Skip to main content
Top

Open Access 18-03-2024 | Hypercholesterolemia | Review

Gene Editing for the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia

Authors: Menno Hoekstra, Miranda Van Eck

Published in: Current Atherosclerosis Reports

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Here, we summarize the key findings from preclinical studies that tested the concept that editing of hepatic genes can lower plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels to subsequently reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk.

Recent Findings

Selective delivery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated gene editing tools targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) to hepatocytes, i.e., through encapsulation into N-acetylgalactosamine-coupled lipid nanoparticles, is able to induce a stable ~ 90% decrease in plasma PCSK9 levels and a concomitant 60% reduction in LDL-cholesterol levels in mice and non-humane primates. Studies in mice have shown that this state-of-the-art technology can be extended to include additional targets related to dyslipidemia such as angiopoietin-like 3 and several apolipoproteins.

Summary

The use of gene editors holds great promise to lower plasma LDL-cholesterol levels also in the human setting. However, gene editing safety has to be guaranteed before this approach can become a clinical success.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Gordon T, Kannel WB, Castelli WP, Dawber TR. Lipoproteins, cardiovascular disease, and death. The Framingham study Arch Intern Med. 1981;141:1128–31.CrossRefPubMed Gordon T, Kannel WB, Castelli WP, Dawber TR. Lipoproteins, cardiovascular disease, and death. The Framingham study Arch Intern Med. 1981;141:1128–31.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, Chamberlain AM, Cheng S, Delling FN, Elkind MSV, Evenson KR, Ferguson JF, Gupta DK, Khan SS, Kissela BM, Knutson KL, Lee CD, Lewis TT, Liu J, Loop MS, Lutsey PL, Ma J, Mackey J, Martin SS, Matchar DB, Mussolino ME, Navaneethan SD, Perak AM, Roth GA, Samad Z, Satou GM, Schroeder EB, Shah SH, Shay CM, Stokes A, VanWagner LB, Wang NY, American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Tsao CW Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2021 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143:e254–743. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000950.CrossRefPubMed Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, Chamberlain AM, Cheng S, Delling FN, Elkind MSV, Evenson KR, Ferguson JF, Gupta DK, Khan SS, Kissela BM, Knutson KL, Lee CD, Lewis TT, Liu J, Loop MS, Lutsey PL, Ma J, Mackey J, Martin SS, Matchar DB, Mussolino ME, Navaneethan SD, Perak AM, Roth GA, Samad Z, Satou GM, Schroeder EB, Shah SH, Shay CM, Stokes A, VanWagner LB, Wang NY, American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Tsao CW Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2021 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143:e254–743. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1161/​CIR.​0000000000000950​.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Raper SE, Yudkoff M, Chirmule N, Gao GP, Nunes F, Haskal ZJ, Furth EE, Propert KJ, Robinson MB, Magosin S, Simoes H, Speicher L, Hughes J, Tazelaar J, Wivel NA, Wilson JM, Batshaw ML. A pilot study of in vivo liver-directed gene transfer with an adenoviral vector in partial ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Hum Gene Ther. 2002;13:163–75. https://doi.org/10.1089/10430340152712719.CrossRefPubMed Raper SE, Yudkoff M, Chirmule N, Gao GP, Nunes F, Haskal ZJ, Furth EE, Propert KJ, Robinson MB, Magosin S, Simoes H, Speicher L, Hughes J, Tazelaar J, Wivel NA, Wilson JM, Batshaw ML. A pilot study of in vivo liver-directed gene transfer with an adenoviral vector in partial ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Hum Gene Ther. 2002;13:163–75. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1089/​1043034015271271​9.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Pipe SW, Leebeek FWG, Recht M, Key NS, Castaman G, Miesbach W, Lattimore S, Peerlinck K, Van der Valk P, Coppens M, Kampmann P, Meijer K, O’Connell N, Pasi KJ, Hart DP, Kazmi R, Astermark J, Hermans CRJR, Klamroth R, Lemons R, Visweshwar N, von Drygalski A, Young G, Crary SE, Escobar M, Gomez E, Kruse-Jarres R, Quon DV, Symington E, Wang M, Wheeler AP, Gut R, Liu YP, Dolmetsch RE, Cooper DL, Li Y, Goldstein B, Monahan PE. Gene therapy with etranacogene dezaparvovec for hemophilia b. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:706–18. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2211644.CrossRefPubMed Pipe SW, Leebeek FWG, Recht M, Key NS, Castaman G, Miesbach W, Lattimore S, Peerlinck K, Van der Valk P, Coppens M, Kampmann P, Meijer K, O’Connell N, Pasi KJ, Hart DP, Kazmi R, Astermark J, Hermans CRJR, Klamroth R, Lemons R, Visweshwar N, von Drygalski A, Young G, Crary SE, Escobar M, Gomez E, Kruse-Jarres R, Quon DV, Symington E, Wang M, Wheeler AP, Gut R, Liu YP, Dolmetsch RE, Cooper DL, Li Y, Goldstein B, Monahan PE. Gene therapy with etranacogene dezaparvovec for hemophilia b. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:706–18. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1056/​NEJMoa2211644.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Rensen PC, Sliedregt LA, Ferns M, Kieviet E, van Rossenberg SM, van Leeuwen SH, van Berkel TJ, Biessen EA. Determination of the upper size limit for uptake and processing of ligands by the asialoglycoprotein receptor on hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:37577–84. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M101786200.CrossRefPubMed Rensen PC, Sliedregt LA, Ferns M, Kieviet E, van Rossenberg SM, van Leeuwen SH, van Berkel TJ, Biessen EA. Determination of the upper size limit for uptake and processing of ligands by the asialoglycoprotein receptor on hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:37577–84. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1074/​jbc.​M101786200.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Biessen EA, Sliedregt-Bol K, T Hoen PA, Prince P, Van der Bilt E, Valentijn AR, Meeuwenoord NJ, Princen H, Bijsterbosch MK, Van der Marel GA, Van Boom JH, Van Berkel TJ. Design of a targeted peptide nucleic acid prodrug to inhibit hepatic human microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression in hepatocytes. Bioconjug Chem. 2002:13:295–302 https://doi.org/10.1021/bc015550g. Biessen EA, Sliedregt-Bol K, T Hoen PA, Prince P, Van der Bilt E, Valentijn AR, Meeuwenoord NJ, Princen H, Bijsterbosch MK, Van der Marel GA, Van Boom JH, Van Berkel TJ. Design of a targeted peptide nucleic acid prodrug to inhibit hepatic human microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression in hepatocytes. Bioconjug Chem. 2002:13:295–302 https://​doi.​org/​10.​1021/​bc015550g.
13.
go back to reference Nair JK, Willoughby JL, Chan A, Charisse K, Alam MR, Wang Q, Hoekstra M, Kandasamy P, Kel’in AV, Milstein S, Taneja N, O’Shea J, Shaikh S, Zhang L, van der Sluis RJ, Jung ME, Akinc A, Hutabarat R, Kuchimanchi S, Fitzgerald K, Zimmermann T, van Berkel TJ, Maier MA, Rajeev KG, Manoharan M. Multivalent N-acetylgalactosamine-conjugated siRNA localizes in hepatocytes and elicits robust RNAi-mediated gene silencing. J Am Chem Soc. 2014;136:16958–61. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja505986a.CrossRefPubMed Nair JK, Willoughby JL, Chan A, Charisse K, Alam MR, Wang Q, Hoekstra M, Kandasamy P, Kel’in AV, Milstein S, Taneja N, O’Shea J, Shaikh S, Zhang L, van der Sluis RJ, Jung ME, Akinc A, Hutabarat R, Kuchimanchi S, Fitzgerald K, Zimmermann T, van Berkel TJ, Maier MA, Rajeev KG, Manoharan M. Multivalent N-acetylgalactosamine-conjugated siRNA localizes in hepatocytes and elicits robust RNAi-mediated gene silencing. J Am Chem Soc. 2014;136:16958–61. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1021/​ja505986a.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Khera AV, Won HH, Peloso GM, Lawson KS, Bartz TM, Deng X, van Leeuwen EM, Natarajan P, Emdin CA, Bick AG, Morrison AC, Brody JA, Gupta N, Nomura A, Kessler T, Duga S, Bis JC, van Duijn CM, Cupples LA, Psaty B, Rader DJ, Danesh J, Schunkert H, McPherson R, Farrall M, Watkins H, Lander E, Wilson JG, Correa A, Boerwinkle E, Merlini PA, Ardissino D, Saleheen D, Gabriel S, Kathiresan S. Diagnostic yield and clinical utility of sequencing familial hypercholesterolemia genes in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:2578–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.520.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Khera AV, Won HH, Peloso GM, Lawson KS, Bartz TM, Deng X, van Leeuwen EM, Natarajan P, Emdin CA, Bick AG, Morrison AC, Brody JA, Gupta N, Nomura A, Kessler T, Duga S, Bis JC, van Duijn CM, Cupples LA, Psaty B, Rader DJ, Danesh J, Schunkert H, McPherson R, Farrall M, Watkins H, Lander E, Wilson JG, Correa A, Boerwinkle E, Merlini PA, Ardissino D, Saleheen D, Gabriel S, Kathiresan S. Diagnostic yield and clinical utility of sequencing familial hypercholesterolemia genes in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:2578–89. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​jacc.​2016.​03.​520.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
go back to reference Dugré N, Lindblad AJ, Perry D, Allan GM, Braschi É, Falk J, Froentjes L, Garrison SR, Kirkwood JEM, Korownyk CS, McCormack JP, Moe SS, Paige A, Potter J, Thomas BS, Ton J, Young J, Weresch J, Kolber MR. Lipid-lowering therapies for cardiovascular disease prevention and management in primary care: PEER umbrella systematic review of systematic reviews. Can Fam Physician. 2023;69:701–11. https://doi.org/10.46747/cfp.6910701.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dugré N, Lindblad AJ, Perry D, Allan GM, Braschi É, Falk J, Froentjes L, Garrison SR, Kirkwood JEM, Korownyk CS, McCormack JP, Moe SS, Paige A, Potter J, Thomas BS, Ton J, Young J, Weresch J, Kolber MR. Lipid-lowering therapies for cardiovascular disease prevention and management in primary care: PEER umbrella systematic review of systematic reviews. Can Fam Physician. 2023;69:701–11. https://​doi.​org/​10.​46747/​cfp.​6910701.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
26.
go back to reference Wang L, Smith J, Breton C, Clark P, Zhang J, Ying L, Che Y, Lape J, Bell P, Calcedo R, Buza EL, Saveliev A, Bartsevich VV, He Z, White J, Li M, Jantz D, Wilson JM. Meganuclease targeting of PCSK9 in macaque liver leads to stable reduction in serum cholesterol. Nat Biotechnol. 2018;36:717–25. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4182.CrossRefPubMed Wang L, Smith J, Breton C, Clark P, Zhang J, Ying L, Che Y, Lape J, Bell P, Calcedo R, Buza EL, Saveliev A, Bartsevich VV, He Z, White J, Li M, Jantz D, Wilson JM. Meganuclease targeting of PCSK9 in macaque liver leads to stable reduction in serum cholesterol. Nat Biotechnol. 2018;36:717–25. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​nbt.​4182.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Rothgangl T, Dennis MK, Lin PJC, Oka R, Witzigmann D, Villiger L, Qi W, Hruzova M, Kissling L, Lenggenhager D, Borrelli C, Egli S, Frey N, Bakker N, Walker JA 2nd, Kadina AP, Victorov DV, Pacesa M, Kreutzer S, Kontarakis Z, Moor A, Jinek M, Weissman D, Stoffel M, van Boxtel R, Holden K, Pardi N, Thöny B, Häberle J, Tam YK, Semple SC, Schwank G. In vivo adenine base editing of PCSK9 in macaques reduces LDL cholesterol levels. Nat Biotechnol. 2021;39:949–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-021-00933-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Rothgangl T, Dennis MK, Lin PJC, Oka R, Witzigmann D, Villiger L, Qi W, Hruzova M, Kissling L, Lenggenhager D, Borrelli C, Egli S, Frey N, Bakker N, Walker JA 2nd, Kadina AP, Victorov DV, Pacesa M, Kreutzer S, Kontarakis Z, Moor A, Jinek M, Weissman D, Stoffel M, van Boxtel R, Holden K, Pardi N, Thöny B, Häberle J, Tam YK, Semple SC, Schwank G. In vivo adenine base editing of PCSK9 in macaques reduces LDL cholesterol levels. Nat Biotechnol. 2021;39:949–57. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​s41587-021-00933-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
go back to reference •• Musunuru K, Chadwick AC, Mizoguchi T, Garcia SP, DeNizio JE, Reiss CW, Wang K, Iyer S, Dutta C, Clendaniel V, Amaonye M, Beach A, Berth K, Biswas S, Braun MC, Chen HM, Colace TV, Ganey JD, Gangopadhyay SA, Garrity R, Kasiewicz LN, Lavoie J, Madsen JA, Matsumoto Y, Mazzola AM, Nasrullah YS, Nneji J, Ren H, Sanjeev A, Shay M, Stahley MR, Fan SHY, Tam YK, Gaudelli NM, Ciaramella G, Stolz LE, Malyala P, Cheng CJ, Rajeev KG, Rohde E, Bellinger AM, Kathiresan S. In vivo CRISPR base editing of PCSK9 durably lowers cholesterol in primates. Nature. 2021;593:429–34. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03534-y. (Important preclinical proof from non-humane primates for lipid lowering potential of PCSK9 gene editing).CrossRefPubMed •• Musunuru K, Chadwick AC, Mizoguchi T, Garcia SP, DeNizio JE, Reiss CW, Wang K, Iyer S, Dutta C, Clendaniel V, Amaonye M, Beach A, Berth K, Biswas S, Braun MC, Chen HM, Colace TV, Ganey JD, Gangopadhyay SA, Garrity R, Kasiewicz LN, Lavoie J, Madsen JA, Matsumoto Y, Mazzola AM, Nasrullah YS, Nneji J, Ren H, Sanjeev A, Shay M, Stahley MR, Fan SHY, Tam YK, Gaudelli NM, Ciaramella G, Stolz LE, Malyala P, Cheng CJ, Rajeev KG, Rohde E, Bellinger AM, Kathiresan S. In vivo CRISPR base editing of PCSK9 durably lowers cholesterol in primates. Nature. 2021;593:429–34. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​s41586-021-03534-y. (Important preclinical proof from non-humane primates for lipid lowering potential of PCSK9 gene editing).CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Teslovich TM, Musunuru K, Smith AV, Edmondson AC, Stylianou IM, Koseki M, Pirruccello JP, Ripatti S, Chasman DI, Willer CJ, Johansen CT, Fouchier SW, Isaacs A, Peloso GM, Barbalic M, Ricketts SL, Bis JC, Aulchenko YS, Thorleifsson G, Feitosa MF, Chambers J, Orho-Melander M, Melander O, Johnson T, Li X, Guo X, Li M, Shin Cho Y, Jin Go M, Jin Kim Y, Lee JY, Park T, Kim K, Sim X, Twee-Hee Ong R, Croteau-Chonka DC, Lange LA, Smith JD, Song K, Hua Zhao J, Yuan X, Luan J, Lamina C, Ziegler A, Zhang W, Zee RY, Wright AF, Witteman JC, Wilson JF, Willemsen G, Wichmann HE, Whitfield JB, Waterworth DM, Wareham NJ, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Voight BF, Vitart V, Uitterlinden AG, Uda M, Tuomilehto J, Thompson JR, Tanaka T, Surakka I, Stringham HM, Spector TD, Soranzo N, Smit JH, Sinisalo J, Silander K, Sijbrands EJ, Scuteri A, Scott J, Schlessinger D, Sanna S, Salomaa V, Saharinen J, Sabatti C, Ruokonen A, Rudan I, Rose LM, Roberts R, Rieder M, Psaty BM, Pramstaller PP, Pichler I, Perola M, Penninx BW, Pedersen NL, Pattaro C, Parker AN, Pare G, Oostra BA, O’Donnell CJ, Nieminen MS, Nickerson DA, Montgomery GW, Meitinger T, McPherson R, McCarthy MI, McArdle W, Masson D, Martin NG, Marroni F, Mangino M, Magnusson PK, Lucas G, Luben R, Loos RJ, Lokki ML, Lettre G, Langenberg C, Launer LJ, Lakatta EG, Laaksonen R, Kyvik KO, Kronenberg F, König IR, Khaw KT, Kaprio J, Kaplan LM, Johansson A, Jarvelin MR, Janssens AC, Ingelsson E, Igl W, Kees Hovingh G, Hottenga JJ, Hofman A, Hicks AA, Hengstenberg C, Heid IM, Hayward C, Havulinna AS, Hastie ND, Harris TB, Haritunians T, Hall AS, Gyllensten U, Guiducci C, Groop LC, Gonzalez E, Gieger C, Freimer NB, Ferrucci L, Erdmann J, Elliott P, Ejebe KG, Döring A, Dominiczak AF, Demissie S, Deloukas P, de Geus EJ, de Faire U, Crawford G, Collins FS, Chen YD, Caulfield MJ, Campbell H, Burtt NP, Bonnycastle LL, Boomsma DI, Boekholdt SM, Bergman RN, Barroso I, Bandinelli S, Ballantyne CM, Assimes TL, Quertermous T, Altshuler D, Seielstad M, Wong TY, Tai ES, Feranil AB, Kuzawa CW, Adair LS, Taylor HA Jr, Borecki IB, Gabriel SB, Wilson JG, Holm H, Thorsteinsdottir U, Gudnason V, Krauss RM, Mohlke KL, Ordovas JM, Munroe PB, Kooner JS, Tall AR, Hegele RA, Kastelein JJ, Schadt EE, Rotter JI, Boerwinkle E, Strachan DP, Mooser V, Stefansson K, Reilly MP, Samani NJ, Schunkert H, Cupples LA, Sandhu MS, Ridker PM, Rader DJ, van Duijn CM, Peltonen L, Abecasis GR, Boehnke M, Kathiresan S. Biological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids. Nature. 2010;466:707–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09270.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Teslovich TM, Musunuru K, Smith AV, Edmondson AC, Stylianou IM, Koseki M, Pirruccello JP, Ripatti S, Chasman DI, Willer CJ, Johansen CT, Fouchier SW, Isaacs A, Peloso GM, Barbalic M, Ricketts SL, Bis JC, Aulchenko YS, Thorleifsson G, Feitosa MF, Chambers J, Orho-Melander M, Melander O, Johnson T, Li X, Guo X, Li M, Shin Cho Y, Jin Go M, Jin Kim Y, Lee JY, Park T, Kim K, Sim X, Twee-Hee Ong R, Croteau-Chonka DC, Lange LA, Smith JD, Song K, Hua Zhao J, Yuan X, Luan J, Lamina C, Ziegler A, Zhang W, Zee RY, Wright AF, Witteman JC, Wilson JF, Willemsen G, Wichmann HE, Whitfield JB, Waterworth DM, Wareham NJ, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Voight BF, Vitart V, Uitterlinden AG, Uda M, Tuomilehto J, Thompson JR, Tanaka T, Surakka I, Stringham HM, Spector TD, Soranzo N, Smit JH, Sinisalo J, Silander K, Sijbrands EJ, Scuteri A, Scott J, Schlessinger D, Sanna S, Salomaa V, Saharinen J, Sabatti C, Ruokonen A, Rudan I, Rose LM, Roberts R, Rieder M, Psaty BM, Pramstaller PP, Pichler I, Perola M, Penninx BW, Pedersen NL, Pattaro C, Parker AN, Pare G, Oostra BA, O’Donnell CJ, Nieminen MS, Nickerson DA, Montgomery GW, Meitinger T, McPherson R, McCarthy MI, McArdle W, Masson D, Martin NG, Marroni F, Mangino M, Magnusson PK, Lucas G, Luben R, Loos RJ, Lokki ML, Lettre G, Langenberg C, Launer LJ, Lakatta EG, Laaksonen R, Kyvik KO, Kronenberg F, König IR, Khaw KT, Kaprio J, Kaplan LM, Johansson A, Jarvelin MR, Janssens AC, Ingelsson E, Igl W, Kees Hovingh G, Hottenga JJ, Hofman A, Hicks AA, Hengstenberg C, Heid IM, Hayward C, Havulinna AS, Hastie ND, Harris TB, Haritunians T, Hall AS, Gyllensten U, Guiducci C, Groop LC, Gonzalez E, Gieger C, Freimer NB, Ferrucci L, Erdmann J, Elliott P, Ejebe KG, Döring A, Dominiczak AF, Demissie S, Deloukas P, de Geus EJ, de Faire U, Crawford G, Collins FS, Chen YD, Caulfield MJ, Campbell H, Burtt NP, Bonnycastle LL, Boomsma DI, Boekholdt SM, Bergman RN, Barroso I, Bandinelli S, Ballantyne CM, Assimes TL, Quertermous T, Altshuler D, Seielstad M, Wong TY, Tai ES, Feranil AB, Kuzawa CW, Adair LS, Taylor HA Jr, Borecki IB, Gabriel SB, Wilson JG, Holm H, Thorsteinsdottir U, Gudnason V, Krauss RM, Mohlke KL, Ordovas JM, Munroe PB, Kooner JS, Tall AR, Hegele RA, Kastelein JJ, Schadt EE, Rotter JI, Boerwinkle E, Strachan DP, Mooser V, Stefansson K, Reilly MP, Samani NJ, Schunkert H, Cupples LA, Sandhu MS, Ridker PM, Rader DJ, van Duijn CM, Peltonen L, Abecasis GR, Boehnke M, Kathiresan S. Biological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids. Nature. 2010;466:707–13. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​nature09270.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
Gene Editing for the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia
Authors
Menno Hoekstra
Miranda Van Eck
Publication date
18-03-2024
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Atherosclerosis Reports
Print ISSN: 1523-3804
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6242
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-024-01198-3
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.