patients with Crohn’s disease: more than 5 years of follow-up in the TREAT registry. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107:1409–22.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
166.
Rubin LG, Levin MJ, Ljungman P, Davies EG, Avery R, Tomblyn M, et al. 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:309–18.CrossRefPubMed
167.
Farraye FA, Melmed GY, Lichtenstein GR, Kane SV. ACG clinical guideline: preventive care in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112:241–58.CrossRefPubMed
168.
Mir FA, Kane SV. Health maintenance in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2018;20:23.CrossRefPubMed
169.
Cullen G, Baden RP, Cheifetz AS. Varicella zoster virus infection in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18:2392–403.CrossRefPubMed
170.
Khan N, Patel D, Trivedi C, Shah Y, Lichtenstein G, Lewis J, et al. Overall and comparative risk of herpes zoster with pharmacotherapy for inflammatory bowel diseases: a nationwide cohort study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16:1919–1927.e1913.CrossRefPubMed
171.
Chang K, Lee HS, Kim YJ, Kim SO, Kim SH, Lee SH, et al. Increased risk of herpes zoster infection in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in Korea. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(1928–1936):e1922.
172.
Gupta G, Lautenbach E, Lewis JD. Incidence and risk factors for herpes zoster among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:1483–90.CrossRefPubMed
173.
Long MD, Martin C, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD. Increased risk of herpes zoster among 108 604 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37:420–9.CrossRefPubMed
174.
Jiang HY, Wang SY, Deng M, Li YC, Ling ZX, Shao L, et al. Immune response to hepatitis B vaccination among people with inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2017;35:2633–41.CrossRefPubMed
175.
Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL, Binion DG, Saeian K. Fracture-associated hospitalizations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56:176–82.CrossRefPubMed
176.
Unnanuntana A, Gladnick BP, Donnelly E, Lane JM. The assessment of fracture risk. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2010;92:743–53.CrossRef
177.
Loftus EV Jr, Crowson CS, Sandborn WJ, Tremaine WJ, O’Fallon WM, Melton LJ 3rd. Long-term fracture risk in patients with Crohn’s disease: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:468–75.CrossRefPubMed
178.
Bernstein CN, Leslie WD, Leboff MS. AGA technical review on osteoporosis in gastrointestinal diseases. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:795–841.CrossRefPubMed
179.
180.
Ooi CJ, Makharia GK, Hilmi I, Gibson PR, Fock KM, Ahuja V, et al. Asia-Pacific consensus statements on Crohn’s disease. Part 2: management. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;31:56–68.CrossRefPubMed
181.
Van Gossum A, Cabre E, Hebuterne X, Jeppesen P, Krznaric Z, Messing B, et al. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: gastroenterology. Clin Nutr. 2009;28:415–27.CrossRefPubMed
182.
Donnellan CF, Yann LH, Lal S. Nutritional management of Crohn’s disease. Ther Adv Gastroenterol. 2013;6:231–42.CrossRef
183.
Nguyen GC, Sam J. Rising prevalence of venous thromboembolism and its impact on mortality among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:2272–80.CrossRefPubMed
184.
Grainge MJ, West J, Card TR. Venous thromboembolism during active disease and remission in inflammatory bowel disease: a cohort study. Lancet. 2010;375:657–63.CrossRefPubMed
185.
Nguyen GC, Bernstein CN, Bitton A, Chan AK, Griffiths AM, Leontiadis GI, et al. Consensus statements on the risk, prevention, and treatment of venous thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease: Canadian Association of Gastroenterology. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(835–848):e836.
186.
Ananthakrishnan AN, Cagan A, Gainer VS, Cheng SC, Cai T, Scoville E, et al. Thromboprophylaxis is associated with reduced post-hospitalization venous thromboembolic events in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:1905–10.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
187.
Greenstein AJ, Sachar DB, Smith H, Janowitz HD, Aufses AH Jr. A comparison of cancer risk in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Cancer. 1981;48:2742–5.CrossRefPubMed
188.
Weedon DD, Shorter RG, Ilstrup DM, Huizenga KA, Taylor WF. Crohn’s disease and cancer. N Engl J Med. 1973;289:1099–103.CrossRefPubMed
189.
190.
191.
Bernstein CN, Blanchard JF, Kliewer E, Wajda A. Cancer risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Cancer. 2001;91:854–62.CrossRefPubMed
192.
193.
Brackmann S, Andersen SN, Aamodt G, Langmark F, Clausen OP, Aadland E, et al. Relationship between clinical parameters and the colitis-colorectal cancer interval in a cohort of patients with colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2009;44:46–55.CrossRefPubMed
194.
Shi HY, Chan FK, Leung WK, Li MK, Leung CM, Sze SF, et al. Natural history of elderly-onset ulcerative colitis: results from a territory-wide inflammatory bowel disease registry. J Crohns Colitis. 2016;10:176–85.CrossRefPubMed
195.
Warren JL, Klabunde CN, Mariotto AB, Meekins A, Topor M, Brown ML, et al. Adverse events after outpatient colonoscopy in the Medicare population. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(849–857):w152.
196.
Crispin A, Birkner B, Munte A, Nusko G, Mansmann U. Process quality and incidence of acute complications in a series of more than 230,000 outpatient colonoscopies. Endoscopy. 2009;41:1018–25.CrossRefPubMed
197.
Navaneethan U, Parasa S, Venkatesh PG, Trikudanathan G, Shen B. Prevalence and risk factors for colonic perforation during colonoscopy in hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients. J Crohns Colitis. 2011;5:189–95.CrossRefPubMed
198.
Taleban S, Toosizadeh N, Junna S, Golden T, Ghazala S, Wadeea R, et al. Frailty assessment predicts acute outcomes in patients undergoing screening colonoscopy. Dig Dis Sci. 2018;63:3272–80.CrossRefPubMed
199.
Baars JE, Kuipers EJ, van Haastert M, Nicolai JJ, Poen AC, van der Woude CJ. Age at diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease influences early development of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a nationwide, long-term survey. J Gastroenterol. 2012;47:1308–22.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
200.
Farraye FA, Odze RD, Eaden J, Itzkowitz SH. AGA technical review on the diagnosis and management of colorectal neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:746–774.e741–744 (quiz e712–e743).CrossRefPubMed
201.
Itzkowitz SH, Present DH. Consensus conference: colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;11:314–21.CrossRefPubMed
202.
Bergquist A, von Seth E. Epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2015;29:221–32.CrossRefPubMed
203.
Erichsen R, Jepsen P, Vilstrup H, Ekbom A, Sorensen HT. Incidence and prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma in Danish patients with and without inflammatory bowel disease: a national cohort study, 1978–2003. Eur J Epidemiol. 2009;24:513–20.CrossRefPubMed
204.
Khaderi SA, Sussman NL. Screening for malignancy in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2015;17:17.CrossRefPubMed
205.
Claessen MM, Vleggaar FP, Tytgat KM, Siersema PD, van Buuren HR. High lifetime risk of cancer in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol. 2009;50:158–64.CrossRefPubMed
206.
Jess T, Winther KV, Munkholm P, Langholz E, Binder V. Intestinal and extra-intestinal cancer in Crohn’s disease: follow-up of a population-based cohort in Copenhagen County, Denmark. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19:287–93.CrossRefPubMed
207.
von Roon AC, Reese G, Teare J, Constantinides V, Darzi AW, Tekkis PP. The risk of cancer in patients with Crohn’s disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:839–55.CrossRef
208.
Shaukat A, Virnig DJ, Howard D, Sitaraman SV, Liff JM, Lederle FA. Crohn’s disease and small bowel adenocarcinoma: a population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2011;20:1120–3.CrossRef
209.
Cahill C, Gordon PH, Petrucci A, Boutros M. Small bowel adenocarcinoma and Crohn’s disease: any further ahead than 50 years ago? World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:11486–95.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
210.
Palascak-Juif V, Bouvier AM, Cosnes J, Flourie B, Bouche O, Cadiot G, et al. Small bowel adenocarcinoma in patients with Crohn’s disease compared with small bowel adenocarcinoma de novo. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;11:828–32.CrossRefPubMed
211.
Taleban S, Elquza E, Gower-Rousseau C, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Cancer and inflammatory bowel disease in the elderly. Dig Liver Dis. 2016;48:1105–11.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
A Comprehensive Review of the Diagnosis and Pharmacological Management of Crohn’s Disease in the Elderly Population
Authors
David Kim
Sasha Taleban
Publication date
01-07-2019
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Drugs & Aging / Issue 7/2019
Print ISSN: 1170-229X
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1969
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-019-00672-x

Other articles of this Issue 7/2019

Drugs & Aging 7/2019 Go to the issue

Review Article

Current Agents in Development for Treating Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms Associated with Dementia

Original Research Article

Pimavanserin for Psychosis in Parkinson’s Disease-Related Disorders: A Retrospective Chart Review

Systematic Review

Relative Risk of Adverse Events and Treatment Discontinuations Between Older and Non-Older Adults Treated with Antimuscarinics for Overactive Bladder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Original Research Article

Rate and Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury Following Hip Fracture Surgery in Diabetic Older Patients Treated with Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone Antagonists

Original Research Article

Qualitative Analysis of Cannabis Use Among Older Adults in Colorado

Review Article

Current Status of Bone-Forming Therapies for the Management of Osteoporosis

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch now

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits