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Current Psychiatry Reports
Published in: Current Psychiatry Reports 11/2014

01-11-2014 | Attention-Deficit Disorder (A Rostain, Section Editor)

Use of EEG to Diagnose ADHD

Authors: Agatha Lenartowicz, Sandra K. Loo

Published in: Current Psychiatry Reports | Issue 11/2014

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Abstract

Electroencephalography (EEG) has, historically, played a focal role in the assessment of neural function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We review here the most recent developments in the utility of EEG in the diagnosis of ADHD, with emphasis on the most commonly used and emerging EEG metrics and their reliability in diagnostic classification. Considering the clinical heterogeneity of ADHD and the complexity of information available from the EEG signals, we suggest that considerable benefits are to be gained from multivariate analyses and a focus towards understanding of the neural generators of EEG. We conclude that while EEG cannot currently be used as a diagnostic tool, vast developments in analytical and technological tools in its domain anticipate future progress in its utility in the clinical setting.
Glossary
Alpha band
Referring to oscillations in the range of 8-15 Hz
Beta band
Referring to oscillations in the range of 16-30 Hz
Delta band
Referring to oscillations <4 Hz
Event-related desynchronization (ERD)
Decrease in power of a frequency following a stimulus in event-related spectral analysis relative to pre-event; thought to arise from decreased synchronization of neural activity in that frequency
Event-related potential (ERP)
The average EEG signal in a time window following an event of interest (e.g., beep), computed over many repetitions of that event; typically associated with transient cortical dynamics in response to a stimulus or response
Event-related spectral analysis
The average power in a time window following an event of interest (e.g., beep), computed over many repetitions of that event; computed separately across many frequencies; typically associated with transient changes in brain state
Event-related synchronization (ERS)
Increase in power of a frequency following a stimulus in event-related spectral analysis relative to pre-event; thought to arise from increased synchronization of neural activity in that frequency
Feature
A descriptor or metric of EEG data; can be categorized into subclasses (see below) such as spectral, temporal, spatial or fractal
Fractal
Referring to characterization of jaggedness or serratedness of an EEG time series
Frequency
Number of cycles of an oscillation occurring per unit time; units of Hertz (Hz) or cycles/sec; distinguishes between “fast” and “slow” oscillations
Gamma band
Referring to oscillations above 30 Hz
Independent components analysis
Statistical technique that attempts to parse multivariate data (e.g., signal across many electrodes in EEG) into latent components that describe patterns of variables that covary across some other variable (e.g., time); these components are selected to be maximally statistically independent
Machine learning
The study and design of computer-based statistical algorithms that can learn from the data; typically designed to predict categorical outcome variables such as diagnosis; logistic regression is a univariate example of Machine Learning
Multidimensional
Simultaneous observation and analysis of more than one domain of data (e.g., ERP and performance measures)
Multivariate
Simultaneous observation and analysis of more than one outcome variable
Power
A measure of the amplitude of oscillations of a particular frequency in an EEG time course; typically associated with brain state
Spatial
Referring to characterization of electrode or cortical source of EEG time series
Spectral
Referring to characterization of frequency content of EEG time series
Spectral analysis
Quantification of time series in terms of power across frequencies, producing a power “spectrum”
Synchronization
The degree to which two or more neural units (cells or populations) show oscillations of a particular frequency that are the same across time (i.e., have the same phase and amplitude); the metric of “coherence” is sometimes used in analog to the “correlation” coefficient, to quantify this co-variation
Temporal
Referring to characterization of time content of EEG time series
Theta band
Referring to oscillations in the range of 4-7 Hz
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Metadata
Title
Use of EEG to Diagnose ADHD
Authors
Agatha Lenartowicz
Sandra K. Loo
Publication date
01-11-2014
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Psychiatry Reports / Issue 11/2014
Print ISSN: 1523-3812
Electronic ISSN: 1535-1645
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0498-0

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