CXCL10 Activities, Biological Structure, and Source Along with Its Significant Role Played in Pathophysiology of Type I Diabetes Mellitus

The etiology of the most autoimmune disorders is largely yet to be understood. However, major target antigens have been determined against some of clinically important molecules of human autoimmune diseases, such as insulin in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). T1DM is believed to be resulted from immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Chemokines are small glycoproteins (weighing 8–10 kDa) that are chemotactive for a wide variety of cell types especially immune system cells and their target cells express appropriate G protein receptors. CXCL10 is a 10-kDa protein and is functionally categorized as an “inflammatory” chemokine. Recently, accumulating reports have shown that the serum and/or the tissue expressions of CXCL10 are increased in various autoimmune diseases like T1DM. Thus, in this article we will focus on the crucial role(s) played by CXCL10 in pathogenesis of T1DM. Therefore, we tried our best to collect the current reports regarding relationship between the serum concentrations of CXCL10 in T1DM.