Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Cardiovascular Toxicology
Published in: Cardiovascular Toxicology 1/2016

01-01-2016

The Effects of Nandrolone Decanoate Along with Prolonged Low-Intensity Exercise on Susceptibility to Ventricular Arrhythmias

Authors: Fateme Binayi, Siyavash Joukar, Hamid Najafipour, Ali Karimi, Farzane Abdollahi, Yaser Masumi

Published in: Cardiovascular Toxicology | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

We examined the influence of chronic administration of nandrolone decanoate with low-intensity endurance swimming exercise on susceptibility to lethal ventricular arrhythmias in rat. The animal groups included the control group, exercise group (EX), nandrolone group (Nan), vehicle group (Arach), trained vehicle group (Arach + Ex) and trained nandrolone group (Nan + Ex) that treated for 8 weeks. Then, arrhythmia induction was performed by intravenous infusion of aconitine and electrocardiogram recorded. Then, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydroxyproline (HYP) and glutathione peroxidase of heart tissue were measured. Chronic administration of nandrolone with low-intensity endurance swimming exercise had no significant effect on blood pressure, heart rate and basal ECG parameters except RR interval that showed increase (P < 0.05). Low-intensity exercise could prevent the incremental effect of nandrolone on MDA and HYP significantly. It also increased the heart hypertrophy index (P < 0.05) and reduced the abating effect of nandrolone on animal weighting. Nandrolone along with exercise significantly increased the duration of VF (P < 0.05) and reduced the VF latency (P < 0.05). The findings suggest that chronic co-administration of nandrolone with low-intensity endurance swimming exercise to some extent facilitates the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation in rat. Complementary studies are needed to elucidate the involved mechanisms of this abnormality.
Literature
1.
Karila, T. (2003). Adverse effects of anabolic androgenic steroids on the cardiovascular, metabolic and reproductive systems of anabolic substance abusers. University of Helsinki.
2.
3.
Sullivan, M. L., Martinez, C. M., Gennis, P., & Gallagher, E. J. (1998). The cardiac toxicity of anabolic steroids. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 41(1), 1–15.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Stergiopoulos, K., Brennan, J. J., Mathews, R., Setaro, J. F., & Kort, S. (2008). Anabolic steroids, acute myocardial infarction and polycythemia: A case report and review of the literature. Vascular health and risk management, 4(6), 1475.PubMedCentralPubMed
5.
Golestani, R., Slart, R. H., Dullaart, R. P., Glaudemans, A. W., Zeebregts, C. J., Boersma, H. H., et al. (2012). Adverse cardiovascular effects of anabolic steroids: Pathophysiology imaging. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 42(7), 795–803.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Pereira-Junior, P. P., Chaves, E. A., Costa-e-Sousa, R. H., Masuda, M. O., de Carvalho, A. C. C., & Nascimento, J. H. (2006). Cardiac autonomic dysfunction in rats chronically treated with anabolic steroid. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 96(5), 487–494.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Cavasin, M. A., Tao, Z. Y., Yu, A. L., & Yang, X. P. (2006). Testosterone enhances early cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction, causing rupture and degrading cardiac function. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 290(5), H2043–H2050.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Crisostomo, P. R., Wang, M., Wairiuko, G. M., Morrell, E. D., & Meldrum, D. R. (2006). Brief exposure to exogenous testosterone increases death signaling and adversely affects myocardial function after ischemia. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 290(5), R1168–R1174.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Demirel, H. A., Powers, S. K., Zergeroglu, M. A., Shanely, R. A., Hamilton, K., Coombes, J., & Naito, H. (2001). Short-term exercise improves myocardial tolerance to in vivo ischemia-reperfusion in the rat. Journal of Applied Physiology, 91(5), 2205–2212.PubMed
10.
Domenech, R., Macho, P., Schwarze, H., & Sánchez, G. (2002). Exercise induces early and late myocardial preconditioning in dogs. Cardiovascular Reserch, 55(3), 561–566.CrossRef
11.
Brown, D. A., Jew, K. N., Sparagna, G. C., Musch, T. I., & Moore, R. L. (2003). Exercise training preserves coronary flow and reduces infarct size after ischemia-reperfusion in rat heart. Journal of Applied Physiology, 95(6), 2510–2518.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Bauman, A. E. (2004). Updating the evidence that physical activity is good for health: An epidemiological review 2000–2003. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 7(1 suppl), 6–19.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Carmo, E. C., Rosa, K. T., Koike, D. C., Fernandes, T., Silva Junior, N. D., Mattos, K. C., et al. (2011). Association between anabolic steroids and aerobic physical training leads to cardiac morphological alterations and loss of ventricular function in rats. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 17(2), 137–141.CrossRef
14.
Marques-Neto, S. R., Ferraz, E. B., Rodrigues, D. C., Njaine, B., Rondinelli, E., Campos de Carvalho, A. C., & Nascimento, J. H. (2014). AT1 and aldosterone receptors blockade prevents the chronic effect of nandrolone on the exercise-induced cardioprotection in perfused rat heart subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy, 28(2), 125–135.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Cunha, T. S., José, M., Moura, C. S., Bernardes, C. F., Tanno, A. P., & Marcondes, F. K. (2005). Vascular sensitivity to phenylephrine in rats submitted to anaerobic training and nandrolone treatment. Hypertension, 46(4), 1010–1015.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Medei, E., Marocolo, M., Rodrigues Dde, C., Arantes, P. C., Takiya, C. M., Silva, J., et al. (2010). Chronic treatment with anabolic steroids induces ventricular repolarization disturbances: Cellular, ionic and molecular mechanism. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 49(2), 165–175.
17.
Luke, J. L., Farb, A., Virmani, R., & Sample, R. (1990). Sudden cardiac death during exercise in a weight lifter using anabolic androgenic steroids: Pathological and toxicological findings. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 35(6), 1441–1447.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Fineschi, V., Riezzo, I., Centini, F., Silingardi, E., Licata, M., Beduschi, G., et al. (2007). Sudden cardiac death during anabolic steroid abuse: Morphologic and toxicologic findings in two fatal cases of bodybuilders. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 121(1), 48–53.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Montisci, M., El Mazloum, R., Cecchetto, G., Terranova, C., Ferrara, S. D., Thiene, G., et al. (2012). Anabolic androgenic steroids abuse and cardiac death in athletes: Morphological and toxicological findings in four fatal cases. Forensic Science International, 217(1–3), e13–e18.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Barretti, D. L. M., de Castro Magalhães, F., Fernandes, T., do Carmo, E. C., Rosa, K. T., & Irigoyen, M. C. (2012). Effects of aerobic exercise training on cardiac renin-angiotensin system in an obese Zucker rat strain. PLoS One, 7(10), e46114.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
21.
Endlich, P. W., Firmes, L. B., Gonçalves, W. L., Gouvea, S. A., Moysés, M. R., Bissoli, N. S., et al. (2011). Involvement of the atrial natriuretic peptide in the reduction of arterial pressure induced by swimming but not by running training in hypertensive rats. Peptides, 32(8), 1706–1712.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zamo, F., Barauna, V., Chiavegatto, S., Irigoyen, M., & Oliveira, E. (2011). The renin–angiotensin system is modulated by swimming training depending on the age of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sciences, 89(3), 93–99.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Oliveira, E. M., Sasaki, M. S., Cerêncio, M., Baraúna, V. G., & Krieger, J. E. (2009). Local renin–angiotensin system regulates left ventricular hypertrophy induced by swimming training independent of circulating renin: A pharmacological study. Journal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, 10(1), 15–23.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Joukar, S., Ghorbani-shahrbabaky, S., Sheibani, V., Hajali, V., & Naghsh, N. (2013). Susceptibility to life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in an animal model of paradoxical sleep deprivation. Sleep Medicine, 14, 1277–1282.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Joukar, S., Ghasemipour-Afshar, E., Sheibani, M., Naghsh, N., & Bashiri, A. (2013). Protective effects of saffron (Crocus sativus) against lethal ventricular arrhythmias induced by heart reperfusion in rat: A potential anti-arrhythmic agent. Pharmaceutical Biology, 51, 836–843.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Joukar, S., Zarisfi, Z., Sepehri, G., & Bashiri, A. (2014). Efficacy of melissa officinalis in suppressing ventricular arrhythmias following ischemia-reperfusion of the heart: A comparison with amiodarone. Medical principles and practice, 23, 340–345.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Curtis, M. J., Hancox, J. C., Farkas, A., Wainwright, C. L., Stables, C. L., Saint, D. A., et al. (2013). The Lambeth Conventions (II): Guidelines for the study of animal and human ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 139, 213–248.CrossRef
28.
Rocha, F. L., Carmo, E. C., Roque, F. R., Hashimoto, N. Y., Rossoni, L. V., Frimm, C., et al. (2007). Anabolic steroids induce cardiac renin-angiotensin system and impair the beneficial effects of aerobic training in rats. American Journal of Physiology, 293(6), H3575.PubMed
29.
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., & Randall, R. J. (1951). Protein estimation with the folinphenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 265–275.PubMed
30.
Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N., & Yagi, K. (1979). Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry, 95(2), 351–358.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Joukar, S., Shahouzehi, B., Najafipour, H., Gholamhoseinian, A., & Joukar, F. (2012). Ameliorative effect of black tea on nicotine induced cardiovascular pathogenesis in rat. EXCLI Journal, 11, 309–317.
32.
Kesava Reddy, G., & Enwemeka, C. S. (1996). A simplified method for the analysis of hydroxyproline in biological tissues. Clinical Biochemistry, 29(3), 225–229.CrossRef
33.
Bissoli, N. S., Medeiros, A. R. S., Santos, M. C. S., Busato, V. C. W., Jarske, R. D., Abreu, G. R., et al. (2009). Long-term treatment with supraphysiological doses of nandrolone decanoate reduces the sensitivity of Bezold-Jarisch reflex control of heart rate and blood pressure. Pharmacological Research, 59(6), 379–384.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Medeiros, A., Oliveira, E., Gianolla, R., Casarini, D., Negrão, C., & Brum, P. C. (2004). Swimming training increases cardiac vagal activity and induces cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 37(12), 1909–1917.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Fernandes, T., Hashimoto, N. Y., Magalhães, F. C., Fernandes, F. B., Casarini, D. E., Carmona, A. K., et al. (2011). Aerobic exercise training induced LVH involves regulatory microRNAs, decreased ACE-ANG II, and synergistic regulation of ACE2-ANG (1–7). Hypertension, 58(2), 182–189.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
36.
Penna, C., Tullio, F., Perrelli, M. G., Moro, F., Abbadessa, G., Piccione, F., et al. (2011). Ischemia/reperfusion injury is increased and cardioprotection by a postconditioning protocol is lost as cardiac hypertrophy develops in nandrolone treated rats. Basic Research in Cardiology, 106(3), 409–420.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Franquni, J. V. M., do Nascimento, A. M., de Lima, E. M., Brasil, G. A., Heringer, O. A., Cassaro, K. O., et al. (2013). Nandrolone decanoate determines cardiac remodelling and injury by an imbalance in cardiac inflammatory cytokines and ACE activity, blunting of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex, resulting in the development of hypertension. Steroids, 78(3), 379–385.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Woodiwiss, A. J., & Norton, G. R. (1995). Exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy is associated with an increased myocardial compliance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 78(4), 1303–1311.PubMed
39.
Soares, M. C. R., de Abreu, I. C., Assenço, F., & Borges, M. O. R. (2011). Nandrolone decanoate increases the left ventricular wall but attenuates the cavity increase caused by swimming training in rats. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 17(6), 420–424.CrossRef
40.
Du Toit, E. F., Rossouw, E., Van Rooyen, J., & Lochner, A. (2005). Proposed mechanisms for the anabolic steroid-induced increase in myocardial susceptibility to ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Cardiovascular Journal of South Africa, 16(1), 21–28.PubMed
41.
Vanberg, P., & Atar, D. (2010). Androgenic anabolic steroid abuse and the cardiovascular system. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 195, 411–457.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Fineschi, V. (2013). Chronic, supra-physiological doses of nandrolone decanoate and exercise induced cardio-toxicity in an animal-model study. Acta Physiologica, 208(2), 141–143.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Weber, K. T., & Brilla, C. G. (1991). Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium. Fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Circulation, 83, 1849–1865.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Liu, J., Yeo, H. C., Övervik-Douki, E., Hagen, T., Doniger, S. J., Chu, D. W., et al. (2000). Chronically and acutely exercised rats: Biomarkers of oxidative stress and endogenous antioxidants. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89(1), 21–28.PubMed
45.
Osorio, R., Christofani, J., D’Almeida, V., Russo, A., & Picarro, I. (2003). Reactive oxygen species in pregnant rats: Effects of exercise and thermal stress. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology, 135(1), 89–95.CrossRef
46.
Ravi Kiran, T., Subramanyam, M., & Asha Devi, S. (2004). Swim exercise training and adaptations in the antioxidant defense system of myocardium of old rats: Relationship to swim intensity and duration. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 137(2), 187–196.CrossRef
47.
Gul, M., Demircan, B., Taysi, S., Oztasan, N., Gumustekin, K., Siktar, E., et al. (2006). Effects of endurance training and acute exhaustive exercise on antioxidant defense mechanisms in rat heart. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 143(2), 239–245.CrossRef
48.
Tahtamouni, L. H., Mustafa, N. H., Hassan, I. M., Ahmad, I. M., Yasina, S. R., & Abdallaa, M. Y. (2010). Nandrolone decanoate administration to male rats induces oxidative stress, seminiferous tubules abnormalities, and sperm DNA fragmentation. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(4), 165–174.
49.
Nakatani, K., Komatsu, M., Kato, T., Yamanaka, T., Takekura, H., Wagatsuma, A., et al. (2005). Habitual exercise induced resistance to oxidative stress. Free Radical Research, 39(9), 905–911.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Sadowska-Krępa, E., Kłapcińska, B., Jagsz, S., Sobczak, A., Chrapusta, S. J., Chalimoniuk, M., et al. (2011). High-dose testosterone propionate treatment reverses the effects of endurance training on myocardial antioxidant defenses in adolescent male rats. Cardiovascular Toxicology, 11(2), 118–127.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
51.
Chaves, E. A., Fortunato, R. S., Carvalho, D. P., Nascimento, J. H. M., & Oliveira, M. F. (2013). Exercise-induced cardioprotection is impaired by anabolic steroid treatment through a redox-dependent mechanism. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 138, 267–272.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Riezzo, I., Turillazzi, E., Bello, S., Cantatore, S., Cerretani, D., Di Paolo, M., et al. (2014). Chronic nandrolone administration promotes oxidative stress, induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine and TNF-α mediated apoptosis in the kidneys of CD1 treated mice. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 280(1), 97–106.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Bruder-Nascimento, T., & Cordellini, S. (2011). Vascular adaptive responses to physical exercise and to stress are affected differently by nandrolone administration. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 44(4), 337–344.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Tseng, Y. T., Rockhold, R. W., Hoskins, B., & Ho, I. K. (1994). Cardiovascular toxicities of nandrolone and cocaine in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 22(1), 113–121.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Maior, A. S., Belchior, C., Sanches, R. C., da Silva, T. O., Leonelli, T., Schwingel, P. A., et al. (2011). Chronic users of supraphysiological doses of anabolic androgenic steroids develop hematological and serum lipoprotein profiles that are characteristic of high cardiovascular risk. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Science, 3(2), 27–36.
56.
Phillis, B. D., Abeywardena, M. Y., Adams, M. J., Kennedy, J. A., & Irvine, R. J. (2007). Nandrolone potentiates arrhythmogenic effects of cardiac ischemia in the rat. Toxicological Sciences, 99(2), 605–611.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Achar, S., Rostamian, A., & Narayan, S. M. (2010). Cardiac and metabolic effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse on lipids, blood pressure, left ventricular dimensions, and rhythm. The American journal of cardiology, 106(6), 893–901.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
58.
59.
Mont, L., Sambola, A., Brugada, J., Vacca, M., Marrugat, J., Elosua, R., et al. (2002). Long-lasting sport practice and lone atrial fibrillation. European Heart Journal, 23(6), 477–482.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Rodriguez, L. M., Waleffe, A., Brugada, P., Dehareng, A., Lezaun, R., Sternick, E. B., & Kulbertus, H. E. (1990). Exercise-induced sustained symptomatic ventricular tachycardia: Incidence, clinical, angiographic and electrophysiologic characteristics. European Heart Journal, 11(3), 225–232.PubMed
61.
Fujita, T., Konno, T., Yokawa, J., Masuta, E., Nagata, Y., Fujino, N., et al. (2014). Increased extent of myocardial fibrosis in genotyped hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Journal of Cardiology, S0914–5087(14), 00294–00299.
62.
Sovari, A. A., Rutledge, C. A., Jeong, E. M., Dolmatova, E., Arasu, D., Liu, H., et al. (2013). Mitochondria oxidative stress, connexin43 remodeling, and sudden arrhythmic death. Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology, 6(3), 623–631.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
63.
Kennedy, M., & Lawrence, C. (1993). Anabolic steroid abuse and cardiac death. The Medical journal of Australia, 158(5), 346–348.PubMed
64.
Ajayi, A. A., Mathur, R., & Halushka, P. V. (1995). Testosterone increases human platelet thromboxane A2 receptor density and aggregation responses. Circulation, 91(11), 2742–2747.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Goldschlager, N., Cake, D., & Cohn, K. (1973). Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with coronary artery disease: Their relation to angiographic findings. The American journal of cardiology, 31(4), 434–440.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Dickerman, R., Schaller, F., Prather, I., & McConathy, W. (1995). Sudden cardiac death in a 20-year-old bodybuilder using anabolic steroids. Cardiology, 86(2), 172–173.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Ferenchick, G. S., & Adelman, S. (1992). Myocardial infarction associated with anabolic steroid use in a previously healthy 37-year-old weight lifter. American Heart Journal, 124(2), 507–508.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
The Effects of Nandrolone Decanoate Along with Prolonged Low-Intensity Exercise on Susceptibility to Ventricular Arrhythmias
Authors
Fateme Binayi
Siyavash Joukar
Hamid Najafipour
Ali Karimi
Farzane Abdollahi
Yaser Masumi
Publication date
01-01-2016
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Cardiovascular Toxicology / Issue 1/2016
Print ISSN: 1530-7905
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0259
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-015-9313-3

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

Cardiovascular Toxicology 1/2016 Go to the issue

OriginalPaper

Cardioprotective Effects of Total Flavonoids Extracted from Xinjiang Sprig Rosa rugosa against Acute Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Myocardial Injury in Isolated Rat Heart

OriginalPaper

FGF2 Prevents Sunitinib-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Zebrafish and Cardiomyoblast H9c2 Cells

OriginalPaper

hERG Blockade by Iboga Alkaloids

Erratum

Erratum to: Synchronization in the Heart Rate and the Vasomotion in Rat Aorta: Effect of Arsenic Trioxide

OriginalPaper

Efavirenz Causes Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Autophagy in Endothelial Cells

OriginalPaper

Synchronization in the Heart Rate and the Vasomotion in Rat Aorta: Effect of Arsenic Trioxide

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits