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European Journal of Nutrition

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Open Access 01-02-2015 | Review

Dietary sugars: their detection by the gut–brain axis and their peripheral and central effects in health and diseases

Authors: Melissa Ochoa, Jean-Paul Lallès, Charles-Henri Malbert, David Val-Laillet

Published in: European Journal of Nutrition | Issue 1/2015

Abstract

Background

Substantial increases in dietary sugar intake together with the increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide, as well as the parallels found between sugar overconsumption and drug abuse, have motivated research on the adverse effects of sugars on health and eating behaviour. Given that the gut–brain axis depends on multiple interactions between peripheral and central signals, and because these signals are interdependent, it is crucial to have a holistic view about dietary sugar effects on health.

Methods

Recent data on the effects of dietary sugars (i.e. sucrose, glucose, and fructose) at both peripheral and central levels and their interactions will be critically discussed in order to improve our understanding of the effects of sugars on health and diseases. This will contribute to the development of more efficient strategies for the prevention and treatment for obesity and associated co-morbidities.

Results

This review highlights opposing effects of glucose and fructose on metabolism and eating behaviour. Peripheral glucose and fructose sensing may influence eating behaviour by sweet-tasting mechanisms in the mouth and gut, and by glucose-sensing mechanisms in the gut. Glucose may impact brain reward regions and eating behaviour directly by crossing the blood–brain barrier, and indirectly by peripheral neural input and by oral and intestinal sweet taste/sugar-sensing mechanisms, whereas those promoted by fructose orally ingested seem to rely only on these indirect mechanisms.

Conclusions

Given the discrepancies between studies regarding the metabolic effects of sugars, more studies using physiological experimental conditions and in animal models closer to humans are needed. Additional studies directly comparing the effects of sucrose, glucose, and fructose should be performed to elucidate possible differences between these sugars on the reward circuitry.

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Title: Dietary sugars: their detection by the gut–brain axis and their peripheral and central effects in health and diseases
Authors: Melissa Ochoa
Jean-Paul Lallès
Charles-Henri Malbert
David Val-Laillet
Publication date: 01-02-2015
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: European Journal of Nutrition / Issue 1/2015
Print ISSN: 1436-6207
Electronic ISSN: 1436-6215
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-014-0776-y

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