Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Parasitic Diseases 2/2017

01-06-2017 | Original Article

Larvicidal potency of marine actinobacteria isolated from mangrove environment against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi

Authors: S. Balakrishnan, P. Santhanam, M. Srinivasan

Published in: Journal of Parasitic Diseases | Issue 2/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

The marine soil samples were collected from different locations of Parangipettai mangrove ecosystem, Vellar estuary, southeast coast of India. Totally 30 different marine actinobacteria were isolated by serial dilution plate technique on starch casein agar medium. The isolated actinobacteria were investigated for their larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Streptomyces fungicidicus, S. griseus, S. albus, S. alboflavus and S. rochei were identified as potential biocide producers. Based on the antimicrobial activity, five strains were chosen for larvicidal and pupicidal activity. Among the crude extracts tested, the S. alboflavus extract showed significant activity against Ae. aegypti (LC50 1.48 ± 0.09 and LC90 3.33 ± 0.22) and An. stephensi (LC50 1.30 ± 0.09 and LC90 3.13 ± 0.21). Five isolates have shown a most significant mortality rate of the Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi mosquito larvae. This is an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of Japanese encephalitis vectors, Ae. aegypti and malarial vector An. stephensi.
Literature
go back to reference Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol 18:265–266CrossRef Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol 18:265–266CrossRef
go back to reference Amer A, Mehlhorn H (2006a) Larvicidal effects of various essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex larvae (Diptera, Culicidae). Parasitol Res 99:466–472CrossRefPubMed Amer A, Mehlhorn H (2006a) Larvicidal effects of various essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex larvae (Diptera, Culicidae). Parasitol Res 99:466–472CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Amer A, Mehlhorn H (2006b) Repellency effect of forty-one essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquitoes. Parasitol Res 99:478–490CrossRefPubMed Amer A, Mehlhorn H (2006b) Repellency effect of forty-one essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquitoes. Parasitol Res 99:478–490CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ando K (1983) How to discover new antibiotics for insecticidal use. In: Takahashi T, Yoshioka H, Misato T, Matusunaka S (eds) Pesticide chemistry: human welfare and the environment. Natural products, Pergamon, New York, pp 253–259 Ando K (1983) How to discover new antibiotics for insecticidal use. In: Takahashi T, Yoshioka H, Misato T, Matusunaka S (eds) Pesticide chemistry: human welfare and the environment. Natural products, Pergamon, New York, pp 253–259
go back to reference Anonymous (1990) Biologically active KSB-1939L3 compound and its production-pesticide with insecticide and acaricide activity production by Streptomyces sp. culture. Biotechnol Abstr 9(19):58, Japan Patent, No. 273961, 1988 Anonymous (1990) Biologically active KSB-1939L3 compound and its production-pesticide with insecticide and acaricide activity production by Streptomyces sp. culture. Biotechnol Abstr 9(19):58, Japan Patent, No. 273961, 1988
go back to reference Antonio GE, Sánchez D, Williams T, Marina CF (2009) Paradoxical effects of sublethal exposure to the naturally derived insecticide spinosad in the dengue vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Pest Manag Sci 65(3):323–326CrossRefPubMed Antonio GE, Sánchez D, Williams T, Marina CF (2009) Paradoxical effects of sublethal exposure to the naturally derived insecticide spinosad in the dengue vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Pest Manag Sci 65(3):323–326CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Balakrishnan S, Srinivasan M, Mohanraj J (2014) Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from mangrove plant (Avicennia marina) extract and their potential mosquito larvicidal property. J Parasit Dis. doi:10.1007/s12639-014-0621-5 PubMed Balakrishnan S, Srinivasan M, Mohanraj J (2014) Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from mangrove plant (Avicennia marina) extract and their potential mosquito larvicidal property. J Parasit Dis. doi:10.​1007/​s12639-014-0621-5 PubMed
go back to reference Balaraman K (1995) Mosquito control potential of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and Bacillus sophaericus. ICMR Bull 25:45 Balaraman K (1995) Mosquito control potential of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and Bacillus sophaericus. ICMR Bull 25:45
go back to reference Balaraman K, Rao USB, Rajagopalan PK (1979) Isolation of Metarrhizium anisopliae, Beauveria tenella and Fusarium oxysporum (Deuteromycetes) and their pathogenicity to Culex fatigans and Anopheles stephensi. Ind J Med Res 70:718 Balaraman K, Rao USB, Rajagopalan PK (1979) Isolation of Metarrhizium anisopliae, Beauveria tenella and Fusarium oxysporum (Deuteromycetes) and their pathogenicity to Culex fatigans and Anopheles stephensi. Ind J Med Res 70:718
go back to reference Balaraman K, Balasubramanian M, Manonmani LM (1983a) Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 (VCRC B-17) formulation as mosquito larvicide. Indian J Med Res 77:33PubMed Balaraman K, Balasubramanian M, Manonmani LM (1983a) Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 (VCRC B-17) formulation as mosquito larvicide. Indian J Med Res 77:33PubMed
go back to reference Balaraman K, Balasubramanian M, Jambulingam P (1983b) Field trial of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 (VCRC B-17) against Culex and Anopheles larvae. Indian J Med Res 77:38PubMed Balaraman K, Balasubramanian M, Jambulingam P (1983b) Field trial of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 (VCRC B-17) against Culex and Anopheles larvae. Indian J Med Res 77:38PubMed
go back to reference Bream AS, Ghazal SA, El-Aziz ZKA, Ibrahim SY (2001) Insecticidal activity of selected actinomycetes strains against the Egyptian cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent 66(2a):503–544 Bream AS, Ghazal SA, El-Aziz ZKA, Ibrahim SY (2001) Insecticidal activity of selected actinomycetes strains against the Egyptian cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent 66(2a):503–544
go back to reference Demain AL, Sanchez S (2009) Microbial drug discovery: 80 years of progress. J Antibiot 62:5–16CrossRefPubMed Demain AL, Sanchez S (2009) Microbial drug discovery: 80 years of progress. J Antibiot 62:5–16CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Dhanasekaran D, Sakthi V, Thajuddin N, Panneerselvam A (2010) Preliminary evaluation of Anopheles mosquito larvicidal efficacy of mangrove actinobacteria. Int J Appl Biol Pharm Technol 1:374–381 Dhanasekaran D, Sakthi V, Thajuddin N, Panneerselvam A (2010) Preliminary evaluation of Anopheles mosquito larvicidal efficacy of mangrove actinobacteria. Int J Appl Biol Pharm Technol 1:374–381
go back to reference Dhiman RC, Pahwa S, Dhillon GP, Dash AP (2010) Climate change and threat of vector-borne diseases in India: are we prepared? Parasitol Res 106(4):763–773CrossRefPubMed Dhiman RC, Pahwa S, Dhillon GP, Dash AP (2010) Climate change and threat of vector-borne diseases in India: are we prepared? Parasitol Res 106(4):763–773CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference El-Khawagh MA, Hamadah KhSh, El-Sheikh TM (2011) The insecticidal activity of actinomycete metabolites, against the mosquitoe Culex pipiens. Egypt Acad J Biol Sci 4(1):103–113 El-Khawagh MA, Hamadah KhSh, El-Sheikh TM (2011) The insecticidal activity of actinomycete metabolites, against the mosquitoe Culex pipiens. Egypt Acad J Biol Sci 4(1):103–113
go back to reference Finney DJ (1971) Probit analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 76–80 Finney DJ (1971) Probit analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 76–80
go back to reference Gadelhak GG, El-Tarabily KhA, Al-Kaabi FK (2005) Insect control using chitinolytic soil actinomycetes as biocontrol agents. Int J Agric Biol 7(4):627–633 Gadelhak GG, El-Tarabily KhA, Al-Kaabi FK (2005) Insect control using chitinolytic soil actinomycetes as biocontrol agents. Int J Agric Biol 7(4):627–633
go back to reference Geetha I, Balaraman K (2001) Biomass and blastospore production in Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill. as influenced by media components. J Biol Control 15(1):93 Geetha I, Balaraman K (2001) Biomass and blastospore production in Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill. as influenced by media components. J Biol Control 15(1):93
go back to reference Geetha I, Prabakaran G, Paily KP, Manonmani AM, Balaraman K (2007) Characterisation of three mosquitocidal Bacillus strains isolated from mangrove forest. Biol Control 42:34–40CrossRef Geetha I, Prabakaran G, Paily KP, Manonmani AM, Balaraman K (2007) Characterisation of three mosquitocidal Bacillus strains isolated from mangrove forest. Biol Control 42:34–40CrossRef
go back to reference Herbert AK (2010) The spinosyn family of insecticides: realizing the potential of natural products research. J Antibiot 63:101–111CrossRef Herbert AK (2010) The spinosyn family of insecticides: realizing the potential of natural products research. J Antibiot 63:101–111CrossRef
go back to reference Hopwood DA, Buttner MJ, Kieser T, Charter KF (2000) Antibiotic production by Streptomyces. Pract Streptomyces Genet 1:1–42 Hopwood DA, Buttner MJ, Kieser T, Charter KF (2000) Antibiotic production by Streptomyces. Pract Streptomyces Genet 1:1–42
go back to reference Hussain AA, Mostafa SA, Ghazal SA, Ibrahim SY (2002) Studies on antifungal antibiotic and bioinsecticidal activities of some actinomycete isolates. Afr J Mycol Biotechnol 10:63–80 Hussain AA, Mostafa SA, Ghazal SA, Ibrahim SY (2002) Studies on antifungal antibiotic and bioinsecticidal activities of some actinomycete isolates. Afr J Mycol Biotechnol 10:63–80
go back to reference Jensen PR, Mincer TJ, Williams PG, Fenical W (2005) Marine actinomycete diversity and natural product discovery. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 87:43–48CrossRefPubMed Jensen PR, Mincer TJ, Williams PG, Fenical W (2005) Marine actinomycete diversity and natural product discovery. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 87:43–48CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kamaraj C, Bagavan A, Rahuman AA, Zahir AA, Elango G, Pandiyan G (2008) Larvicidal potential of medicinal plant extracts against Anopheles subpictus Grassi and Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 104(5):1163–1171CrossRefPubMed Kamaraj C, Bagavan A, Rahuman AA, Zahir AA, Elango G, Pandiyan G (2008) Larvicidal potential of medicinal plant extracts against Anopheles subpictus Grassi and Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 104(5):1163–1171CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Karthik L, Kumar G, Bhaskara Rao KV (2010a) Comparison of methods and screening of biosurfactant producing marine actinobacteria isolated from Nicobar marine sediment. IIOAB J 1(2):221–227 Karthik L, Kumar G, Bhaskara Rao KV (2010a) Comparison of methods and screening of biosurfactant producing marine actinobacteria isolated from Nicobar marine sediment. IIOAB J 1(2):221–227
go back to reference Karthik L, Kumar G, Bhaskara Rao KV (2010b) Diversity of marine actinomycetes from Nicobar marine sediments and its antifungal activity. Int J Pharm Sci 2(1):199–203 Karthik L, Kumar G, Bhaskara Rao KV (2010b) Diversity of marine actinomycetes from Nicobar marine sediments and its antifungal activity. Int J Pharm Sci 2(1):199–203
go back to reference Kenneth TM (1995) Part 111: Interaction 31. A comparative Study of the ability of fish to catch mosquito larvae. Rice-fish culture in china. International Development Research Centre. ISBN 1-55250-313-5 Kenneth TM (1995) Part 111: Interaction 31. A comparative Study of the ability of fish to catch mosquito larvae. Rice-fish culture in china. International Development Research Centre. ISBN 1-55250-313-5
go back to reference Leonard GC, Julius JM (2000) Review biopesticides: a review of their action, applications and efficacy. Pest Manag Sci 56:651–676CrossRef Leonard GC, Julius JM (2000) Review biopesticides: a review of their action, applications and efficacy. Pest Manag Sci 56:651–676CrossRef
go back to reference Luz C, Tai MH, Santos AH, Rocha LF, Albernaz DA, Silva HH (2007) Ovicidal activity of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory conditions. J Med Entomol 44(5):799–804CrossRefPubMed Luz C, Tai MH, Santos AH, Rocha LF, Albernaz DA, Silva HH (2007) Ovicidal activity of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory conditions. J Med Entomol 44(5):799–804CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Manonmani AM, Balaraman K (2001) A high mosquitocidal Bacillus thuringienisis var. thompsoni. Curr Sci 80:779 Manonmani AM, Balaraman K (2001) A high mosquitocidal Bacillus thuringienisis var. thompsoni. Curr Sci 80:779
go back to reference Mehlhorn H, Schmahl G, Schmidt J (2005) Extract of the seeds of the plant Vitex agnus castus proven to be highly efficacious as a repellent against ticks, fleas, mosquitoes and biting flies. Parasitol Res 95(5):363–365CrossRefPubMed Mehlhorn H, Schmahl G, Schmidt J (2005) Extract of the seeds of the plant Vitex agnus castus proven to be highly efficacious as a repellent against ticks, fleas, mosquitoes and biting flies. Parasitol Res 95(5):363–365CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Nadson GA (1903) Microorganisms as geological agents (Russian). From the Works of the investigation of the Slavian Mineral Waters, St. Petersburg Nadson GA (1903) Microorganisms as geological agents (Russian). From the Works of the investigation of the Slavian Mineral Waters, St. Petersburg
go back to reference Nair MG, Putnam AR, Mishra SK, Mulks MH, Taft WH, Keller JE, Miller JR, Zhu PP, Meinhart JD, Lynn DG (1989) Faeriefungin: a new broad-spectrum antibiotic from Streptomyces griseus var. autotrophicus. J Nat Prod 52(4):797–809CrossRefPubMed Nair MG, Putnam AR, Mishra SK, Mulks MH, Taft WH, Keller JE, Miller JR, Zhu PP, Meinhart JD, Lynn DG (1989) Faeriefungin: a new broad-spectrum antibiotic from Streptomyces griseus var. autotrophicus. J Nat Prod 52(4):797–809CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Pampiglione S, Majori G, Petrangeli G, Romi R (1985) Avermectins, MK-933 and MK-936, for mosquito control. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79:797–799CrossRefPubMed Pampiglione S, Majori G, Petrangeli G, Romi R (1985) Avermectins, MK-933 and MK-936, for mosquito control. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79:797–799CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Prabhakaran G, Padmanaban V, Balaraman K (2000) Comparative efficacy of UV screens in protecting the activity of a Bacillus thuringiensis formulation. J Biol Control 14:63 Prabhakaran G, Padmanaban V, Balaraman K (2000) Comparative efficacy of UV screens in protecting the activity of a Bacillus thuringiensis formulation. J Biol Control 14:63
go back to reference Pridham TG, Hesseltin CW, Benedict RG (1958) A guide for the classification of Streptomycetes according to selected groups. Placement of strains in morphological sections. App Microbiol 6:52 Pridham TG, Hesseltin CW, Benedict RG (1958) A guide for the classification of Streptomycetes according to selected groups. Placement of strains in morphological sections. App Microbiol 6:52
go back to reference Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Saravanan E, Zahir AA, Elango G (2009a) Efficacy of larvicidal botanical extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 104(6):1365–1372CrossRefPubMed Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Saravanan E, Zahir AA, Elango G (2009a) Efficacy of larvicidal botanical extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 104(6):1365–1372CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Vadivelu M, Zahir AA, Elango G, Pandiyan G (2009b) Evaluation of indigenous plant extracts against larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 104(3):637–643CrossRefPubMed Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Vadivelu M, Zahir AA, Elango G, Pandiyan G (2009b) Evaluation of indigenous plant extracts against larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 104(3):637–643CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Rajendran G, Sabesan S, Kuppusamy K, Balaraman K (1991) Evaluation of a Bacillus sphaericus formulation, Sphaeri fix for the control of Mansoniodes mosquitoes. Entomon 16:213 Rajendran G, Sabesan S, Kuppusamy K, Balaraman K (1991) Evaluation of a Bacillus sphaericus formulation, Sphaeri fix for the control of Mansoniodes mosquitoes. Entomon 16:213
go back to reference Ramanathan A, Shanmugam V, Rghuchander T, Samiyappan R (2002) Induction of systematic resistance in ragi against blast disease by Pseudomonas flourescens. Ann Plant Prot Sci 10:313–318 Ramanathan A, Shanmugam V, Rghuchander T, Samiyappan R (2002) Induction of systematic resistance in ragi against blast disease by Pseudomonas flourescens. Ann Plant Prot Sci 10:313–318
go back to reference Rao KV, Chattopadhyay SK, Reddy GC (1990) Flavonoides with mosquito larval toxicity—tangeratin, daidzein and genistein crystal production, isolation and purification; Streptomyces spp. Culture. Insecticide. J Agric Food Chem 38:1427–1430CrossRef Rao KV, Chattopadhyay SK, Reddy GC (1990) Flavonoides with mosquito larval toxicity—tangeratin, daidzein and genistein crystal production, isolation and purification; Streptomyces spp. Culture. Insecticide. J Agric Food Chem 38:1427–1430CrossRef
go back to reference Reddy PJ, Krishna D, Murthy US, Jamil K (1992) A microcomputer FORTRAN program for rapid determination of lethal concentration of biocides in mosquito control. CABIOS 8:209–213PubMed Reddy PJ, Krishna D, Murthy US, Jamil K (1992) A microcomputer FORTRAN program for rapid determination of lethal concentration of biocides in mosquito control. CABIOS 8:209–213PubMed
go back to reference Shi YF (2000) Advances of insecticidical microorganisms. Plant Prot 26:32–34 Shi YF (2000) Advances of insecticidical microorganisms. Plant Prot 26:32–34
go back to reference Shirling EB, Gottlieb D (1996) Methods for characterization of Streptomyces species. Int J Syst Evol Bacteriol 16:312–340 Shirling EB, Gottlieb D (1996) Methods for characterization of Streptomyces species. Int J Syst Evol Bacteriol 16:312–340
go back to reference Sundarapandian S, Sundaram MD, Tholkappian P, Balasubramanian V (2002) Mosquitocidal properties of indigenous fungi and actinomycetes against Culex quinquefasciatus Say. J Biol Control 16:89–91 Sundarapandian S, Sundaram MD, Tholkappian P, Balasubramanian V (2002) Mosquitocidal properties of indigenous fungi and actinomycetes against Culex quinquefasciatus Say. J Biol Control 16:89–91
go back to reference Vijayakumar R, Muthukumar C, Thajuddin N, Panneerselavam A (2007) Studies on the diversity of actinomycetes in the Palk Strait region of Bay of Bengal, India. Actinomycetologica 21:59–65CrossRef Vijayakumar R, Muthukumar C, Thajuddin N, Panneerselavam A (2007) Studies on the diversity of actinomycetes in the Palk Strait region of Bay of Bengal, India. Actinomycetologica 21:59–65CrossRef
go back to reference Vijayakumar R, Murugesan S, Cholarajan A, Sakthi V (2010) Larvicidal potentiality of marine actinomycetes isolated from Muthupet Mangrove, Tamilnadu, India. Int J Microbiol Res 1(3):179–183 Vijayakumar R, Murugesan S, Cholarajan A, Sakthi V (2010) Larvicidal potentiality of marine actinomycetes isolated from Muthupet Mangrove, Tamilnadu, India. Int J Microbiol Res 1(3):179–183
go back to reference Vijayan V, Balaraman K (1991) Metabolites of fungi and actinomycetes active against mosquito larvae. Indian J Med Res 93:115–117PubMed Vijayan V, Balaraman K (1991) Metabolites of fungi and actinomycetes active against mosquito larvae. Indian J Med Res 93:115–117PubMed
go back to reference Weyland H (1969) Actinomycetes in North Sea and Atlantic Ocean sediments. Nature 23:858CrossRef Weyland H (1969) Actinomycetes in North Sea and Atlantic Ocean sediments. Nature 23:858CrossRef
go back to reference WHO (1996) Report of the WHO informal consultation on the evaluation on the testing of insecticides CTD/WHO PES/IC/96.1. p 69 WHO (1996) Report of the WHO informal consultation on the evaluation on the testing of insecticides CTD/WHO PES/IC/96.1. p 69
go back to reference Willoughby OH, Hoy M, Conley J (1987) Toxicity of pesticides to western predatory mite. Calif Agric 41:12–14 Willoughby OH, Hoy M, Conley J (1987) Toxicity of pesticides to western predatory mite. Calif Agric 41:12–14
go back to reference Xie MJ (1998) The perspective of the studies on microbial insecticides. J Liaoning Norm Univ Nat Sci 21:326–329 Xie MJ (1998) The perspective of the studies on microbial insecticides. J Liaoning Norm Univ Nat Sci 21:326–329
go back to reference Zhang DF (1996) Recent developments in research and utilization of microorganisms. J Agric Sci 24(1):44–46 Zhang DF (1996) Recent developments in research and utilization of microorganisms. J Agric Sci 24(1):44–46
go back to reference Zizka Z, Weiser J, Blumauerova M, Jizba J (1989) Ultra strucutural effects of macroterrolides of Streptomyces grieseus LKS-1 in tissues of Culex pipiens larvae-monactin, dinactin, triactin and nonactin preparation; insecticide activity. Cytobios 58:85–91PubMed Zizka Z, Weiser J, Blumauerova M, Jizba J (1989) Ultra strucutural effects of macroterrolides of Streptomyces grieseus LKS-1 in tissues of Culex pipiens larvae-monactin, dinactin, triactin and nonactin preparation; insecticide activity. Cytobios 58:85–91PubMed
go back to reference Zizka Z, Weiser J, Popov KB (1991) Effect of ichthyomycin on the ultra structure of tissues of Culex pipiens. Cytobios 65(260):31–37PubMed Zizka Z, Weiser J, Popov KB (1991) Effect of ichthyomycin on the ultra structure of tissues of Culex pipiens. Cytobios 65(260):31–37PubMed
Metadata
Title
Larvicidal potency of marine actinobacteria isolated from mangrove environment against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi
Authors
S. Balakrishnan
P. Santhanam
M. Srinivasan
Publication date
01-06-2017
Publisher
Springer India
Published in
Journal of Parasitic Diseases / Issue 2/2017
Print ISSN: 0971-7196
Electronic ISSN: 0975-0703
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-016-0812-3

Other articles of this Issue 2/2017

Journal of Parasitic Diseases 2/2017 Go to the issue