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Clinical & Translational Metabolism
Published in: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism 4/2007

01-12-2007 | Original Paper

Osteocytes: Mechanosensors of Bone and Orchestrators of Mechanical Adaptation

Authors: Jenneke Klein-Nulend, Astrid D. Bakker

Published in: Clinical & Translational Metabolism | Issue 4/2007

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Abstract

Significant progress has been made in the field of mechanotransduction in bone cells. The knowledge about the role of osteocytes as the professional mechanosensor cells of bone as well as the lacuno-canalicular porosity as the structure that mediates mechanosensing is increasing. New insights might result in a paradigm for understanding the bone formation response to mechanical loading, and the bone resorption response to disuse. Under physiological loading conditions the strain-derived flow of interstitial fluid through the lacuno-canalicular porosity seems to mechanically activate the osteocytes, which subsequently alter the bone remodeling activity of osteoblasts and/or osteoclasts. Fatigue loading results in local microdamage, disruption of normal flow patterns, and osteocyte apoptosis. Apoptotic osteocytes likely attract osteoclasts to resorb the damaged bone. This concept allows explanation of local bone gain and loss, as well as remodeling in response to fatigue damage, as processes supervised by mechanosensitive osteocytes. Uncovering the cellular and mechanical basis of the osteocyte’s response to loading would greatly contribute to our understanding of the cellular basis for bone remodeling, and could contribute to the discovery of new treatment modalities for bone mass disorders, such as osteoporosis.
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Tan SD, de Vries TJ, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Semeins CM, Everts V, Klein-Nulend J. Osteocytes subjected to fluid flow inhibit osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Bone. 2007;41:745–51.PubMedCrossRef
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Burger EH, Klein-Nulend J, Smit TH. Strain-derived canalicular fluid flow regulates osteoclast activity in a remodelling osteon—a proposal. J Biomech. 2003;36:1453–9.PubMedCrossRef
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Smit TH, Burger EH, Huyghe JM. A case for strain-induced fluid flow as a regulator of BMU-coupling and osteonal alignment. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17:2021–2029.PubMedCrossRef
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Bakker AD, Klein-Nulend J, Burger EH. Shear stress inhibits while disuse promotes osteocyte apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;320:1163–8.PubMedCrossRef
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Tan SD, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Semeins CM, Bronckers ALJJ, Maltha JC, Von den Hoff JW, Everts V, Klein-Nulend J. Fluid shear stress inhibits TNFalpha-induced osteocyte apoptosis. J Dent Res. 2006;85:905–9.PubMed
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Bakker AD, Klein-Nulend J, Tanck E, Heyligers IC, Albers GH, Lips P, Burger EH. Different responsiveness to mechanical stress of bone cells from osteoporotic versus osteoarthritic donors. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17:827–33.PubMedCrossRef
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Bakker AD, Klein-Nulend J, Tanck E, Albers GH, Lips P, Burger EH. Additive effects of estrogen and mechanical stress on nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production by bone cells from osteoporotic donors. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:983–9.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Osteocytes: Mechanosensors of Bone and Orchestrators of Mechanical Adaptation
Authors
Jenneke Klein-Nulend
Astrid D. Bakker
Publication date
01-12-2007
Publisher
Humana Press Inc
Published in
Clinical & Translational Metabolism / Issue 4/2007
Print ISSN: 1534-8644
Electronic ISSN: 2948-2445
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-008-9014-6

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