Top

Published in:

01-03-2017 | Original Paper

HIV Prevalence and Risk Factors Among Male Foreign Migrants in Cape Town, South Africa

Authors: Margaret Giorgio, Loraine Townsend, Yanga Zembe, Mireille Cheyip, Sally Guttmacher, Rebecca Carter, Cathy Mathews

Published in: AIDS and Behavior | Issue 3/2017

Abstract

While migration has been shown to be a risk factor for HIV, variation in HIV prevalence by subgroups of migrants needs further exploration. This paper documents the HIV prevalence and key characteristics among male foreign migrants in Cape Town, South Africa and the effectiveness of respondent-driven sampling (RDS) to recruit this population. Participants in this cross-sectional study completed a behavioral risk-factor questionnaire and provided a dried blood sample for HIV analysis. Overall HIV prevalence was estimated to be 8.7 % (CI 5.4–11.8) but varied dramatically by country of origin. After adjusting for country of origin, HIV sero-positivity was positively associated with older age (p = 0.001), completing high school (p = 0.025), not having enough money for food (p = 0.036), alcohol use (p = 0.049), and engaging in transactional sex (p = 0.022). RDS was successful in recruiting foreign migrant men. A better understanding of the timing of HIV acquisition is needed to design targeted interventions for migrant men.

Weine SM, Kashuba AB. Labor migration and HIV risk: a systematic review of the literature. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(6):1605–21.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wolffers I, Verghis S, Marin M. Migration, human rights, and health. Lancet. 2003;362(9400):2019–20.CrossRefPubMed

Tanga PT, Tangwe MN. Interplay between economic empowerment and sexual behaviour and practices of migrant workers within the context of HIV and AIDS in the Lesotho textile industry. SAHARA J. 2014;11(1):187–201.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hankins CA, Friedman SR, Zafar T, Strathdee SA. Transmission and prevention of HIV and sexually transmitted infections in war settings: implications for current and future armed conflicts. AIDS. 2002;16(17):2245–52.CrossRefPubMed

Mock NB, Duale S, Brown LF, et al. Conflict and HIV: a framework for risk assessment to prevent HIV in conflict-affected settings in Africa. Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2004;29(1):6.CrossRef

Sudhinaraset M, Astone N, Blum RW. Migration and unprotected sex in Shanghai, China: correlates of condom use and contraceptive consistency across migrant and nonmigrant youth. J Adolesc Health. 2012;50(Suppl 3):S68–74.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Saggurti N, Nair S, Malviya A, Decker M, Silverman J, Raj A. Male migration/mobility and HIV among married couples: cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative data from India. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(6):1649–58.CrossRefPubMed

Amirkhanian Y, Kuznetsova A, Kelly J, et al. Male labor migrants in Russia: HIV risk behavior levels, contextual factors, and prevention needs. J Immigr Minor Health. 2011;13(5):919–28.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Taran PA. Human rights of migrants: challenges of the new decade. Int Migr. 2001;38(6):7–51.CrossRef

10.

Quesada J, Hart L, Bourgois P. Structural vulnerability and health: latino migrant laborers in the United States. Med Anthropol. 2011;30(4):339–62.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

UNHCR. 2015 UNHCR country operations profile–South Africa. 2015. http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e485aa6.html. Accessed 1 December 2015.

12.

UNDESA. Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2008 Revision. New York: USA: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division; 2009.

13.

UNAIDS. South Africa: HIV and AIDS Estimates (2014). http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica/. Accessed 1 Dec, 2015.

14.

SANAC. National strategic plan for HIV and AIDS, STIs and TB, 2012–2016. Pretoria: South Africa: South Africa National AIDS Council; 2011.

15.

Zuma K, Lurie MN, Williams BG, Mkaya-Mwamburi D, Garnett GP, Sturm AW. Risk factors of sexually transmitted infections among migrant and non-migrant sexual partnerships from rural South Africa. Epidemiol Infect. 2005;133(3):421–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Sonnenberg P, Murray J, Glynn JR, Shearer S, Kambashi B, Godfrey-Faussett P. HIV-1 and recurrence, relapse, and reinfection of tuberculosis after cure: a cohort study in South African mineworkers. Lancet. 2001;358(9294):1687–93.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Lurie MN, Williams BG, Zuma K, et al. The impact of migration on HIV-1 transmission in South Africa: a study of migrant and nonmigrant men and their partners. Sex Transm Dis. 2003;30(2):149–56.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Baltazar CS, Horth R, Inguane C, et al. HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among Mozambicans working in South African mines. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(Suppl 1):S59–67.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Johnston L, Whitehead S, Simic-Lawson M, Kendall C. Formative research to optimize respondent-driven sampling surveys among hard-to-reach populations in HIV behavioral and biological surveillance: lessons learned from four case studies. AIDS Care. 2010;22(6):784–92.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Heckathorn D. Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations. Soc Probl. 1997;44(2):174–99.CrossRef

21.

Salganik M, Heckathorn D. Sampling and estimation of hidden populations using respondent driven sampling. Sociol Methodol. 2004;34(1):193–240.CrossRef

22.

Johnston L, Sabin K. Sampling hard-to-reach populations with respondent driven sampling. Methodol Innovat Online. 2010;5(2):38–48.

23.

Townsend L, Zembe Y, Mathews C. HIV prevalence and risk behaviours from three consecutive surveys among men who have multiple female sexual partners in Cape Town. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(7):2367–75.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Johnston L, Chen YH, Silva-Santisteban A, Raymond HF. An empirical examination of respondent driven sampling design effects among HIV risk groups from studies conducted around the world. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(6):2202–10.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Wejnert C, Pham H, Krishna N, Le B, DiNenno E. Estimating design effect and calculating sample size for respondent-driven sampling studies of injection drug users in the United States. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(4):797–806.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Johnston L, Luthra R. Analyzing data in respondent driven sampling. In: Tyldum G, Johnston L, editors. Applying respondent driven sampling to migrant populations: lessons from the field. London: Palgrave; 2014.

27.

Yamanis TJ, Merli MG, Neely WW, et al. An empirical analysis of the impact of recruitment patterns on RDS estimates among a socially ordered population of female sex workers in China. Sociol Methods Res. 2013;42(3):1–34.CrossRef

28.

Heckathorn D. Extensions of respondent-driven sampling: analyzing continuous variables and controlling for differential recruitment. Sociol Methodol. 2007;37(1):151–207.CrossRef

29.

Townsend L, Giorgio M, Zembe Y, Cheyip M, Mathews C. HIV prevalence and risk behaviours among foreign migrant women residing in Cape Town South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(10):2020–9.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Townsend L, Jewkes R, Mathews C, et al. HIV risk behaviours and their relationship to intimate partner violence (IPV) among men who have multiple female sexual partners in Cape Town South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(1):132–41.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Dunkle KL, Jewkes R, Nduna M, et al. Transactional sex and economic exchange with partners among young South African men in the rural Eastern Cape: prevalence, predictors, and associations with gender-based violence. Soc Sci Med. 2007;65(6):1235–48.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Shisana O, Rehle T, Simbayi L, et al. South African national HIV prevalence, incidence and behaviour survey, 2012. Cape Town: HSRC Press; 2014.

33.

Shisana O, Rehle T, Simbayi L, Zuma K, Jooste S. South African national HIV prevalence incidence behaviour and communication survey 2008: a turning tide among teenagers?. Cape Town: HSRC Press; 2009.

34.

Sikkema KJ, Watt MH, Meade CS, Ranby KW, Kalichman SC, Skinner D, et al. Mental Health and HIV sexual risk behavior among patrons of alcohol serving venues in Cape Town, South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;57(3):230–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

UNAIDS. HIV and AIDS Estimates (2013). http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/. Accessed 1 Dec 2015.

36.

Kalichman SC, Simbayi LC, Kaufman M, Cain D, Jooste S. Alcohol use and sexual risks for HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review of empirical findings. Prev Sci. 2007;8(2):141–51.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Townsend L, Rosenthal SR, Parry CDH, Zembe Y, Mathews C, Flisher A. Associations between alcohol misuse and risks for HIV infection among men who have multiple female sexual partners in Cape Town South Africa. AIDS Care. 2010;22(12):1544–54.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Townsend L, Zembe Y, Mathews C, Mason-Jones AJ. Estimating HIV prevalence and HIV-related risk behaviors among heterosexual women who have multiple sex partners using respondent-driven sampling in a high-risk community in South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;62(4):457–64.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Mah TL, Maughan-Brown B. Social and cultural contexts of concurrency in a township in Cape Town South Africa. Cult Health Sex. 2013;15(2):135–47.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Choudhry V, Ambresin AE, Nyakato VN, Agardh A. Transactional sex and HIV risks–evidence from a cross-sectional national survey among young people in Uganda. Glob Health Action. 2015;8:27249.CrossRef

41.

Cote AM, Sobela F, Dzokoto A, et al. Transactional sex is the driving force in the dynamics of HIV in Accra Ghana. AIDS. 2004;18(6):917–25.CrossRefPubMed

Title: HIV Prevalence and Risk Factors Among Male Foreign Migrants in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Margaret Giorgio
Loraine Townsend
Yanga Zembe
Mireille Cheyip
Sally Guttmacher
Rebecca Carter
Cathy Mathews
Publication date: 01-03-2017
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: AIDS and Behavior / Issue 3/2017
Print ISSN: 1090-7165
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3254
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1521-8

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

HIV Prevalence and Risk Factors Among Male Foreign Migrants in Cape Town, South Africa

Abstract

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

Incentivised to exercise

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 3/2017

Economic Resources and HIV Preventive Behaviors Among School-Enrolled Young Women in Rural South Africa (HPTN 068)

Mixed-Method Quasi-Experimental Study of Outcomes of a Large-Scale Multilevel Economic and Food Security Intervention on HIV Vulnerability in Rural Malawi

Factors Associated with Sexual Risk of HIV Transmission Among HIV-Positive Latino Men Who have Sex with Men on the U.S.-México Border

Prospective Effects of a Syndemic on HIV and STI Incidence and Risk Behaviors in a Cohort of Young Men Who Have Sex with Men

Food Insecurity Increases HIV Risk Among Young Sex Workers in Metro Vancouver, Canada

Food Security Status is Related to Mental Health Quality of Life Among Persons Living with HIV

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

Incentivised to exercise

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page