Top

European Spine Journal

Published in:

01-02-2020 | Scoliosis | Review article

Revision surgery in distal junctional kyphosis

Authors: Pedro Berjano, Marco Damilano, Matteo Pejrona, Francesco Langella, Claudio Lamartina

Published in: European Spine Journal | Special Issue 1/2020

Abstract

Background

Opposed to proximal junctional kyphosis and proximal junctional failure, their distal equivalents, distal junctional kyphosis and failure (DJK/DJF) have received less attention in the literature. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the problem of DJK–DJF in different clinical scenarios such as adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), Scheuermann’s kyphosis (SK) and adult deformity surgery and to suggest a strategy for prevention and treatment.

Methods

A narrative review of the literature was conducted to identify the best evidence on the risk factors of the problem.

Results

DJK/DJF have been described as a complication of AIS, SK and adult spine deformity (ASD). For AIS and SK, the choice of a lower instrumented vertebra more cranial than the sagittal stable vertebra has shown to increase the incidence of DJK and DJF. For ASD, constructs ending with S1 pedicle screws had a higher incidence of DJK/DJF than those ending distally with S1 pedicle plus iliac screws.

Conclusion

The proposed strategy of treatment includes restoration of normal sagittal alignment, choice of a distal fixation point stable in the sagittal, coronal and transverse planes, balancing the fusion mass over the distal fixation point and providing solid fixation at the distal end of the construct.

Graphic abstract

These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

Available only for authorised users

Zanirato A, Damilano M, Formica M et al (2018) Complications in adult spine deformity surgery: a systematic review of the recent literature with reporting of aggregated incidences. Eur Spine J 27(9):2272–2284CrossRef

Lowe TG, Lenke L, Betz R, Newton P, Clements D, Haher T, Crawford A, Letko L, Wilson LA (2006) Distal junctional kyphosis of adolescent idiopathic thoracic curves following anterior or posterior instrumented fusion: incidence, risk factors, and prevention. Spine 31(3):299–302CrossRef

Ascani E, Rosa G (1994) Scheuermann kyphosis. In: Weinstein SL (ed) The pediatric spine: principles and practice. Raven Press, New York, pp 557–584

Denis F, Sun EC, Winter RB (2009) Incidence and risk factors for proximal and distal junctional kyphosis following surgical treatment for Scheuermann kyphosis: minimum five-year follow-up. Spine 34(20):E729–E734. https://doi.org/10.1097/brs.0b013e3181ae2ab2 CrossRefPubMed

Cho KJ, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Kamiya M, Sides B (2009) Selection of the optimal distal fusion level in posterior instrumentation and fusion for thoracic hyperkyphosis: the sagittal stable vertebra concept. Spine 34(8):765–770. https://doi.org/10.1097/brs.0b013e31819e28ed CrossRefPubMed

Yanik HS, Ketenci IE, Coskun T, Ulusoy A, Erdem S (2016) Selection of distal fusion level in posterior instrumentation and fusion of Scheuermann kyphosis: is fusion to sagittal stable vertebra necessary? Eur Spine J 25(2):583–589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-015-4123-7 CrossRefPubMed

Gong Y, Yuan L, He M, Yu M, Zeng Y, Liu X, Chen Z (2019) Comparison between stable sagittal vertebra and first lordotic vertebra instrumentation for prevention of distal junctional kyphosis in Scheuermann disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Spine Surg. https://doi.org/10.1097/bsd.0000000000000792 CrossRefPubMed

Zhu W, Sun X, Pan W, Yan H, Liu Z, Qiu Y, Zhu Z (2019) Curve patterns deserve attention when determining the optimal distal fusion level in correction surgery for Scheuermann kyphosis. Spine J 19(9):1529–1539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2019.04.007 CrossRefPubMed

Ghasemi A, Stubig T, Nasto LA, Ahmed M, Mehdian H (2017) Distal junctional kyphosis in patients with Scheuermann’s disease: a retrospective radiographic analysis. Eur Spine J 26(3):913–920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-016-4924-3 CrossRefPubMed

10.

Lonner BS, Parent S, Shah SA, Sponseller P, Yaszay B, Samdani AF, Cahill PJ, Pahys JM, Betz R, Ren Y, Shufflebarger HL, Newton PO (2018) Reciprocal changes in sagittal alignment with operative treatment of adolescent Scheuermann kyphosis-prospective evaluation of 96 patients. Spine Deform 6(2):177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspd.2017.07.001 CrossRefPubMed

11.

Ameri E, Behtash H, Mobini B, Ghandhari H, Vahid Tari H, Khakinahad M (2011) The prevalence of distal junctional kyphosis following posterior instrumentation and arthrodesis for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Acta Med Iran 49(6):357–363PubMed

12.

Floccari LV, Su AW, McIntosh AL, Rathjen K, Shaughnessy WJ, Larson AN (2019) Distal junctional failure following pediatric spinal fusion. J Pediatr Orthop 39(4):202–208. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0000000000000898 CrossRefPubMed

13.

Fischer CR, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Boachie-Adjei O, Gupta M, Kim YJ (2018) Optimal lowest instrumented vertebra for thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine Deform 6(3):250–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspd.2017.10.002 CrossRefPubMed

14.

Yang J, Andras LM, Broom AM, Gonsalves NR, Barrett KK, Georgiadis AG, Flynn JM, Tolo VT, Skaggs DL (2018) Preventing distal junctional kyphosis by applying the stable sagittal vertebra concept to selective thoracic fusion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine Deform 6(1):38–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspd.2017.06.007 CrossRefPubMed

15.

Edwards CC II, Bridwell KH, Patel A, Rinella AS, Kim YJ, Berra A, Della Rocca GJ, Lenke LG (2003) Thoracolumbar deformity arthrodesis to L5 in adults: the fate of the L5-S1 disc. Spine 28(18):2122–2131CrossRef

16.

Kuhns CA, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, Amor C, Lehman RA, Buchowski JM, Edwards C II, Baldus C (2007) Thoracolumbar deformity arthrodesis stopping at L5. Fate of the L5-S1 disc, minimum 5-year follow-up. Spine 32(24):2771–2776CrossRef

17.

Cho KJ, Suk SI, Park SR, Kim JH, Kang SB, Kim HS, Oh SJ (2010) Risk factors of sagittal decompensation after long posterior instrumentation and fusion for degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Spine 35(17):1595–1601. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181bdad89 CrossRefPubMed

18.

Yasuda T, Hasegawa T, Yamato Y, Kobayashi S, Togawa D, Banno T, Arima H, Oe S, Matsuyama Y (2016) Lumbosacral junctional failures after long spinal fusion for adult spinal deformity-which vertebra is the preferred distal instrumented vertebra? Spine Deform 4(5):378–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspd.2016.03.001 CrossRefPubMed

19.

Passias PG, Klineberg EO, Jalai CM, Worley N, Poorman GW, Line B, Oh C, Burton DC, Kim HJ, Sciubba DM, Hamilton DK, Ames CP, Smith JS, Shaffrey CI, Lafage V, Bess S, International Spine Study Group (2016) Hospital readmission within 2 years following adult thoracolumbar spinal deformity surgery: Prevalence, predictors, and effect on patient-derived outcome measures. Spine 41(17):1355–1364. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000001552 CrossRefPubMed

20.

Passias PG, Vasquez-Montes D, Poorman GW, Protopsaltis T, Horn SR, Bortz CA, Segreto F, Diebo B, Ames C, Smith J, LaFage V, LaFage R, Klineberg E, Shaffrey C, Bess S, Schwab F, ISSG (2018) Predictive model for distal junctional kyphosis after cervical deformity surgery. Spine J 18(12):2187–2194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2018.04.017 CrossRefPubMed

21.

Langella F, Villafañe JH, Ismael M, Buric J, Piazzola A, Lamartina C, Berjano P (2018) Reliability of the xipho-pubic angle in patients with sagittal imbalance of the spine. J Neurosurg Sci 62(2):121–127. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0390-5616.16.03556-6 CrossRefPubMed

22.

Berjano P, Xu M, Damilano M, Scholl T, Lamartina C, Jekir M, Galbusera F (2019) Supplementary delta-rod configurations provide superior stiffness and reduced rod stress compared to traditional multiple-rod configurations after pedicle subtraction osteotomy: a finite element study. Eur Spine J. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-019-06012-2 CrossRefPubMed

23.

Lamartina C, Berjano P (2014) Classification of sagittal imbalance based on spinal alignment and compensatory mechanisms. Eur Spine J 23(6):1177–1189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-014-3227-9 CrossRefPubMed

24.

Berjano P, Cecchinato R, Damilano M et al (2013) Preoperative calculation of the necessary correction in sagittal imbalance surgery: validation of three predictive methods. Eur Spine J 22(6):847–852CrossRef

25.

Langella F, Villafañe JH, Damilano M, Cecchinato R, Pejrona M, Ismael M, Berjano P (2017) Predictive accuracy of surgimap surgical planning for sagittal imbalance: a cohort study. Spine 42(22):E1297–E1304. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000002230 CrossRefPubMed

26.

Pérez-Grueso FS, Cecchinato R, Berjano P (2015) Ponte osteotomies in thoracic deformities. Eur Spine J 25:s38–s41CrossRef

27.

Ponte A, Orlando G, Siccardi GL (2018) The true ponte osteotomy: by the one who developed it. Spine Deform 6(1):2–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspd.2017.06.006 CrossRefPubMed

28.

Berjano P, Aebi M (2015) Pedicle subtraction osteotomies (PSO) in the lumbar spine for sagittal deformities. Eur Spine J 24(Suppl 1):S49–S57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-014-3670-7 CrossRefPubMed

29.

Berjano P, Pejrona M, Damilano M, Cecchinato R, Aguirre MF, Lamartina C (2015) Corner osteotomy: a modified pedicle subtraction osteotomy for increased sagittal correction in the lumbar spine. Eur Spine J 24(Suppl 1):58–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-014-3618-y CrossRefPubMed

30.

Cecchinato R, Redaelli A, Martini C et al (2016) Long fusions to S1 with or without pelvic fixation can induce relevant acute variations in pelvic incidence: a retrospective cohort study of adult spine deformity surgery. Eur Spine J 26(4):436–441

31.

Fu KMG, Smith JS, Burton DC, Shaffrey CI, Boachie-Adjei O, Carlson B, Schwab FJ, Lafage V, Hostin R, Bess S, Akbarnia BA, Mundis G, Klineberg E, Gupta M, International Spine Study Group (2013) Outcomes and complications of extension of previous long fusion to the sacro-pelvis: is an anterior approach necessary? World Neurosurg 79(1):177–181CrossRef

32.

Hosseini P, Mundis GM Jr, Eastlack RK, Bagheri R, Vargas E, Tran S, Akbarnia BA (2017) Preliminary results of anterior lumbar interbody fusion, anterior column realignment for the treatment of sagittal malalignment. Neurosurg Focus 43(6):E6. https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.8.FOCUS17423 CrossRefPubMed

33.

Crawford CH III, Bridwell KH, Cho W, Buchowski JM, O’Shaughnessy BA, Chang MS, Auerbach JD (2010) Extension of prior idiopathic scoliosis fusions to the sacrum a matched cohort analysis of sixty patients with minimum two-year follow-up. Spine 35:1843–1848CrossRef

34.

Graat HC, Schimmel JJ, Hoogendoorn RJ, van Hessem L, Hosman A, de Kleuver M (2016) Poor radiological and good functional long-term outcome of surgically treated Scheuermann patients. Spine 41(14):E869–E878. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000001402 CrossRefPubMed

35.

Lamartina C, Berjano P, Petruzzi M, Sinigaglia A, Casero G, Cecchinato R, Damilano M, Bassani R (2012) Criteria to restore the sagittal balance in deformity and degenerative spondylolisthesis. Eur Spine J 21(Suppl 1):S27–S31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-012-2236-9 CrossRefPubMed

36.

Berjano P, Cecchinato R, Sinigaglia A, Damilano M, Ismael MF, Martini C, Villafañe JH, Lamartina C (2015) Anterior column realignment from a lateral approach for the treatment of severe sagittal imbalance: a retrospective radiographic study. Eur Spine J 24(Suppl 3):433–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-015-3930-1 CrossRefPubMed

Title: Revision surgery in distal junctional kyphosis
Authors: Pedro Berjano
Marco Damilano
Matteo Pejrona
Francesco Langella
Claudio Lamartina
Publication date: 01-02-2020
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Keywords: Scoliosis
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Published in: European Spine Journal / Issue Special Issue 1/2020
Print ISSN: 0940-6719
Electronic ISSN: 1432-0932
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-020-06304-y

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

Revision surgery in distal junctional kyphosis

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Graphic abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Graphic abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Special Issue 1/2020

Revision after spinal stenosis surgery

Revision surgery in proximal junctional kyphosis

Revision surgery for tumors of the thoracic and lumbar spine: causes, prevention, and treatment strategy

Editorial

The problems associated with revision surgery

Revision strategies for failed adult spinal deformity surgery