Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Heart Failure Reports 3/2012

Open Access 01-09-2012 | Investigative Therapies (J.-L. Balligand, Section editor)

New Treatment Options for Late Na Current, Arrhythmias, and Diastolic Dysfunction

Author: Lars S. Maier

Published in: Current Heart Failure Reports | Issue 3/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

The late Na current is of pathophysiological importance for the heart. Ranolazine is an innovative anti-ischemic and antianginal agent that inhibits the late Na current, thereby reducing the Na-dependent Ca-overload, which improves diastolic tone and oxygen handling during myocardial ischemia. In addition, ranolazine seems to exert beneficial effects on diastolic cardiac function. Moreover, there are experimental and clinical data about its antiarrhythmic properties. A beneficial atrial selectivity of ranolazine has been suggested that may be helpful for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. The purpose of this review article is to discuss possible future clinical indications based on novel experimental and preclinical results and the significance of the available data.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Undrovinas AI, Fleidervish IA, Makielski JC. Inward sodium current at resting potentials in single cardiac myocytes induced by the ischemic metabolite lysophosphatidylcholine. Circ Res. 1992;71:1231–41.PubMedCrossRef Undrovinas AI, Fleidervish IA, Makielski JC. Inward sodium current at resting potentials in single cardiac myocytes induced by the ischemic metabolite lysophosphatidylcholine. Circ Res. 1992;71:1231–41.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Maier LS, Pieske B, Allen D Influence of stimulation frequency on [Na+]i and contractile function in Langendorff-perfused rat heart. Am J Physiol 1997;H1246–54 Maier LS, Pieske B, Allen D Influence of stimulation frequency on [Na+]i and contractile function in Langendorff-perfused rat heart. Am J Physiol 1997;H1246–54
3.
go back to reference Pieske B, Maier LS, Piacentino 3rd V, Weisser J, Hasenfuss G, Houser S. Rate dependence of [Na+]i and contractility in nonfailing and failing human myocardium. Circulation. 2002;106:447–53.PubMedCrossRef Pieske B, Maier LS, Piacentino 3rd V, Weisser J, Hasenfuss G, Houser S. Rate dependence of [Na+]i and contractility in nonfailing and failing human myocardium. Circulation. 2002;106:447–53.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Maltsev VA, Undrovinas A. Late sodium current in failing heart: friend or foe? Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2008;96:421–51.PubMedCrossRef Maltsev VA, Undrovinas A. Late sodium current in failing heart: friend or foe? Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2008;96:421–51.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Wagner S, Maier LS. Modulation of cardiac Na and Ca currents by CaM and CaMKII. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17 Suppl 1:S26–33.PubMedCrossRef Wagner S, Maier LS. Modulation of cardiac Na and Ca currents by CaM and CaMKII. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17 Suppl 1:S26–33.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Xi Y, Wu G, Yang L, Han K, Du Y, Wang T, Lei X, Bai X, Ma A. Increased late sodium currents are related to transcription of neuronal isoforms in a pressure-overload model. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11:749–57.PubMedCrossRef Xi Y, Wu G, Yang L, Han K, Du Y, Wang T, Lei X, Bai X, Ma A. Increased late sodium currents are related to transcription of neuronal isoforms in a pressure-overload model. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11:749–57.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Fredj S, Lindegger N, Sampson KJ, Carmeliet P, Kass RS. Altered Na+ channels promote pause-induced spontaneous diastolic activity in long QT syndrome type 3 myocytes. Circ Res. 2006;99:1225–32.PubMedCrossRef Fredj S, Lindegger N, Sampson KJ, Carmeliet P, Kass RS. Altered Na+ channels promote pause-induced spontaneous diastolic activity in long QT syndrome type 3 myocytes. Circ Res. 2006;99:1225–32.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Huang B, El-Sherif T, Gidh-Jain M, Qin D, El-Sherif N. Alterations of sodium channel kinetics and gene expression in the postinfarction remodeled myocardium. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2001;12:218–25.PubMedCrossRef Huang B, El-Sherif T, Gidh-Jain M, Qin D, El-Sherif N. Alterations of sodium channel kinetics and gene expression in the postinfarction remodeled myocardium. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2001;12:218–25.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Ju YK, Saint DA, Gage PW. Hypoxia increases persistent sodium current in rat ventricular myocytes. J Physiol. 1996;497:337–47.PubMed Ju YK, Saint DA, Gage PW. Hypoxia increases persistent sodium current in rat ventricular myocytes. J Physiol. 1996;497:337–47.PubMed
10.
go back to reference Maltsev VA, Silverman N, Sabbah HN, Undrovinas AI. Chronic heart failure slows late sodium current in human and canine ventricular myocytes: implications for repolarization variability. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007;9:219–27.PubMedCrossRef Maltsev VA, Silverman N, Sabbah HN, Undrovinas AI. Chronic heart failure slows late sodium current in human and canine ventricular myocytes: implications for repolarization variability. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007;9:219–27.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference •• Sossalla S, Kallmeyer B, Wagner S, Mazur M, Maurer U, Toischer K, Schmitto JD, Seipelt R, Schondube FA, Hasenfuss G, Belardinelli L, Maier LS. Altered Na+ currents in atrial fibrillation effects of ranolazine on arrhythmias and contractility in human atrial myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:2330–42. This is the first report in human myocardium showing altered Na currents in atrial fibrillation and the beneficial effects of ranolazine on arrhythmogenesis. The RAFFAELLO study mainly results from this report.PubMedCrossRef •• Sossalla S, Kallmeyer B, Wagner S, Mazur M, Maurer U, Toischer K, Schmitto JD, Seipelt R, Schondube FA, Hasenfuss G, Belardinelli L, Maier LS. Altered Na+ currents in atrial fibrillation effects of ranolazine on arrhythmias and contractility in human atrial myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:2330–42. This is the first report in human myocardium showing altered Na currents in atrial fibrillation and the beneficial effects of ranolazine on arrhythmogenesis. The RAFFAELLO study mainly results from this report.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Sossalla S, Wagner S, Rasenack EC, Ruff H, Weber SL, Schondube FA, Tirilomis T, Tenderich G, Hasenfuss G, Belardinelli L, Maier LS. Ranolazine improves diastolic dysfunction in isolated myocardium from failing human hearts–role of late sodium current and intracellular ion accumulation. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2008;45:32–43.PubMedCrossRef Sossalla S, Wagner S, Rasenack EC, Ruff H, Weber SL, Schondube FA, Tirilomis T, Tenderich G, Hasenfuss G, Belardinelli L, Maier LS. Ranolazine improves diastolic dysfunction in isolated myocardium from failing human hearts–role of late sodium current and intracellular ion accumulation. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2008;45:32–43.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Makielski JC, Farley AL. Na(+) current in human ventricle: implications for sodium loading and homeostasis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17 Suppl 1:S15–20.PubMedCrossRef Makielski JC, Farley AL. Na(+) current in human ventricle: implications for sodium loading and homeostasis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17 Suppl 1:S15–20.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Belardinelli L, Shryock JC, Fraser H. Inhibition of the late sodium current as a potential cardioprotective principle: effects of the late sodium current inhibitor ranolazine. Heart. 2006;92 Suppl 4:iv6–iv14.PubMedCrossRef Belardinelli L, Shryock JC, Fraser H. Inhibition of the late sodium current as a potential cardioprotective principle: effects of the late sodium current inhibitor ranolazine. Heart. 2006;92 Suppl 4:iv6–iv14.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Wagner S, Seidler T, Picht E, Maier LS, Kazanski V, Teucher N, Schillinger W, Pieske B, Isenberg G, Hasenfuss G, Kogler H. Na+-Ca2+ exchanger overexpression predisposes to reactive oxygen species-induced injury. Cardiovasc Res. 2003;60:404–12.PubMedCrossRef Wagner S, Seidler T, Picht E, Maier LS, Kazanski V, Teucher N, Schillinger W, Pieske B, Isenberg G, Hasenfuss G, Kogler H. Na+-Ca2+ exchanger overexpression predisposes to reactive oxygen species-induced injury. Cardiovasc Res. 2003;60:404–12.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Wang P, Fraser H, Lloyd SG, McVeigh JJ, Belardinelli L, Chatham JC. A comparison between ranolazine and CVT-4325, a novel inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, on cardiac metabolism and left ventricular function in rat isolated perfused heart during ischemia and reperfusion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007;321:213–20.PubMedCrossRef Wang P, Fraser H, Lloyd SG, McVeigh JJ, Belardinelli L, Chatham JC. A comparison between ranolazine and CVT-4325, a novel inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, on cardiac metabolism and left ventricular function in rat isolated perfused heart during ischemia and reperfusion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007;321:213–20.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Brandes R, Maier LS, Bers DM. Regulation of mitochondrial [NADH] by cytosolic [Ca2+] and work in trabeculae from hypertrophic and normal rat hearts. Circ Res. 1998;82:1189–98.PubMedCrossRef Brandes R, Maier LS, Bers DM. Regulation of mitochondrial [NADH] by cytosolic [Ca2+] and work in trabeculae from hypertrophic and normal rat hearts. Circ Res. 1998;82:1189–98.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Chaitman BR, Pepine CJ, Parker JO, Skopal J, Chumakova G, Kuch J, Wang W, Skettino SL, Wolff AA. Effects of ranolazine with atenolol, amlodipine, or diltiazem on exercise tolerance and angina frequency in patients with severe chronic angina: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:309–16.PubMedCrossRef Chaitman BR, Pepine CJ, Parker JO, Skopal J, Chumakova G, Kuch J, Wang W, Skettino SL, Wolff AA. Effects of ranolazine with atenolol, amlodipine, or diltiazem on exercise tolerance and angina frequency in patients with severe chronic angina: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:309–16.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Chaitman BR, Skettino SL, Parker JO, Hanley P, Meluzin J, Kuch J, Pepine CJ, Wang W, Nelson JJ, Hebert DA, Wolff AA. Anti-ischemic effects and long-term survival during ranolazine monotherapy in patients with chronic severe angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1375–82.PubMedCrossRef Chaitman BR, Skettino SL, Parker JO, Hanley P, Meluzin J, Kuch J, Pepine CJ, Wang W, Nelson JJ, Hebert DA, Wolff AA. Anti-ischemic effects and long-term survival during ranolazine monotherapy in patients with chronic severe angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1375–82.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Antzelevitch C, Belardinelli L, Zygmunt AC, Burashnikov A, Di Diego JM, Fish JM, Cordeiro JM, Thomas G. Electrophysiological effects of ranolazine, a novel antianginal agent with antiarrhythmic properties. Circulation. 2004;110:904–10.PubMedCrossRef Antzelevitch C, Belardinelli L, Zygmunt AC, Burashnikov A, Di Diego JM, Fish JM, Cordeiro JM, Thomas G. Electrophysiological effects of ranolazine, a novel antianginal agent with antiarrhythmic properties. Circulation. 2004;110:904–10.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Song Y, Shryock JC, Wagner S, Maier LS, Belardinelli L. Blocking late sodium current reduces hydrogen peroxide-induced arrhythmogenic activity and contractile dysfunction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006;318:214–22.PubMedCrossRef Song Y, Shryock JC, Wagner S, Maier LS, Belardinelli L. Blocking late sodium current reduces hydrogen peroxide-induced arrhythmogenic activity and contractile dysfunction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006;318:214–22.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Undrovinas AI, Belardinelli L, Undrovinas NA, Sabbah HN. Ranolazine improves abnormal repolarization and contraction in left ventricular myocytes of dogs with heart failure by inhibiting late sodium current. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17 Suppl 1:S169–77.PubMedCrossRef Undrovinas AI, Belardinelli L, Undrovinas NA, Sabbah HN. Ranolazine improves abnormal repolarization and contraction in left ventricular myocytes of dogs with heart failure by inhibiting late sodium current. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17 Suppl 1:S169–77.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Wang GK, Calderon J, Wang SY. State- and use-dependent block of muscle Nav1.4 and neuronal Nav1.7 voltage-gated Na+ channel isoforms by ranolazine. Mol Pharmacol. 2008;73:940–8.PubMedCrossRef Wang GK, Calderon J, Wang SY. State- and use-dependent block of muscle Nav1.4 and neuronal Nav1.7 voltage-gated Na+ channel isoforms by ranolazine. Mol Pharmacol. 2008;73:940–8.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference • Beyder A, Strege PR, Reyes S, Bernard CE, Terzic A, Makielski J, Ackerman MJ, Farrugia G Ranolazine decreases mechanosensitivity of the voltage-gated sodium ion channel NaV1.5: a novel mechanism of drug action. Circulation. 2012;125:2698–2706. This is the first report showing a novel mechanism of how Na channel scan be activated (ie, by mechanosensitivity) and how ranolazine may decrease this mechanism. • Beyder A, Strege PR, Reyes S, Bernard CE, Terzic A, Makielski J, Ackerman MJ, Farrugia G Ranolazine decreases mechanosensitivity of the voltage-gated sodium ion channel NaV1.5: a novel mechanism of drug action. Circulation. 2012;125:2698–2706. This is the first report showing a novel mechanism of how Na channel scan be activated (ie, by mechanosensitivity) and how ranolazine may decrease this mechanism.
25.
go back to reference von Lewinski D, Stumme B, Maier LS, Luers C, Bers DM, Pieske B. Stretch-dependent slow force response in isolated rabbit myocardium is Na+ dependent. Cardiovasc Res. 2003;57:1052–61.CrossRef von Lewinski D, Stumme B, Maier LS, Luers C, Bers DM, Pieske B. Stretch-dependent slow force response in isolated rabbit myocardium is Na+ dependent. Cardiovasc Res. 2003;57:1052–61.CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Lovelock JD, Monasky MM, Jeong EM, Lardin HA, Liu H, Patel BG, Taglieri DM, Gu L, Kumar P, Pokhrel N, Zeng D, Belardinelli L, Sorescu D, Solaro RJ, Dudley Jr SC. Ranolazine improves cardiac diastolic dysfunction through modulation of myofilament calcium sensitivity. Circ Res. 2012;110(6):841–50.PubMedCrossRef Lovelock JD, Monasky MM, Jeong EM, Lardin HA, Liu H, Patel BG, Taglieri DM, Gu L, Kumar P, Pokhrel N, Zeng D, Belardinelli L, Sorescu D, Solaro RJ, Dudley Jr SC. Ranolazine improves cardiac diastolic dysfunction through modulation of myofilament calcium sensitivity. Circ Res. 2012;110(6):841–50.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Hayashida W, van Eyll C, Rousseau MF, Pouleur H. Effects of ranolazine on left ventricular regional diastolic function in patients with ischemic heart disease. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1994;8:741–7.PubMedCrossRef Hayashida W, van Eyll C, Rousseau MF, Pouleur H. Effects of ranolazine on left ventricular regional diastolic function in patients with ischemic heart disease. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1994;8:741–7.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Moss AJ, Zareba W, Schwarz KQ, Rosero S, McNitt S, Robinson JL. Ranolazine shortens repolarization in patients with sustained inward sodium current due to type-3 long-QT syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19:1289–93.PubMedCrossRef Moss AJ, Zareba W, Schwarz KQ, Rosero S, McNitt S, Robinson JL. Ranolazine shortens repolarization in patients with sustained inward sodium current due to type-3 long-QT syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19:1289–93.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference •• Figueredo VM, Pressman GS, Romero-Corral A, Murdock E, Holderbach P, Morris DL. Improvement in left ventricular systolic and diastolic performance during ranolazine treatment in patients with stable angina. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2011;16:168–72. This is the first clinical report in patients showing improved echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular function in response to ranolazine.PubMedCrossRef •• Figueredo VM, Pressman GS, Romero-Corral A, Murdock E, Holderbach P, Morris DL. Improvement in left ventricular systolic and diastolic performance during ranolazine treatment in patients with stable angina. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2011;16:168–72. This is the first clinical report in patients showing improved echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular function in response to ranolazine.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Morrow DA, Scirica BM, Sabatine MS, de Lemos JA, Murphy SA, Jarolim P, Theroux P, Bode C, Braunwald E. B-type natriuretic peptide and the effect of ranolazine in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: observations from the MERLIN-TIMI 36 (Metabolic Efficiency With Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 36) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1189–96.PubMedCrossRef Morrow DA, Scirica BM, Sabatine MS, de Lemos JA, Murphy SA, Jarolim P, Theroux P, Bode C, Braunwald E. B-type natriuretic peptide and the effect of ranolazine in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: observations from the MERLIN-TIMI 36 (Metabolic Efficiency With Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 36) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1189–96.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Sabbah HN, Chandler MP, Mishima T, Suzuki G, Chaudhry P, Nass O, Biesiadecki BJ, Blackburn B, Wolff A, Stanley WC. Ranolazine, a partial fatty acid oxidation (pFOX) inhibitor, improves left ventricular function in dogs with chronic heart failure. J Card Fail. 2002;8:416–22.PubMedCrossRef Sabbah HN, Chandler MP, Mishima T, Suzuki G, Chaudhry P, Nass O, Biesiadecki BJ, Blackburn B, Wolff A, Stanley WC. Ranolazine, a partial fatty acid oxidation (pFOX) inhibitor, improves left ventricular function in dogs with chronic heart failure. J Card Fail. 2002;8:416–22.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Rastogi S, Sharov VG, Mishra S, Gupta RC, Blackburn B, Belardinelli L, Stanley WC, Sabbah HN. Ranolazine combined with enalapril or metoprolol prevents progressive LV dysfunction and remodeling in dogs with moderate heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;295:H2149–55.PubMedCrossRef Rastogi S, Sharov VG, Mishra S, Gupta RC, Blackburn B, Belardinelli L, Stanley WC, Sabbah HN. Ranolazine combined with enalapril or metoprolol prevents progressive LV dysfunction and remodeling in dogs with moderate heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;295:H2149–55.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Jacobshagen C, Belardinelli L, Hasenfuss G, Maier LS. Ranolazine for the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Background, aims, and design of the RALI-DHF study. Clin Cardiol. 2011;34:426–32.PubMedCrossRef Jacobshagen C, Belardinelli L, Hasenfuss G, Maier LS. Ranolazine for the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Background, aims, and design of the RALI-DHF study. Clin Cardiol. 2011;34:426–32.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Sossalla S, Fluschnik N, Schotola H, Ort KR, Neef S, Schulte T, Wittkopper K, Renner A, Schmitto JD, Gummert J, El-Armouche A, Hasenfuss G, Maier LS. Inhibition of elevated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II improves contractility in human failing myocardium. Circ Res. 2010;107:1150–61.PubMedCrossRef Sossalla S, Fluschnik N, Schotola H, Ort KR, Neef S, Schulte T, Wittkopper K, Renner A, Schmitto JD, Gummert J, El-Armouche A, Hasenfuss G, Maier LS. Inhibition of elevated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II improves contractility in human failing myocardium. Circ Res. 2010;107:1150–61.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Sossalla S, Maurer U, Schotola H, Hartmann N, Didie M, Zimmermann W, Jacobshagen C, Wagner S, Maier LS (2011) Diastolic dysfunction and arrhythmias caused by overexpression of CaMKIIδC can be reversed by inhibition of late Na+ current. Basic Res Cardiol 263–272 Sossalla S, Maurer U, Schotola H, Hartmann N, Didie M, Zimmermann W, Jacobshagen C, Wagner S, Maier LS (2011) Diastolic dysfunction and arrhythmias caused by overexpression of CaMKIIδC can be reversed by inhibition of late Na+ current. Basic Res Cardiol 263–272
36.
go back to reference Wagner S, Dybkova N, Rasenack EC, Jacobshagen C, Fabritz L, Kirchhof P, Maier SK, Zhang T, Hasenfuss G, Brown JH, Bers DM, Maier LS. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II regulates cardiac Na+ channels. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:3127–38.PubMedCrossRef Wagner S, Dybkova N, Rasenack EC, Jacobshagen C, Fabritz L, Kirchhof P, Maier SK, Zhang T, Hasenfuss G, Brown JH, Bers DM, Maier LS. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II regulates cardiac Na+ channels. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:3127–38.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Grandi E, Puglisi JL, Wagner S, Maier LS, Severi S, Bers DM. Simulation of Ca-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II on rabbit ventricular myocyte ion currents and action potentials. Biophys J. 2007;93:3835–47.PubMedCrossRef Grandi E, Puglisi JL, Wagner S, Maier LS, Severi S, Bers DM. Simulation of Ca-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II on rabbit ventricular myocyte ion currents and action potentials. Biophys J. 2007;93:3835–47.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Wagner S, Ruff HM, Weber SL, Bellmann S, Sowa T, Schulte T, Grandi E, Bers DM, Backs J, Belardinelli L, Maier LS. Reactive oxygen species-activated Ca/Calmodulin Kinase IIδ is required for late INa augmentation leading to cellular Na and Ca overload. Circ Res. 2011;108:555–65.PubMedCrossRef Wagner S, Ruff HM, Weber SL, Bellmann S, Sowa T, Schulte T, Grandi E, Bers DM, Backs J, Belardinelli L, Maier LS. Reactive oxygen species-activated Ca/Calmodulin Kinase IIδ is required for late INa augmentation leading to cellular Na and Ca overload. Circ Res. 2011;108:555–65.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Fraser H, Belardinelli L, Wang L, Light PE, McVeigh JJ, Clanachan AS. Ranolazine decreases diastolic calcium accumulation caused by ATX-II or ischemia in rat hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2006;41:1031–8.PubMedCrossRef Fraser H, Belardinelli L, Wang L, Light PE, McVeigh JJ, Clanachan AS. Ranolazine decreases diastolic calcium accumulation caused by ATX-II or ischemia in rat hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2006;41:1031–8.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Gralinski MR, Black SC, Kilgore KS, Chou AY, McCormack JG, Lucchesi BR. Cardioprotective effects of ranolazine (RS-43285) in the isolated perfused rabbit heart. Cardiovasc Res. 1994;28:1231–7.PubMedCrossRef Gralinski MR, Black SC, Kilgore KS, Chou AY, McCormack JG, Lucchesi BR. Cardioprotective effects of ranolazine (RS-43285) in the isolated perfused rabbit heart. Cardiovasc Res. 1994;28:1231–7.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Wu Y, Song Y, Belardinelli L, Shryock JC. The late Na+ current (INa) inhibitor ranolazine attenuates effects of palmitoyl-L-carnitine to increase late INa and cause ventricular diastolic dysfunction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;330:550–7.PubMedCrossRef Wu Y, Song Y, Belardinelli L, Shryock JC. The late Na+ current (INa) inhibitor ranolazine attenuates effects of palmitoyl-L-carnitine to increase late INa and cause ventricular diastolic dysfunction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;330:550–7.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Maruyama K, Hara A, Hashizume H, Ushikubi F, Abiko Y. Ranolazine attenuates palmitoyl-L-carnitine-induced mechanical and metabolic derangement in the isolated, perfused rat heart. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2000;52:709–15.PubMedCrossRef Maruyama K, Hara A, Hashizume H, Ushikubi F, Abiko Y. Ranolazine attenuates palmitoyl-L-carnitine-induced mechanical and metabolic derangement in the isolated, perfused rat heart. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2000;52:709–15.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Sag CM, Wadsack DP, Khabbazzadeh S, Abesser M, Grefe C, Neumann K, Opiela MK, Backs J, Olson EN, Brown JH, Neef S, Maier SK, Maier LS. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II contributes to cardi-ac arrhythmogenesis in heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2009;2:664–75.PubMedCrossRef Sag CM, Wadsack DP, Khabbazzadeh S, Abesser M, Grefe C, Neumann K, Opiela MK, Backs J, Olson EN, Brown JH, Neef S, Maier SK, Maier LS. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II contributes to cardi-ac arrhythmogenesis in heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2009;2:664–75.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Song Y, Shryock JC, Belardinelli L. An increase of late sodium current induces delayed afterdepolarizations and sustained triggered activity in atrial myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;294:H2031–9.PubMedCrossRef Song Y, Shryock JC, Belardinelli L. An increase of late sodium current induces delayed afterdepolarizations and sustained triggered activity in atrial myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;294:H2031–9.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Wu L, Shryock JC, Song Y, Li Y, Antzelevitch C, Belardinelli L. Antiarrhythmic effects of ranolazine in a guinea pig in vitro model of long-QT syndrome. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004;310:599–605.PubMedCrossRef Wu L, Shryock JC, Song Y, Li Y, Antzelevitch C, Belardinelli L. Antiarrhythmic effects of ranolazine in a guinea pig in vitro model of long-QT syndrome. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004;310:599–605.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Song Y, Shryock JC, Wu L, Belardinelli L. Antagonism by ranolazine of the pro-arrhythmic effects of increasing late INa in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004;44:192–9.PubMedCrossRef Song Y, Shryock JC, Wu L, Belardinelli L. Antagonism by ranolazine of the pro-arrhythmic effects of increasing late INa in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004;44:192–9.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Dhalla AK, Wang WQ, Dow J, Shryock JC, Belardinelli L, Bhandari A, Kloner RA. Ranolazine, an antianginal agent, markedly reduces ventricular arrhythmias induced by ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009;297:H1923–9.PubMedCrossRef Dhalla AK, Wang WQ, Dow J, Shryock JC, Belardinelli L, Bhandari A, Kloner RA. Ranolazine, an antianginal agent, markedly reduces ventricular arrhythmias induced by ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009;297:H1923–9.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference • Morita N, Lee JH, Xie Y, Sovari A, Qu Z, Weiss JN, Karagueuzian HS. Suppression of re-entrant and multifocal ventricular fibrillation by the late sodium current blocker ranolazine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:366–75. In this report, pacing-induced re-entrant ventricular fibrillation and early afterdepolarization-mediated multifocal ventricular fibrillation was shown in perfused rat hearts.PubMedCrossRef • Morita N, Lee JH, Xie Y, Sovari A, Qu Z, Weiss JN, Karagueuzian HS. Suppression of re-entrant and multifocal ventricular fibrillation by the late sodium current blocker ranolazine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:366–75. In this report, pacing-induced re-entrant ventricular fibrillation and early afterdepolarization-mediated multifocal ventricular fibrillation was shown in perfused rat hearts.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference •• Lemoine MD, Duverger JE, Naud P, Chartier D, Qi XY, Comtois P, Fabritz L, Kirchhof P, Nattel S. Arrhythmogenic left atrial cellular electrophysiology in a murine genetic long QT syndrome model. Cardiovasc Res. 2011;92:67–72. This report shows for the first time in a genetic mouse model of long QT 3 atrial fibrillation and how ranolazine improves arrhythmogenesis.PubMedCrossRef •• Lemoine MD, Duverger JE, Naud P, Chartier D, Qi XY, Comtois P, Fabritz L, Kirchhof P, Nattel S. Arrhythmogenic left atrial cellular electrophysiology in a murine genetic long QT syndrome model. Cardiovasc Res. 2011;92:67–72. This report shows for the first time in a genetic mouse model of long QT 3 atrial fibrillation and how ranolazine improves arrhythmogenesis.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Antzelevitch C, Sicouri S, Litovsky SH, Lukas A, Krishnan SC, Di Diego JM, Gintant GA, Liu DW. Heterogeneity within the ventricular wall. Electrophysiology and pharmacology of epicardial, endocardial, and M cells. Circ Res. 1991;69:1427–49.PubMedCrossRef Antzelevitch C, Sicouri S, Litovsky SH, Lukas A, Krishnan SC, Di Diego JM, Gintant GA, Liu DW. Heterogeneity within the ventricular wall. Electrophysiology and pharmacology of epicardial, endocardial, and M cells. Circ Res. 1991;69:1427–49.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Zygmunt A, Goodrow R, Antzelevitch C (2000) I NaCa contributes to electrical heterogeneity within the canine ventricle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol H1671–8 Zygmunt A, Goodrow R, Antzelevitch C (2000) I NaCa contributes to electrical heterogeneity within the canine ventricle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol H1671–8
53.
go back to reference Antoons G, Oros A, Beekman JD, Engelen MA, Houtman MJ, Belardinelli L, Stengl M, Vos MA. Late Na(+) current inhibition by ranolazine reduces torsades de pointes in the chronic atrioventricular block dog model. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:801–9.PubMedCrossRef Antoons G, Oros A, Beekman JD, Engelen MA, Houtman MJ, Belardinelli L, Stengl M, Vos MA. Late Na(+) current inhibition by ranolazine reduces torsades de pointes in the chronic atrioventricular block dog model. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:801–9.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Wu L, Shryock J, Song Y, Belardinelli L. An increase in late sodium current potentiates the proarrhythmic activities of low-risk QT-prolonging drugs in female rabbit hearts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006;316:718–26.PubMedCrossRef Wu L, Shryock J, Song Y, Belardinelli L. An increase in late sodium current potentiates the proarrhythmic activities of low-risk QT-prolonging drugs in female rabbit hearts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006;316:718–26.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Murdock DK, Kersten M, Kaliebe J, Larrain G. The use of oral ranolazine to convert new or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a review of experience with implications for possible “pill in the pocket” approach to atrial fibrillation. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2009;9:260–7.PubMed Murdock DK, Kersten M, Kaliebe J, Larrain G. The use of oral ranolazine to convert new or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a review of experience with implications for possible “pill in the pocket” approach to atrial fibrillation. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2009;9:260–7.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Murdock DK, Overton N, Kersten M, Kaliebe J, Devecchi F. The effect of ranolazine on maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with resistant atrial fibrillation. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2008;8:175–81.PubMed Murdock DK, Overton N, Kersten M, Kaliebe J, Devecchi F. The effect of ranolazine on maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with resistant atrial fibrillation. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2008;8:175–81.PubMed
57.
go back to reference Miles RH, Murdock DK. Ranolazine verses amiodarone for prophylaxis against atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass surgery. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7:258.CrossRef Miles RH, Murdock DK. Ranolazine verses amiodarone for prophylaxis against atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass surgery. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7:258.CrossRef
58.
go back to reference Hohnloser SH, Singh BN. Proarrhythmia with class III antiarrhythmic drugs: definition, electrophysiologic mechanisms, incidence, predisposing factors, and clinical implications. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1995;6:920–36.PubMedCrossRef Hohnloser SH, Singh BN. Proarrhythmia with class III antiarrhythmic drugs: definition, electrophysiologic mechanisms, incidence, predisposing factors, and clinical implications. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1995;6:920–36.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Burashnikov A, Di Diego JM, Zygmunt AC, Belardinelli L, Antzelevitch C. Atrium-selective sodium channel block as a strategy for suppression of atrial fibrillation: differences in sodium channel inactivation between atria and ventricles and the role of ranolazine. Circulation. 2007;116:1449–57.PubMedCrossRef Burashnikov A, Di Diego JM, Zygmunt AC, Belardinelli L, Antzelevitch C. Atrium-selective sodium channel block as a strategy for suppression of atrial fibrillation: differences in sodium channel inactivation between atria and ventricles and the role of ranolazine. Circulation. 2007;116:1449–57.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Rajamani S, Shryock JC, Belardinelli L. Block of tetrodotoxin-sensitive, Na(V)1.7 and tetrodotoxin-resistant, Na(V)1.8, Na+ channels by ranolazine. Channels (Austin). 2008;2:449–60.CrossRef Rajamani S, Shryock JC, Belardinelli L. Block of tetrodotoxin-sensitive, Na(V)1.7 and tetrodotoxin-resistant, Na(V)1.8, Na+ channels by ranolazine. Channels (Austin). 2008;2:449–60.CrossRef
61.
go back to reference Neef S, Dybkova N, Sossalla S, Ort KR, Fluschnik N, Neumann K, Seipelt R, Schondube FA, Hasenfuss G, Maier LS. CaMKII-dependent diastolic SR Ca2+ leak and elevated diastolic Ca2+ levels in right atrial myocardium of patients with atrial fibrillation. Circ Res. 2010;106:1134–44.PubMedCrossRef Neef S, Dybkova N, Sossalla S, Ort KR, Fluschnik N, Neumann K, Seipelt R, Schondube FA, Hasenfuss G, Maier LS. CaMKII-dependent diastolic SR Ca2+ leak and elevated diastolic Ca2+ levels in right atrial myocardium of patients with atrial fibrillation. Circ Res. 2010;106:1134–44.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Kumar K, Nearing BD, Bartoli CR, Kwaku KF, Belardinelli L, Verrier RL. Effect of ranolazine on ventricular vulnerability and defibrillation threshold in the intact porcine heart. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19:1073–9.PubMedCrossRef Kumar K, Nearing BD, Bartoli CR, Kwaku KF, Belardinelli L, Verrier RL. Effect of ranolazine on ventricular vulnerability and defibrillation threshold in the intact porcine heart. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19:1073–9.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Kumar K, Nearing BD, Carvas M, Nascimento BC, Acar M, Belardinelli L, Verrier RL. Ranolazine exerts potent effects on atrial electrical properties and abbreviates atrial fibrillation duration in the intact porcine heart. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20:796–802.PubMedCrossRef Kumar K, Nearing BD, Carvas M, Nascimento BC, Acar M, Belardinelli L, Verrier RL. Ranolazine exerts potent effects on atrial electrical properties and abbreviates atrial fibrillation duration in the intact porcine heart. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20:796–802.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Carvas M, Nascimento BC, Acar M, Nearing BD, Belardinelli L, Verrier RL. Intrapericardial ranolazine prolongs atrial refractory period and markedly reduces atrial fibrillation inducibility in the intact porcine heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2010;55:286–91.PubMedCrossRef Carvas M, Nascimento BC, Acar M, Nearing BD, Belardinelli L, Verrier RL. Intrapericardial ranolazine prolongs atrial refractory period and markedly reduces atrial fibrillation inducibility in the intact porcine heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2010;55:286–91.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Sicouri S, Burashnikov A, Belardinelli L, Antzelevitch C. Synergistic electrophysiologic and antiarrhythmic effects of the combination of ranolazine and chronic amiodarone in canine atria. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2010;3:88–95.PubMedCrossRef Sicouri S, Burashnikov A, Belardinelli L, Antzelevitch C. Synergistic electrophysiologic and antiarrhythmic effects of the combination of ranolazine and chronic amiodarone in canine atria. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2010;3:88–95.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference •• Burashnikov A, Sicouri S, Di Diego JM, Belardinelli L, Antzelevitch C. Synergistic effect of the combination of ranolazine and dronedarone to suppress atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1216–24. The study nicely shows that a combination therapy of ranolazine with dronedarone may be a novel antiarrhythmic approach on which the HARMONY study is based.PubMedCrossRef •• Burashnikov A, Sicouri S, Di Diego JM, Belardinelli L, Antzelevitch C. Synergistic effect of the combination of ranolazine and dronedarone to suppress atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1216–24. The study nicely shows that a combination therapy of ranolazine with dronedarone may be a novel antiarrhythmic approach on which the HARMONY study is based.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Sicouri S, Glass A, Belardinelli L, Antzelevitch C. Antiarrhythmic effects of ranolazine in canine pulmonary vein sleeve preparations. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5:1019–26.PubMedCrossRef Sicouri S, Glass A, Belardinelli L, Antzelevitch C. Antiarrhythmic effects of ranolazine in canine pulmonary vein sleeve preparations. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5:1019–26.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
New Treatment Options for Late Na Current, Arrhythmias, and Diastolic Dysfunction
Author
Lars S. Maier
Publication date
01-09-2012
Publisher
Current Science Inc.
Published in
Current Heart Failure Reports / Issue 3/2012
Print ISSN: 1546-9530
Electronic ISSN: 1546-9549
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11897-012-0099-3

Other articles of this Issue 3/2012

Current Heart Failure Reports 3/2012 Go to the issue

Decompensated Heart Failure (MM Givertz, Section editor)

The Challenge of Heart Failure Discharge from the Emergency Department

Investigative Therapies (J.-L. Balligand, Section editor)

AMP-activated Protein Kinase in the Control of Cardiac Metabolism and Remodeling

Decompensated Heart Failure (MM Givertz, Section editor)

Congestion Is the Driving Force Behind Heart Failure

Investigative Therapies (J.-L. Balligand, Section editor)

Cardiac Side Effects of Anticancer Treatments: New Mechanistic Insights