Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

ACC 2024 Congress

Catch up on all the top stories and latest evidence in cardiology research with our ACC 2024 Congress hub page.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
AIDS and Behavior
Published in: AIDS and Behavior 12/2017

01-12-2017 | Original Paper

Caregivers’ Support Network Characteristics Associated with Viral Suppression among HIV Care Recipients

Authors: Julie A. Denison, Mary M. Mitchell, Allysha C. Maragh-Bass, Amy R. Knowlton

Published in: AIDS and Behavior | Issue 12/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Informal care receipt is associated with health outcomes among people living with HIV. Less is known about how caregivers’ own social support may affect their care recipient’s health. We examined associations between network characteristics of informal caregivers and HIV viral suppression among former or current drug using care recipients. We analyzed data from 258 caregiver-recipient dyads from the Beacon study, of whom 89% of caregivers were African American and 59% were female. In adjusted logistic regression analysis, care recipients had lower odds of being virally suppressed if their caregiver was female, was caring for youth involved in the criminal justice system, and had network members who used illicit drugs. Caregivers’ greater numbers of non-kin in their support network was positively associated with viral suppression among care recipients. The findings reveal contextual factors affecting ART outcomes and the need for interventions to support caregivers, especially HIV caregiving women with high-risk youth.
Literature
1.
Bradley H, Hall HI, Wolitski RJ, Van Handel MM, Stone AE, LaFlam M, et al. Vital signs: HIV diagnosis, care, and treatment among persons living with HIV—United States, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(47):1113–7.PubMed
2.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Monitoring selected national HIV prevention and care objectives by using HIV surveillance data—United States and 6 US dependent areas—2012. HIV surveillance supplemental report 2014;19(3).
3.
Hall HI, An Q, Hutchinson AB, Sansom S. Estimating the lifetime risk of a diagnosis of the HIV infection in 33 states, 2004–2005. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;49(3):294–7.CrossRefPubMed
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Meyer JP, Chen NE, Springer SA. HIV treatment in the criminal justice system: critical knowledge and intervention gaps. AIDS Res Treat. 2011;2011:680617.PubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Springer SA, Spaulding AC, Meyer JP, Altice FL. Public health implications for adequate transitional care for HIV-infected prisoners: five essential components. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(5):469–79.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Pearson FS, Shafer MS, Dembo R, del Mar Vega-Debién G, Pankow J, Duvall JL, et al. Efficacy of a process improvement intervention on delivery of HIV services to offenders: a multisite trial. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(12):2385–91.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Turner HA, Catania JA, Gagnon J. The prevalence of informal caregiving to persons with AIDS in the United States: caregiver characteristics and their implications. Soc Sci Med. 1994;38(11):1543–52.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Moody AL, Morgello S, Gerits P, Byrd D. Vulnerabilities and caregiving in an ethnically diverse HIV-infected population. AIDS Behav. 2009;13(2):337–47.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Pearlin LI, Semple S, Turner H. Stress of AIDS caregiving: a preliminary overview of the issues. Death Stud. 1988;12(5–6):501–17.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Knowlton AR. Informal HIV caregiving in a vulnerable population: toward a network resource framework. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56(6):1307–20.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Wagner GJ, Ryan GW. Relationship between routinization of daily behaviors and medication adherence in HIV-positive drug users. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2004;18(7):385–93.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Shiu C, Starks H, Chen W, Simoni J, Kim H, et al. “You must take the medications for you and for me”: family caregivers promoting HIV medication adherence in China. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2011;25(12):735–41.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Knowlton AR, Arnsten JH, Gourevitch MN, Eldred L, Wilkinson JD, Rose CD, et al. Microsocial environmental influences on highly active antiretroviral therapy outcomes among active injection drug users: the role of informal caregiving and household factors. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;1(46 Suppl 2):S110–9.CrossRef
18.
Mitchell MM, Robinson AC, Nguyen TQ, Knowlton AR. Informal caregiver characteristics associated with viral load suppression among current or former injection drug users living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Behav. 2015;19:1–6.CrossRef
19.
Stetz KM, Brown M. Physical and psychosocial health in family caregiving: a comparison of AIDS and cancer caregivers. Public Health Nurs. 2004;21(6):533–40.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Mitchell MM, Knowlton A. Caregiver role overload and network support in a sample of predominantly low-income, African-American caregivers of persons living with HIV/AIDS: a structural equation modeling analysis. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(2):278–87.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Poindexter CC, Linsk NL. HIV-related stigma in a sample of HIV-affected older female African American caregivers. Soc Work. 1999;44(1):46–61.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Mitchell MM, Knowlton A. Stigma, disclosure, and depressive symptoms among informal caregivers of people living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009;23(8):611–7.CrossRefPubMed
23.
24.
Prachakul W, Grant JS. Informal caregivers of persons with HIV/AIDS: a review and analysis. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2003;14(3):55–71.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Trivedi R, Beaver K, Bouldin ED, Eugenio E, Zeliadt SB, Nelson K, et al. Characteristics and well-being of informal caregivers: results from a nationally-representative US survey. Chronic Illn. 2014;10(3):167–79.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Pirraglia PA, Bishop D, Herman DS, Trisvan E, Lopez RA, Torgersen CS, et al. Caregiver burden and depression among informal caregivers of HIV-infected individuals. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(6):510–4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
Pearlin LI, Aneshensel CS, LeBlanc AJ. The forms and mechanisms of stress proliferation: The case of AIDS caregivers. J Health Soc Behav. 1997;38:223–36.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Aneshensel CS, Pearlin LI, Schuler RH. Stress, role captivity, and the cessation of caregiving. J Health Soc Behav. 1993;34:54–70.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Navaie-Waliser M, Spriggs A, Feldman PH. Informal caregiving: differential experiences by gender. Med Care. 2002;40(12):1249–59.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Ruiz DS, Kopak A. The consequences of parental incarceration for African American mothers, children, and grandparent caregivers. J Pan Afr Stud. 2014;7(6):9.
31.
32.
Mitchell MM, Robinson AC, Wolff JL, Knowlton AR. Perceived mental health status of drug users with HIV: concordance between caregivers and care recipient reports and associations with caregiving burden and reciprocity. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(6):1103–13.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Knowlton AR, Mitchell MM, Robinson AC, Nguyen TQ, Isenberg S, Denison J. Informal HIV caregiver proxy reports of care recipients’ treatment adherence: relationship factors associated with concordance with recipients’ viral suppression. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(11):2123–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
34.
Knowlton AR. Informal caregiving in a vulnerable population: toward a network resource framework. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56(6):1307–20.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Arribas JR, Horban A, Gerstoft J, Fatkenheuer G, Nelson M, Clumeck N, et al. The MONET trial: darunavir/ritonavir with or without nucleoside analogues, for patients with HIV RNA below 50 copies/ml. AIDS. 2010;24(2):223–30.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Radloff LS. The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1(3):385–401.CrossRef
37.
Lawton M, Brody E. Physical self-maintenance scale (functional assessment). Gerontologist. 1969;9:179–86.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Barrera M. A method for the assessment of social support networks in community survey research. Connections. 1980;3(3):8–13.
39.
SPSS I. IBM SPSS statistics for Windows, version 20.0. 2011.
40.
Pearlin LI, Aneshensel CS, LeBlanc AJ. The forms and mechanisms of stress proliferation: The case of AIDS caregivers. J Health Soc Behav. 1997;38:223–36.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Squires K, Feinberg J, Bridge DA, Currier J, Ryan R, Seyedkazemi S, et al. Insights on GRACE (Gender, Race, And Clinical Experience) from the patient’s perspective: grace participant survey. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2013;27(6):352–62.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
42.
Knowlton AR, Yang C, Bohnert A, Wissow L, Chander G, Arnsten JA. Main partner factors associated with worse adherence to HAART among women in Baltimore, Maryland: a preliminary study. AIDS care. 2011;23(9):1102–10.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Wight RG. Precursive depression among HIV infected AIDS caregivers over time. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51(5):759–70.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Turner HA, Pearlin LI, Mullan JT. Sources and determinants of social support for caregivers of persons with AIDS. J Health Soc Behav. 1998;39:137–51.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Stewart-Williams S. Altruism among kin vs nonkin: effects of cost of help and reciprocal exchange. Evol Human Behav. 2007;28(3):193–8.CrossRef
46.
Rook KS, Pietromonaco PR, Lewis MA. When are dysphoric individuals distressing to others and vice versa? Effects of friendship, similarity, and interaction task. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;67(3):548.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Knowlton AR, Yang C, Bohnert A, Wissow L, Chander G, Arnsten JA. Informal care and reciprocity of support are associated with HAART adherence among men in Baltimore, MD, USA. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(7):1429–36.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
Caregivers’ Support Network Characteristics Associated with Viral Suppression among HIV Care Recipients
Authors
Julie A. Denison
Mary M. Mitchell
Allysha C. Maragh-Bass
Amy R. Knowlton
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
AIDS and Behavior / Issue 12/2017
Print ISSN: 1090-7165
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3254
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1746-1

Other articles of this Issue 12/2017

AIDS and Behavior 12/2017 Go to the issue

Brief Report

Mental Health Disorders and Publicly Funded Service Use by HIV Positive Individuals: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Ontario, Canada

Substantive Review

Neighborhood Environments and Sexual Risk Behaviors for HIV Infection Among U.S. Women: A Systematic Review

Original Paper

Food Insecurity and Aging Outcomes in Older Adults Living with HIV

Original Paper

Acceptability of Daily Use of Free Oral Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Among Transgender Women Sex Workers in Shenyang, China

Original Paper

HIV Prevalence, Sexual Partners, Sexual Behavior and HIV Acquisition Risk Among Trans Men, San Francisco, 2014

Original Paper

HIV Prevalence and Risk Behaviors in Male to Female (MTF) Transgender Persons in Tijuana, Mexico

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Cardiology Video

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Watch now

Watch official videos from the ACC congress summarizing key highlights from the last year in heart failure, cardiomyopathies, valvular disease, pulmonary vascular disease, and pediatric cardiology.

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits