Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Cellular Oncology
Published in: Cellular Oncology 4/2015

01-08-2015 | Review

The bone marrow metastasis niche in retinoblastoma

Published in: Cellular Oncology | Issue 4/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a progressive cancer which mainly occurs in children, and which is caused by different genetic or epigenetic alterations that lead to inactivation of both alleles of the RB1 gene. Hereditary and non-hereditary forms of Rb do exist, and the hereditary form is associated with an increased risk of secondary malignancies. Metastasis to distant organs is a critical feature of many tumors, and may be caused by various molecular alterations at different stages. Recognition of these alterations and, thus, insight into the processes underlying the development of metastases may result in novel preventive as well as effective targeted treatment options. Rb is associated with metastases to various organs and tissues, including the bone marrow (BM).

Methods

Here, we provide an overview of mutations and other molecular changes known to be involved in Rb development and metastasis to the BM. This overview is based on a literature search ranging from 1990 to 2015.

Conclusions

The various BM metastasis-related molecular changes identified to date may be instrumental for a better diagnosis, prognosis and classification of Rb patients, as well as for the development of novel comprehensive (targeted) therapies.
Literature
1.
M. Kuruva, B.R. Mittal, R. Kashyap, A. Bhattacharya, R.K. Marwaha, Bilateral retinoblastoma presenting as metastases to forearm bones four years after the initial treatment. Indian J. Nucl. Med. 26, 115–116 (2011)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
2.
M.J. Ali, S.G. Honavar, V.A. Reddy, Distant metastatic retinoblastoma without central nervous system involvement. Indian J. Ophthalmol. 61, 357–159 (2013)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
3.
S.N. Zafar, S.Q. Ahmad, N. Zafar, Retinoblastoma in an adult. BMC Res. Notes. 6, 1–3 (2013)CrossRef
4.
J. Yun, Y. Li, C.-T. Xu, B.-R. Pan, Epidemiology and Rb1 gene of retinoblastoma. Int. J. Ophthalmol. 4, 103–109 (2011)PubMedCentralPubMed
5.
G.L. Chantada and I.J. Dunkel, in Retinoblastoma, ed. by C. Rodriguez-Galindo and M.W. Wilson (Springer US, 2010), p. 103–114
6.
G.L. Chantada, C. Sampor, A. Bosaleh, V. Solernou, A. Fandiño, M.T. de Dávila, Comparison of staging systems for extraocular retinoblastoma: analysis of 533 patients. JAMA Ophthalmol. 131, 1127–1134 (2013)PubMedCrossRef
7.
8.
S. Azizidoost, S. Babashah, F. Rahim, M. Shahjahani, N. Saki, Bone marrow neoplastic niche in leukemia. Hematology 19, 232–238 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
9.
V.B.F. Vallone, H. Choi, V. Labovsky, L.M. Martinez, V. Milovic, G. Jaimovich, E. Batagelj, F. Dimase, A.R. Villafañe, N.A. Chasseing, Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: pre-metastatic niche for breast cancer. Blood 122, 4859–4859 (2013)
10.
P.T. Finger, J.W. Harbour, Z.A. Karcioglu, Risk factors for metastasis in retinoblastoma. Surv. Ophthalmol. 47, 1–16 (2002)PubMedCrossRef
11.
12.
G. Bunin, M. Orjuela et al., in Clinical Ophthalmic Oncology, ed. by A.D. Singh, A.L. Murphree, B.E. Damato (Springer, Berlin, 2015), pp. 39–50
13.
L. Castéra, C. Dehainault, D. Michaux, L. Lumbroso-Le Rouic, I. Aerts, F. Doz, A. Pelet, J. Couturier, D. Stoppa-Lyonnet, M. Gauthier-Villars, Fine mapping of whole RB1 gene deletions in retinoblastoma patients confirms PCDH8 as a candidate gene for psychomotor delay. Eur. J. Med. Gen. 21, 460–464 (2013)
14.
M.-y. He, Y. An, Y.-j. Gao, X.-w. Qian, G. Li, J. Qian, Screening of RB1 gene mutations in Chinese patients with retinoblastoma and preliminary exploration of genotype–phenotype correlations. Mol. Vis. 20, 545–552 (2014)PubMedCentralPubMed
15.
M. Sabir, R.M. Baig, K. Ali, I. Mahjabeen, M. Saeed, M.A. Kayani, Retinoblastoma (RB1) pocket domain mutations and promoter hyper-methylation in head and neck cancer. Cell. Oncol. 37, 203–213 (2014)CrossRef
16.
17.
S.L. Anwar, T. Krech, B. Hasemeier, E. Schipper, N. Schweitzer, A. Vogel, H. Kreipe, U. Lehmann, Deregulation of RB1 expression by loss of imprinting in human hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Pathol. 233, 392–401 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
18.
C. Marouf, A. Tazzite, B. Diakité, H. Jouhadi, A. Benider, S. Nadifi, Association of TP53 PIN3 polymorphism with breast cancer in Moroccan population. Tumour Biol. 35, 12403–12408 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
19.
20.
A. Agrawal, J. Yang, R.F. Murphy, D.K. Agrawal, Regulation of the p14ARF-Mdm2-p53 pathway: an overview in breast cancer. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 81, 115–122 (2006)PubMedCrossRef
21.
N.A. Laurie, S.L. Donovan, C.-S. Shih, J. Zhang, N. Mills, C. Fuller, A. Teunisse, S. Lam, Y. Ramos, A. Mohan, Inactivation of the p53 pathway in retinoblastoma. Nature 444, 61–66 (2006)PubMedCrossRef
22.
N.A. Laurie, M.A. Dyer, Targeting MDM2 and MDMX in retinoblastoma. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets 7, 689–695 (2007)PubMedCrossRef
23.
B.L. Thériault, H. Dimaras, B.L. Gallie, T.W. Corson, The genomic landscape of retinoblastoma: a review. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 42, 33–52 (2014)CrossRef
24.
J.-Y. Choe, J.Y. Yun, Y.K. Jeon, S.H. Kim, H.-K. Choung, S. Oh, M. Park, J.E. Kim, Sonic hedgehog signalling proteins are frequently expressed in retinoblastoma and are associated with aggressive clinicopathological features. J. Clin. Pathol. 68, 6–11 (2015)PubMedCrossRef
25.
S. Siffroi-Fernandez, A. Cinaroglu, V. Fuhrmann-Panfalone, G. Normand, K. Bugra, J. Sahel, D. Hicks, Acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) and FGF receptor 1 signaling in human Y79 retinoblastoma. Arch. Ophthalmol. 123, 368–376 (2005)PubMedCrossRef
26.
N. Sethi, Y. Kang, Unravelling the complexity of metastasis—molecular understanding and targeted therapies. Nat. Rev. Cancer 11, 735–748 (2011)PubMedCrossRef
27.
A. Geurts van Kessel, The cancer genome: from structure to function. Cell. Oncol. 37, 155–165 (2014)CrossRef
28.
29.
30.
31.
C.G.A. Network, Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer. Nature 487, 330–337 (2012)CrossRef
32.
C.Q. Lin, J. Singh, K. Murata, Y. Itahana, S. Parrinello, S.H. Liang, C.E. Gillett, J. Campisi, P.-Y. Desprez, A role for Id-1 in the aggressive phenotype and steroid hormone response of human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 60, 1332–1340 (2000)PubMed
33.
Z. Shengbing, L. Jing Feng, W. Bin, G. Lingyun, H. Aimin, Expression of KiSS‐1 gene and its role in invasion and metastasis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Anat. Rec. (Hoboken). 292, 1128–1134 (2009)PubMedCrossRef
34.
D. Nie, J. Nemeth, Y. Qiao, A. Zacharek, L. Li, K. Hanna, K. Tang, G.G. Hillman, M.L. Cher, D.J. Grignon, Increased metastatic potential in human prostate carcinoma cells by overexpression of arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 20, 657–663 (2003)PubMedCrossRef
35.
J. Liu, W. Wei, W. Tang, Y. Jiang, H. Yang, J. Li, Mechanism of lysyl oxidase (LOX) in breast cancer invasion and metastasis. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 92, 1379–1383 (2012)PubMed
36.
D.X. Nguyen, P.D. Bos, J. Massagué, Metastasis: from dissemination to organ-specific colonization. Nat. Rev. Cancer 9, 274–284 (2009)PubMedCrossRef
37.
D. Maret, E. Gruzglin, M.S. Sadr, V. Siu, W. Shan, A.W. Koch, N.G. Seidah, R.F. Del Maestro, D.R. Colman, Surface expression of precursor N-cadherin promotes tumor cell invasion. Neoplasia 12, 1066–1038 (2010)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
38.
E. Haÿ, E. Laplantine, V. Geoffroy, M. Frain, T. Kohler, R. Müller, P.J. Marie, N-cadherin interacts with axin and LRP5 to negatively regulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling, osteoblast function, and bone formation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 29, 953–964 (2009)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
39.
M.E. Diamond, L. Sun, A.J. Ottaviano, M.J. Joseph, H.G. Munshi, Differential growth factor regulation of N-cadherin expression and motility in normal and malignant oral epithelium. J. Cell Sci. 121, 2197–2207 (2008)PubMedCrossRef
40.
H. Zhuo, K. Jiang, L. Dong, Y. Zhu, L. Lü, Y. Lü, Y. Zhang, H. Zhang, Y. Ye, S. Wang, Overexpression of N-cadherin is correlated with metastasis and worse survival in colorectal cancer patients. Chin. Sci. Bull. 58, 3529–3534 (2013)CrossRef
41.
E.H. Van Aken, P. Papeleu, P. De Potter, E. Bruyneel, J. Philippé, S. Seregard, A. Kvanta, J.-J. De Laey, M.M. Mareel, Structure and function of the N-cadherin/catenin complex in retinoblastoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43, 595–602 (2002)PubMed
42.
J. Schiffman, G. Grunwald, Differential cell adhesion and expression of N-cadherin among retinoblastoma cell lines. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33, 1568–1574 (1992)PubMed
43.
A. Kvanta, B. Steen, S. Seregard, Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in retinoblastoma but not in posterior uveal melanoma. Exp. Eye Res. 63, 511–518 (1996)PubMedCrossRef
44.
C. Gialeli, A.D. Theocharis, N.K. Karamanos, Roles of matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression and their pharmacological targeting. FEBS J. 278, 16–27 (2011)PubMedCrossRef
45.
46.
C. Martins, B. Fernandes, E. Antecka, S. Di Cesare, J. Mansure, J. Marshall, M. Burnier, Expression of the metastasis suppressor gene KISS1 in uveal melanoma. Eye (Lond). 22, 707–711 (2008)PubMedCrossRef
47.
F.-S. Wang, H. Chen, Z.-Y. Wu, J.-H. Lin, KISS1 expression in osteosarcoma: high in chinese clinical cases, but lower in cell lines. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 12, 3229–3234 (2011)PubMed
48.
K.T. Nash, P.A. Phadke, J.-M. Navenot, D.R. Hurst, M.A. Accavitti-Loper, E. Sztul, K.S. Vaidya, A.R. Frost, J.C. Kappes, S.C. Peiper, Requirement of KISS1 secretion for multiple organ metastasis suppression and maintenance of tumor dormancy. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 99, 309–321 (2007)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
49.
M. Sanchez-Carbayo, P. Capodieci, C. Cordon-Cardo, Tumor suppressor role of KiSS-1 in bladder cancer: loss of KiSS-1 expression is associated with bladder cancer progression and clinical outcome. Am. J. Pathol. 162, 609–617 (2003)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
50.
T.M. Goto, Y. Arima, O. Nagano, H. Saya, Lysyl oxidase is induced by cell density-mediated cell cycle suppression via RB-E2F1-HIF-1α axis. Cell Struct. Funct. 38, 9–14 (2013)PubMedCrossRef
51.
J.J. Park, S.J. Hwang, J.-H. Park, H.-J. Lee, Chlorogenic acid inhibits hypoxia-induced angiogenesis via down-regulation of the HIF-1α/AKT pathway. Cell. Oncol. 38, 1–8 (2015)CrossRef
52.
Z. Lu, F. Bauzon, H. Fu, J. Cui, H. Zhao, K. Nakayama, K.I. Nakayama and L. Zhu, Skp2 suppresses apoptosis in Rb1-deficient tumours by limiting E2F1 activity. Nat Commun. 5, 3463 (2014) doi: 10.​1038/​ncomms4463
53.
H.-G. Kopp, S.T. Avecilla, A.T. Hooper, S. Rafii, The bone marrow vascular niche: home of HSC differentiation and mobilization. Physiology (Bethesda) 20, 349–356 (2005)CrossRef
54.
55.
M.M. Balla, G.K. Vemuganti, C. Kannabiran, S.G. Honavar, R. Murthy, Phenotypic characterization of retinoblastoma for the presence of putative cancer stem-like cell markers by flow cytometry. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 1506–1514 (2009)PubMedCrossRef
56.
C. Salinas-Souza, R. De Oliveira, M.T.D.S. Alves, R.J. Garcia Filho, A.S. Petrilli, S.R.C. Toledo, The metastatic behavior of osteosarcoma by gene expression and cytogenetic analyses. Hum. Pathol. 44, 2188–2198 (2013)PubMedCrossRef
57.
G.D. Roodman, Genes associate with abnormal bone cell activity in bone metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 31, 569–578 (2012)PubMedCrossRef
58.
59.
D. Dávila, Optimization of molecular detection of GD2 synthase mRNA in retinoblastoma. Mol. Med. Rep. 3, 253–259 (2010)PubMed
60.
J. Di, T. Duiveman-de Boer, P.L. Zusterzeel, C.G. Figdor, L.F.G. Massuger, R. Torensma, The stem cell markers Oct4A, Nanog and c-Myc are expressed in ascites cells and tumor tissue of ovarian cancer patients. Cell. Oncol. 36, 363–374 (2013)CrossRef
61.
T. Hiraga, S. Ito, H. Nakamura, Cancer stem–like cell marker CD44 promotes bone metastases by enhancing tumorigenicity, cell motility, and hyaluronan production. Cancer Res. 73, 4112–4122 (2013)PubMedCrossRef
62.
F. Rahim, S. Hajizamani, E. Mortaz, A. Ahmadzadeh, M. Shahjahani, S. Shahrabi, N. Saki, Molecular regulation of bone marrow metastasis in prostate and breast cancer. Bone Marrow Res. 2014, 1–13 (2014)CrossRef
63.
P. Massoner, T. Thomm, B. Mack, G. Untergasser, A. Martowicz, K. Bobowski, H. Klocker, O. Gires, M. Puhr, EpCAM is overexpressed in local and metastatic prostate cancer, suppressed by chemotherapy and modulated by MET-associated miRNA-200c/205. Br. J. Cancer 111, 955–964 (2014). doi:10.​1038/​bjc.​2014.​366 PubMedCrossRef
64.
S. Krishnakumar, A. Mohan, K. Mallikarjuna, N. Venkatesan, J. Biswas, M.P. Shanmugam, L. Ren-Heidenreich, EpCAM expression in retinoblastoma: a novel molecular target for therapy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 4247–4250 (2004)PubMedCrossRef
65.
66.
C. Salazar, R. Nagadia, P. Pandit, J. Cooper-White, N. Banerjee, N. Dimitrova, W.B. Coman, C. Punyadeera, A novel saliva-based microRNA biomarker panel to detect head and neck cancers. Cell. Oncol. 37, 331–338 (2014)CrossRef
67.
C. Yu, M. Wang, Z. Li, J. Xiao, F. Peng, X. Guo, Y. Deng, J. Jiang, C. Sun, MicroRNA-138-5p regulates pancreatic cancer cell growth through targeting FOXC1. Cell. Oncol. 38, 1–9 (2015)CrossRef
68.
69.
Y. Bai, X. Bai, Z. Wang, X. Zhang, C. Ruan, J. Miao, MicroRNA-126 inhibits ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization via regulating angiogenic growth factors. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 91, 471–477 (2011)PubMedCrossRef
70.
S.F. Tavazoie, C. Alarcón, T. Oskarsson, D. Padua, Q. Wang, P.D. Bos, W.L. Gerald, J. Massagué, Endogenous human microRNAs that suppress breast cancer metastasis. Nature 451, 147–152 (2008)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
71.
N. Venkatesan, P. Deepa, M. Vasudevan, V. Khetan, A.M. Reddy, S. Krishnakumar, Integrated analysis of dysregulated miRNA-gene expression in HMGA2-silenced retinoblastoma cells. Bioinform. Biol. Insights. 8, 177–191 (2014)PubMedCentralPubMed
72.
M. Scarola, S. Schoeftner, C. Schneider, R. Benetti, miR-335 directly targets Rb1 (pRb/p105) in a proximal connection to p53-dependent stress response. Cancer Res. 70, 6925–6933 (2010)PubMedCrossRef
73.
G. Gabriely, T. Wurdinger, S. Kesari, C.C. Esau, J. Burchard, P.S. Linsley, A.M. Krichevsky, MicroRNA 21 promotes glioma invasion by targeting matrix metalloproteinase regulators. Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 5369–5380 (2008)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
74.
L.-X. Yan, X.-F. Huang, Q. Shao, M.-Y. Huang, L. Deng, Q.-L. Wu, Y.-X. Zeng, J.-Y. Shao, MicroRNA miR-21 overexpression in human breast cancer is associated with advaanced clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and patient poor prognosis. RNA 14, 2348–2360 (2008)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
75.
M. Bullock, K. Pickard, B.S. Nielsen, A.E. Sayan, V. Jenei, M. Mellone, J. Primrose, G. Thomas, G. Packham, A. Mirnezami, Deregulated stromal microRNA-21 and promotion of metastatic progression in colorectal cancer. Lancet 383, S30 (2014)CrossRef
76.
E.C. Connolly, K. Van Doorslaer, L.E. Rogler, C.E. Rogler, Overexpression of miR-21 promotes an in vitro metastatic phenotype by targeting the tumor suppressor RHOB. Mol. Cancer Res. 8, 691–700 (2010)PubMedCrossRef
77.
F. Shen, M.-H. Mo, L. Chen, S. An, X. Tan, Y. Fu, K. Rezaei, Z. Wang, L. Zhang, S.W. Fu, MicroRNA-21 down-regulates Rb1 expression by targeting PDCD4 in retinoblastoma. J. Cancer. 5, 804–812 (2014)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
78.
79.
S. Wan, Y. Liu, Y. Weng, W. Wang, W. Ren, C. Fei, Y. Chen, Z. Zhang, T. Wang, J. Wang, BMP9 regulates cross-talk between breast cancer cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cell. Oncol. 37, 363–375 (2014)CrossRef
80.
S. Shahrabi, S. Azizidoost, M. Shahjahani, F. Rahim, A. Ahmadzadeh, N. Saki, New insights in cellular and molecular aspects of BM niche in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Tumour Biol. 35, 10627–10633 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
81.
82.
A. Ganguly, C.L. Shields, Differential gene expression profile of retinoblastoma compared to normal retina. Mol. Vis. 16, 1292–1303 (2010)PubMedCentralPubMed
83.
A.M. Roccaro, A. Sacco, W.G. Purschke, M. Moschetta, K. Buchner, C. Maasch, D. Zboralski, S. Zöllner, S. Vonhoff, Y. Mishima, SDF-1 inhibition targets the bone marrow niche for cancer therapy. Cell Rep. 9, 118–128 (2014)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
84.
P. Bianco, M. Riminucci, S. Gronthos, P.G. Robey, Bone marrow stromal stem cells: nature, biology, and potential applications. Stem Cells 19, 180–192 (2001)PubMedCrossRef
85.
S.-P. Lin, F.-Y. Chiu, Y. Wang, M.-L. Yen, S.-Y. Kao and S.-C. Hung, RB Maintains Quiescence and Prevents Premature Senescence through Upregulation of DNMT1 in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cell Rep. 3, 975–986 (2014) doi: 10.​1016/​j.​stemcr.​2014.​10.​002
86.
C.R. Walkley, J.M. Shea, N.A. Sims, L.E. Purton, S.H. Orkin, Rb regulates interactions between hematopoietic stem cells and their bone marrow microenvironment. Cell 129, 1081–1095 (2007)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
87.
G.B. Adams, D.T. Scadden, The hematopoietic stem cell in its place. Nat. Immunol. 7, 333–337 (2006)PubMedCrossRef
88.
89.
90.
91.
F. Dillmann, M.R. Veldwijk, S. Laufs, M. Sperandio, G. Calandra, F. Wenz, W.J. Zeller, S. Fruehauf, F. Dillmann, M.R. Veldwijk, Plerixafor inhibits chemotaxis toward SDF-1 and CXCR4-mediated stroma contact in a dose-dependent manner resulting in increased susceptibility of BCR-ABL+ cell to Imatinib and Nilotinib. Leuk. Lymphoma 50, 1676–1686 (2009)PubMedCrossRef
92.
S. Stefanovic, F. Schuetz, C. Sohn, P. Beckhove, C. Domschke, Bone marrow microenvironment in cancer patients: immunological aspects and clinical implications. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 32, 163–178 (2013)PubMedCrossRef
93.
K. Grymula, M. Tarnowski, M. Wysoczynski, J. Drukala, F.G. Barr, J. Ratajczak, M. Kucia, M.Z. Ratajczak, Overlapping and distinct role of CXCR7-SDF-1/ITAC and CXCR4-SDF-1 axes in regulating metastatic behavior of human rhabdomyosarcomas. Int. J. Cancer 127, 2554–2568 (2010)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
94.
J.-J. Zhao, J. Yang, J. Lin, N. Yao, Y. Zhu, J. Zheng, J. Xu, J.Q. Cheng, J.-Y. Lin, X. Ma, Identification of miRNAs associated with tumorigenesis of retinoblastoma by miRNA microarray analysis. Childs Nerv. Syst. 25, 13–20 (2009)PubMedCrossRef
95.
W. Tang, Y. Zhu, J. Gao, J. Fu, C. Liu, Y. Liu, C. Song, S. Zhu, Y. Leng, G. Wang, MicroRNA-29a promotes colorectal cancer metastasis by regulating matrix metalloproteinase 2 and E-cadherin via KLF4. Br. J. Cancer 110, 450–458 (2013)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
96.
K. Conkrite, M. Sundby, S. Mukai, J.M. Thomson, D. Mu, S.M. Hammond, D. MacPherson, miR-17 ∼ 92 cooperates with RB pathway mutations to promote retinoblastoma. Genes Dev. 25, 1734–1745 (2011)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
97.
Y. Fan, S. Yin, Y. Hao, J. Yang, H. Zhang, C. Sun, M. Ma, Q. Chang, J.J. Xi, miR-19b promotes tumor growth and metastasis via targeting TP53. RNA 20, 765–772 (2014)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
98.
S. Lu, Q. Zhu, Y. Zhang, W. Song, M.J. Wilson, P. Liu, Dual‐functions of miR‐373 and miR‐520c by differently regulating the activities of MMP2 and MMP9. J. Cell. Physiol. 230, 1862–1870 (2015). doi:10.​1002/​jcp.​24914 PubMedCrossRef
99.
Metadata
Title
The bone marrow metastasis niche in retinoblastoma
Publication date
01-08-2015
Published in
Cellular Oncology / Issue 4/2015
Print ISSN: 2211-3428
Electronic ISSN: 2211-3436
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13402-015-0232-x

Other articles of this Issue 4/2015

Cellular Oncology 4/2015 Go to the issue

Original Paper

Human renal carcinoma cells respond to Newcastle disease virus infection through activation of the p38 MAPK/NF-κB/IκBα pathway

Report

RRM1 expression is associated with the outcome of gemcitabine-based treatment of non-small cell lung cancer patients–a short report

Original Paper

Myoepithelial and luminal breast cancer cells exhibit different responses to all-trans retinoic acid

Original Paper

HAUSP regulates c-MYC expression via de-ubiquitination of TRRAP

Original Paper

Expression of the microRNA regulators Drosha, Dicer and Ago2 in non-small cell lung carcinomas
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits