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01-02-2016 | Original Contribution

Consumption of soft drinks and juices and risk of liver and biliary tract cancers in a European cohort

Authors: Magdalena Stepien, Talita Duarte-Salles, Veronika Fedirko, Antonia Trichopoulou, Pagona Lagiou, Christina Bamia, Kim Overvad, Anne Tjønneland, Louise Hansen, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Guy Fagherazzi, Gianluca Severi, Tilman Kühn, Rudolf Kaaks, Krasimira Aleksandrova, Heiner Boeing, Eleni Klinaki, Domenico Palli, Sara Grioni, Salvatore Panico, Rosario Tumino, Alessio Naccarati, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Petra H. Peeters, Guri Skeie, Elisabete Weiderpass, Christine L. Parr, José Ramón Quirós, Genevieve Buckland, Esther Molina-Montes, Pilar Amiano, Maria-Dolores Chirlaque, Eva Ardanaz, Emily Sonestedt, Ulrika Ericson, Maria Wennberg, Lena Maria Nilsson, Kay-Tee Khaw, Nick Wareham, Kathryn E. Bradbury, Heather A. Ward, Isabelle Romieu, Mazda Jenab

Published in: European Journal of Nutrition | Issue 1/2016

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of the study was to assess associations between intake of combined soft drinks (sugar sweetened and artificially sweetened) and fruit and vegetable juices and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic bile duct (IHBC) and biliary tract cancers (GBTC) using data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort of 477,206 participants from 10 European countries.

Methods

After 11.4 years of follow-up, 191 HCC, 66 IHBC and 236 GBTC cases were identified. Hazard ratios and 95 % confidence intervals (HR; 95 % CI) were estimated with Cox regression models with multivariable adjustment (baseline total energy intake, alcohol consumption and intake pattern, body mass index, physical activity, level of educational attainment and self-reported diabetes status).

Results

No risk associations were observed for IHBC or GBTC. Combined soft drinks consumption of >6 servings/week was positively associated with HCC risk: HR 1.83; 95 % CI 1.11–3.02, p _trend = 0.01 versus non-consumers. In sub-group analyses available for 91 % of the cohort artificially sweetened soft drinks increased HCC risk by 6 % per 1 serving increment (HR 1.06, 95 % CI 1.03–1.09, n _cases = 101); for sugar-sweetened soft drinks, this association was null (HR 1.00, 95 % CI 0.95–1.06; n _cases = 127, p _{heterogeneity} = 0.07). Juice consumption was not associated with HCC risk, except at very low intakes (<1 serving/week: HR 0.60; 95 % CI 0.38–0.95; p _trend = 0.02 vs. non-consumers).

Conclusions

Daily intake of combined soft drinks is positively associated with HCC, but a differential association between sugar and artificially sweetened cannot be discounted. This study provides some insight into possible associations of HCC with sugary drinks intake. Further exploration in other settings is required.

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Title: Consumption of soft drinks and juices and risk of liver and biliary tract cancers in a European cohort
Authors: Magdalena Stepien
Talita Duarte-Salles
Veronika Fedirko
Antonia Trichopoulou
Pagona Lagiou
Christina Bamia
Kim Overvad
Anne Tjønneland
Louise Hansen
Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
Guy Fagherazzi
Gianluca Severi
Tilman Kühn
Rudolf Kaaks
Krasimira Aleksandrova
Heiner Boeing
Eleni Klinaki
Domenico Palli
Sara Grioni
Salvatore Panico
Rosario Tumino
Alessio Naccarati
H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
Petra H. Peeters
Guri Skeie
Elisabete Weiderpass
Christine L. Parr
José Ramón Quirós
Genevieve Buckland
Esther Molina-Montes
Pilar Amiano
Maria-Dolores Chirlaque
Eva Ardanaz
Emily Sonestedt
Ulrika Ericson
Maria Wennberg
Lena Maria Nilsson
Kay-Tee Khaw
Nick Wareham
Kathryn E. Bradbury
Heather A. Ward
Isabelle Romieu
Mazda Jenab
Publication date: 01-02-2016
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: European Journal of Nutrition / Issue 1/2016
Print ISSN: 1436-6207
Electronic ISSN: 1436-6215
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-014-0818-5

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